World History, Chapter 23World History, Chapter 23

Reforms, Revolutions, Reforms, Revolutions, and Warand War

23.1 Reforms in the British Empire

In 1800, landowning aristocrats made up most of Parliament

Some industrial cities had no representatives at all

Only wealthy male property owners could vote; public office restricted to men of wealth

Changes in the British Empire

Beyond Britain, people living in other parts of the British Empire were also moved by the spirit of reform.

In the mid-1800s people in Ireland, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand took steps to rule themselves.

Ireland Policies created to help British industry hurt Irish

agriculture Mid-1800s, potato crop failed several times, left

many with no food, no income, evicted from homes During the years of the famine, about 1 million

people starved, about 1.5 million others emigrated—many to the United States.

Irish began to fight for change. Some wanted independence, others home rule within United Kingdom

Ireland did not receive limited self-government until 1920

Canada

Britain’s colonies in Canada very different Some mainly French-speaking, others mainly

English-speaking Diversity created lack of unity, led to calls for

reform 1837, rebellions in Canadian colonies convinced

British reform necessary 1867, Parliament granted colonies power to

govern selves Canada become dominion, self-governing

colony; continued to expand westward

Australia

Since 1700s, Britain had used Australia as place to send criminals

Mid-1800s, other colonists began to settle there, attracted by copper, gold deposits

1901, Britain granted self-rule to Commonwealth of Australia; established own parliament but remained part of British empire

New Zealand

British government made agreement with local Maori people, land in exchange for self-rule

New Zealand became a dominion of Great Britain1893, New Zealand became first country to give

women the vote

23.2 Revolution and Change in France

During the 1800s opposing groups in France struggled to determine what kind of government France would have—a republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an absolute monarchy.

At the end of the Napoleonic era, the Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne.

The French had a constitution and a legislature, but most power remained with the king.

The Revolution of 1830

Charles X inherited throne with death of brother, Louis XVIII

• Tried to rule as absolute monarch

• Citizens revolted, Revolution of 1830

• Charles abdicated, fled to England

Moderate liberals formed constitutional monarchy

Chose Louis Philippe new king• Popular with middle class

Louis Philippe

Increased number of voters, but only extended vote to more wealthy citizens

Limited freedom of press

rule became increasingly repressive

silenced most who opposed him

working people grew poorer

middle class and aristocracy became more prosperous

Popularity deteriorated rapidly with economic depression of 1846

The Revolution of 1848

The economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered until 1848.

Middle- and working- class protesters took to streets

Louis Philippe abdicated

New government formed, a republic headed by a president

Voters elected Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon

Second Republic

Era known as Second Republic; First Republic existed between French Revolution, reign of Napoleon

Revolution of 1848 had far-reaching effects: • ensured all adult men had right to vote• fueled new women’s rights movement• inspired other European revolutions

New Constitution

French constitution allowed president to serve four years

Louis Napoleon wanted to remain in office

• 1851, sent troops to Paris, arrested members of National Assembly who opposed him

• Called for national vote on drafting new constitution

1852, French elected him Emperor Napoleon III

Period became known as Second Empire

Napoleon III made reforms such as increasing voting rights but always kept absolute power as emperor

Ruled during time of economic prosperity

Built many miles of railroads, helped increase trade and improved communications in France

The Third Republic War with Prussia • 1870, Napoleon III drew France into war with Prussia• Napoleon III captured, surrendered to Prussians

Deposed• Defeat led French Assembly to depose Napoleon III• Proclaimed Third Republic

Siege of Paris• New republic immediately faced crisis• Prussians invaded France, began siege of Paris

Important Reforms• Primary education available for children 6 - 13• Trade unions legalized, working hours reduced,

workers got one day off per week

The Dreyfus Affair

Divisions continued to split French society

1894, divisions came to head over the Dreyfus Affair, revealing extent of French anti-Semitism (prejudice toward Jews) • Alfred Dreyfus, captain in French army, Jewish• Falsely accused of betraying military secrets to

Germany• Anti-Semitic officers knew he was not guilty, let

Dreyfus take blame • Evidence suggested another, non-Jewish, officer may

have been spy, but found not guilty in court Zionism movement began, called for re-creation of a

Jewish state in original homeland

23.3 Latin America

The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom.

Haiti

Saint Domingue was the first Latin American territory to break ties with Europe

Sugar exports made Saint Domingue one of France’s richest possessions. Prosperity built on slave labor

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen gave vote to all free men, including mulattoes

French settlers on Saint Domingue resisted new law

Toussaint L’Ouverture led bloody revolt against settlers

Revolutionaries declared independence from France; named new country Haiti

Mexico

1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo called for the peasants to revolt against the peninsulares, not against Spain• began the revolution

After death of Hidalgo, Jose Maria Morelos, became leader of revolutionary movement• Morelos wanted independence from Spain and

an "American" identity to unify all people born in Mexico

Mexico (cont.) Agustin de Iturbide

Asked by Spanish authorities to lead final battle against revolutionaries. They believed he could end Mexican independence movement

Iturbide believed liberal revolution underway in Spain might take away some of his power so he decided to switch sides, fight for Mexican revolutionaries

Iturbide wanted to create an independent monarchy, give creoles and peninsulares equal rights, make the Roman Catholic Church the official church of Mexico

Brokered a compromise which brought together many different groups; creoles and peninsulares, revolutionaries and royalists

In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain

Simon Bolivar

Bolivar had dream for newly independent South America

Wanted to form one large, united country called Federation of the Andes

• Dream never became reality

• Bolivar set up state of Gran Colombia, included what are now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador

Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru, Bolivia, other places

José de San Martin

Had fought against Napoleon in Spain

Born in Argentina, returned home when he learned country rising up against Spanish rule

Eventually led independence movement in Argentina and most of southern South America

John VI in Brazil

1807, Portuguese king John VI, family, fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal

Status of colony raised having Portuguese monarch there

John VI named Rio de Janeiro capital of Portuguese empire

Allowed Brazil to trade directly with world, rather than through Portugal

Pedro I

John VI returned to Portugal after revolution, 1820

Left son Pedro to rule Brazil

Brazilian-born colonists began to protest colonial status

Transition happened smoothly, little violence

1822, Prince Pedro declared Brazil independent, was crowned Emperor Pedro I