World History

Cultures of East AsiaFall 2012

Chinese Empires

• Starting Points Map: East Asia• Main Idea / Reading Focus• Sui and Tang Dynasties• Faces of History: Wu Zhao• The Song Dynasty• Map: Tang and Song Dynasties

The Big Picture

Beginning in the 500’s AD A series of dynasties reunified China and produced a prolonged golden age. The influence of China’s advanced civilization spread across East Asia. In Korea, kingdoms borrowed from Chinese culture and made it their own. In Japan, rulers borrowed from both China and Korea to produce a cultural flowering. In Southeast Asia, several kingdoms and empires thrived while borrowing from both India and China

Theme: Migration and Diffusion

During this presentation, you should note how Chinese and Indian cultures spread, or diffused, through trade, conquest, migration and religious missionaries to influence Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia.

Nomadic Mongols then spread their culture through conquest as well.

Cultures of East Asia

Reading Focus

• How did the Sui and Tang dynasties reunify China?

• How did the Song dynasty strengthen China?

• What were some Tang and Song cultural achievements?

• How was this period a time of prosperity and social change?

Main Idea

The Sui dynasty reunified China, after which the Tang and Song dynasties produced an age of prosperity and achievement.

Chinese Empires

The Period of Disunion lasted more than 350 years, ending when a northern ruler named Wendi reunified China, founding the Sui dynasty.

The Han dynasty ruled China from 206 BC to AD 220—more than 400 years. After the dynasty collapsed, military leaders split China into rival kingdoms. These events began a period of disorder and warfare that historians call the Period of Disunion.

• Nomads invaded northern China, formed own kingdoms

• Many northern Chinese fled south to region of Yangzi River

• A number of southern dynasties rose, fell

The Period of Disunion

Sui and Tang Dynasties

• Despite these events, Chinese civilization thrived, developed

• Nomadic invaders in north adopted aspects of Chinese civilization

• Northern Chinese immigrants’ culture blended with local cultures in south; arts, philosophy flowered

Civilization Thrived

• Greatest accomplishment of Sui dynasty, completed during reign of Yangdi, Wendi’s son

• 1,000 mile waterway linked northern, southern China

• Yangdi forced millions of peasants to work on canal; led to discontent, rebellion

• 618, Yangdi assassinated, Sui dynasty ended

Grand Canal

• Wendi worked to build centralized government

• Restored order, created new legal code, reformed bureaucracy

• Created policies to provide adult males with land, ensure availability of grain

Centralized Government

The Sui Dynasty

Period of Brilliance• Tang dynasty ruled 618 to 907; Chinese influence spread• China experienced period of brilliance, prosperity, cultural achievement • Government, other institutions served as models across East Asia

Civil Service• To obtain talented officials, Tang expanded civil service examination system• People had to pass written exams to work for government• Created flexible law code; model for law codes in Korea, Japan

Built on Sui Foundations• Established capital at Chang’an, Sui capital• Second capital located at Luoyang• Government control remained centralized, based on bureaucracy of officials

The Tang Dynasty

Expansion• Much of expansion occurred during reign of Taizong, 626 to 649• Taizong relied on talented ministers to help govern• In addition to military conquests, Taizong had schools built to prepare students for

civil service exams• After his death, one of his sons became emperor

Foreign Affairs• Tang expanded China, Chinese influence• Regained western lands in Central Asia, gained influence over Korea• Contact with Japan increased; Japanese scholars came to China to study• Expansion, increased contact with others grew foreign trade

Wu Zhao

New emperor was weak, sickly

• Emperor’s wife, Wu Zhao gained power

• Following death of husband

– Wu Zhao ruled through her sons

– Eventually became emperor herself—the only woman to do so in Chinese history

• Wu Zhao overthrown, 705

– Dynasty reached height under Xuanzong

– During reign, 712 to 756, empire prospered

Question for thought!

Why is Empress Wu met with disdain by many Chinese

historians?

From India• Buddhism first came to China from India during Han times• During Period of Disunion many Chinese turned to Buddhism• Taught people could escape suffering, appealed to people in turmoil

Tang Decline• 750s, decline began, government weak, nomadic invasions, rebellions• Military defeats lost Tang lands in Central Asia and the north• 907, emperor killed, Tang dynasty ended

State Religion• Under Tang rule, Buddhism became state religion• Buddhist temples appeared across land, missionaries spread Buddhism • 400 to 845 in China, Age of Buddhism; ended when lost official favor

The Age of Buddhism

Summarize

How did the Sui and Tang dynasties unite and expand China?

Answer(s): built centralized government; reformed laws and policies; built Grand Canal; Tang regained land in Central Asia and gained influence over neighboring states; increased contact with other peoples

• Song established capital at Kaifeng, restored centralized government control

• Enlarged government bureaucracy, reformed civil service examination system

• Neo-Confucianism gained favor, emphasizing Confucian ethics, spiritual matters

Government and Civil Service

• China split apart after Tang dynasty

• Did not reunify until 960 with Song dynasty

• Song ruled for about 300 years, created achievement, prosperity

• Under Song, Chinese civilization became most advanced in world

After Tang Dynasty

The Song Dynasty

Southern Song• Song rulers never regained northern, western lands lost by Tang

• Tried to buy peace with threatening nomads by sending lavish gifts

• 1120s, nomadic people, Jurchen, conquered northern China, founded Jin empire

• Song continued in south as Southern Song dynasty 150 more years

Civil Service Exams• Extremely difficult to pass; those who did became scholar-officials

• Scholar-officials received good salary, were respected

• Civil service exams became more open to ordinary people

• Exams became pathway to gaining wealth, status

Compare

How did the Song strengthen China’s government?

Answer(s): established capital at Kaifeng and restored centralized government control, enlarged bureaucracy, reformed civil service exam

The Tang and Song dynasties were periods of great cultural achievement. Art and literature flourished, and many inventions and advances occurred in science and technology.

• Tang period produced some of China’s greatest poets

• Du Fu, Li Bo, two most famous

• Poems of Confucian ideals, joys of life

Literature and Art

• Reached new heights

• Wu Daozi, murals celebrating Buddhism, nature

• Landscapes of great beauty

• Some used only black ink

Painting

• Exquisite objects made from clay

• Tang: pottery figurines, often to go in tombs

• Song: excelled at making porcelain

• Admired, sought after worldwide

Artisans

Cultural Achievements

Architecture• Indian Buddhist temples

influenced design of Chinese pagoda

• Featured roofs at each floor curving upwards at corners

Magnetic Compass• Major Tang technical advance

• Uses Earth’s magnetic field to show direction

• Revolutionized sea travel, contributed to world exploration

Inventions• During Tang, Song periods,

China became a world leader in technology, science

• Gunpowder major invention, used in fireworks, weapons

Printing• Paper, ink invented earlier

• Tang period, developed woodblock printing

• Text carved into wood, coated with ink, pressed on paper

Inventions and Innovations

Paper Money• Another Song invention

• Had used bulky metal disks placed on strings

• As economy grew, lighter, more useful form of currency developed

• Paper money light, easy to use, quickly spread in use in China

Moveable Type• Song dynasty invented another type of printing, moveable type

• Uses blocks on which letters, characters carved

• Blocks rearranged, reused to print many things

• Faster than woodblock, spread to Europe, revolutionized printing

Identify Cause and Effect

How did Chinese innovations affect world history?

Answer(s): Gunpowder dramatically affected how wars were fought; the compass allowed for world navigation; printing innovations led to increased sharing of ideas.

In addition to cultural achievements, the Tang and Song periods were a time of growth and prosperity.

• Chinese agriculture became more productive

– New irrigation techniques– New variety of rice – Production of cotton, tea

increased

• Increased food production contributed to population growth

• Tang population 60 million, Song population 100 million

Agriculture• Improvements in roads, canals

increased trade within China • Foreign trade expanded,

mostly over land routes like Silk Roads

• Late Tang: advances in sailing, shipbuilding helped sea trade

• Song: merchants became important in society; money, banking began to develop

Trade

Prosperity and Society

• As farming, trade grew so did China’s cities

• China had largest cities in world at the time

• Tang capital, Chang’an, population more than 1 million, many cultures

• Song dynasty, several cities had million or more; sea trade caused port cities to boom

• Despite urban growth, most Chinese still lived, farmed in countryside

• Power of aristocratic families declined during period

• New class developed, gentry

• Included scholar-officials, leading landowners

• Most still peasants, farmers

• Paid most of taxes, little schooling

Society• Status of women declined, most

visibly in upper classes

• Desire for small, dainty feet led to custom of footbinding

• Painful process to keep feet from growing, deformed feet over time

• Symbol of husband’s authority

Women

City Life

Draw Conclusions

How did footbinding reflect changes in attitudes toward women in China?

Answer(s): became symbol of husband's authority over wife; women's status declined

The Mongol Empire

Main Idea / Reading FocusThe Mongols The Yuan DynastyMap: Mongol EmpireEnd of the Yuan DynastyFaces of History: Kublai Khan

Reading Focus

• How did the nomadic Mongols build an empire?

• How did China change under the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty?

• Why did the Yuan dynasty decline and finally end?

Main Idea

The Mongols built a vast empire across much of Asia, founded the Yuan dynasty in China, and opened China and the region to greater foreign contacts and trade.

The Mongol Empire

In the 1200s a nomadic people called the Mongols burst forth from Central Asia to create the largest land empire in history.

• Vast steppes, grasslands, stretch across north-central Eurasia, home to nomadic peoples

• Steppes too dry for farming

• Nomads relied on herds of domesticated animals

• Often traded; but also swept down on settlements, took what they wanted

Nomads from the Steppe• Like Huns, Turks, the Mongols

emerged as powerful nomadic people on Central Asian steppes

• Herded sheep, goats

• Skilled with horses

• Accustomed to living in harsh environment, competing for scarce resources

• Tough people, fierce warriors

Fierce Warriors

The Mongols

Separate Clans• Mongols divided into separate clans, each led by a khan, chief• Khans rose to power through military skills, ability to lead• 1100s, Temujin, powerful khan, began to conquer rivals, unite Mongol clans

Campaign of Conquest• Mongol forces began bloody campaign of conquest; highly mobile armies• Employed brutality, psychological warfare; burned towns, killed inhabitants• Sent agents ahead to instill fear; soon people surrendered without a fight

Genghis Khan• 1206, Temujin completed task, took name Genghis Khan, “Universal Ruler” • Set out to build empire, organized Mongols into powerful military machine• Strict discipline, demanded loyalty, rewarded those who pleased him

The Universal Ruler

• Genghis Kahn’s empire divided into four khanates, heir ruled each region; new Great Khan ruled over whole empire

• Grandsons resumed efforts to complete conquests of China, Korea, Persia

• 1236, Golden Horde, or Tartars, began conquering Russia, Poland, Hungary

Khanates

• Genghis Kahn led Mongols in conquering much of Asia

• Mongols learned art of siege warfare, gunpowder in fights against Chinese, Turks

• At Genghis Kahn’s death, 1227, Mongols controlled much of northern China, Central Asia

• Sons, grandsons took up challenge of world conquest

The Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire

The Golden Horde

Golden Horde stood ready to invade western Europe

• Grandson Batu learned of Great Kahn’s death, suddenly turned back

• India, Western Europe escaped Mongol wrath

• Most of Eurasia devastated

• Millions had died, entire cities annihilated

Stability in Asia• Mongol Empire established peace, stability across Asia

• Some historians call period Pax Mongolica, “Mongol Peace”

• Guarded trade routes across Asia, allowed trade to increase; people, goods, ideas flowed across Asia

• Some believe Black Plague spread from Asia to Europe during period

The Mongol Peace• Mongols built empire with brutality, ruled peacefully

• Tolerated local beliefs, ways of life, allowed local rulers to stay in power as long as they paid tribute to Mongols

• Some Mongols adopted aspects of more civilized cultures; Mongols in Central Asia, Persia, adopted Islam

Identify Supporting Details

How were the Mongols able to build a vast empire across much of Eurasia?

Answer(s): army was skilled and well organized, rules promoted loyalty and obedience; tactics involved brutality and psychological warfare; built fear in those they conquered

Great Kahn• 1260, Kublai Khan became

Great Kahn of Mongol Empire

• Determined to complete conquest of China begun in 1235

Kublai Kahn Rules China• As emperor, Kublai Khan tried

to gain loyalty of Chinese subjects

• Adopted Chinese practices, gave dynasty Chinese name

Southern Song• Mongols ruled northern China

• Southern Song dynasty ruled in south, fiercely resisted Mongols

• 1279, Song defeated; Kublai Khan created Yuan dynasty

New Capital• Kublai Khan moved capital to

near what is now Beijing

• Built Chinese-style walled city, lavish palace, adopted Chinese court ceremonies

The Yuan Dynasty

Mongol Identity• Kublai Khan tried to rule as Chinese emperor• But took care to see Mongols not absorbed into Chinese culture• Mongols lived apart from Chinese, had little in common

Limited Power• Kublai Khan distrusted Chinese, limited power • Chinese officials served at local level, could not hold high government posts• Mongols invited foreigners to hold government office

Separation • Individual friendships between Mongols, Chinese discouraged• Mongols forbidden to marry Chinese• Different laws, taxes for Chinese; could not own weapons, serve in military

Kublai Khan Rules China

• Mongols burdened Chinese with heavy taxes

• Large part of taxes supported public-works projects

• Chinese laborers built new roads, extended Grand Canal

• Improvements made shipping rice, other goods from southern China to northern China easier, more reliable

• Mongols posted soldiers throughout China to keep peace

• Feared rebellions, particularly in south where many Chinese remained loyal to Song dynasty

Peace • Foreign trade increased

• Pax Mongolica made land travel safer for merchants

• Sea trade improved; foreign merchants welcomed to China’s ports

Foreign Trade

Taxes to Trade

Some scholars question whether Polo reached China or just related stories he heard in his travels, but his tales increased interest in China.

As a result of Kublai Khan’s foreign trade policies, many merchants, travelers and missionaries came to China. Most were from Southwest Asia and India. However a few came from Europe as well. One of the most famous of these Europeans was Marco Polo.

• Marco Polo, Italian trader visited Yuan court

• Kublai Kahn sent Polo on several missions; traveled in, around China for 17 years

• 1295, Polo imprisoned in Venice, recounted tales to fellow prisoner

Marco Polo in China

Europeans to China

• Polo’s tales published as book

• Book fascinated many Europeans

• Polo described grand palace, with walls covered in silver, gold

• Noted efficiency of postal system, use of paper money

• Awed by size, splendor of cities

Accounts of China

Summarize

How did Mongol rule in the Yuan dynasty affect life for the Chinese?

Answer(s): made the Chinese subordinate to the Mongols; limited their power

The Yuan dynasty weakened during the last part of Kublai Khan’s reign. One cause was a number of military defeats. All of his invasions into Southeast Asia failed, and Mongol armies suffered huge losses.

• Kublai Khan had set sights on conquering Japan

• Tried to invade Japan twice

• Disastrous results each time

Japan

• First attempt: 900 ships attacked Japan, storm destroyed fleet

• Second attempt: Khan sent larger fleet, severe storm again wiped out fleet

Attacks

• After two fleets destroyed by storms, Mongols never attempted Japanese invasion

• Japanese called storms that saved them kamikaze, “divine wind”

Kamikaze

End of the Yuan Dynasty

• 1294, Kublai Khan died, power struggles erupted; Khan’s successors lacked talent for leadership

• Floods, rising taxes further increased discontent

• 1300s, Chinese rebelled, defeated Mongols

• Mongols fled to Manchuria, ending foreign rule in China

End of Dynasty

• Huge military losses in Japan weakened Mongol forces that controlled, protected China

• Large amounts spent on public-works projects weakened economy

• Weaknesses, Chinese resentment of Mongols, left empire ripe for rebellion

Weaknesses

Military and Monetary Losses

Identify Cause and Effect

What factors led to the end of the Yuan dynasty?

Answer(s): military defeats and failed invasions; lack of good leadership; power struggles; Chinese discontent

Japan and Korea

Main Idea / Reading FocusEarly Japanese CivilizationMap: JapanForeign Influences on JapanThe Heian PeriodKoreaMap: Korea

Reading Focus

• What factors shaped early Japanese civilization?

• How did foreign influences shape life in early Japan?

• What characteristics defined Japan’s Heian period?

• What were the main events in the history of early Korea?

Main Idea

Geography and cultural borrowing from China shaped the early civilizations of Japan and Korea.

Japan and Korea

Only a small part of Japan is suitable for farming. Most Japanese have always lived in the river valleys and coastal plains.

The Japanese call their country Nippon, meaning “Land of the Rising Sun.” Japan sits on the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean, at what feels like the origin of the sunrise in the east. This location and the geography of Japan has shaped life there since the earliest times.

• The nation of Japan consists of some 3,000 islands

• Largest four islands form an archipelago, large island chain

• Chain extends more than 1,500 miles and lies on Ring of Fire—zone of volcanoes, earthquakes

The Land

Early Japanese Civilization

• Japan home to hundreds of volcanoes, many active

• Experiences frequent earthquakes

• Subject to tsunamis, huge waves from underwater earthquakes

• Typhoons also strike late in summer, early autumn

The Elements

Separated from Neighbors• Japan separated from Korea by 100 miles of water, from China by 400 miles of

water—large enough distances to prevent invasions

• Only successful invasion of Japan occurred in World War II

• Early Japanese developed own culture in relative isolation

• China, Korea close enough to influence Japan’s culture later in time

The Sea• Nearness of sea has also shaped development of Japan

• People never far from sea, even on larger islands

• Early Japanese turned to sea for food, transportation

• Sea also protected, isolated Japan during much of history

Migration

• Scientists think first people to settle in Japan migrated from Asian mainland

• Early people hunters, gatherers; developed societies with distinct cultures

• Oldest known Japanese culture, Ainu

Clans

• People on islands south of Ainu became the Japanese

• Clans developed, came to rule many villages

• Each clan worshipped nature spirits, kami, believed to be their ancestors

Ainu

• Ainu’s origin unknown, did not resemble other East Asians

• More people migrated to Japan, Ainu driven onto northernmost island

• Culture almost disappeared

Early Japan

Shinto Religion

Religious beliefs developed into Shinto religion

• Shinto, “way of the kami”

• Shinto religion:

– Everything in nature has a kami

– No sacred text, formal structure

• Shrines:

– Built to kami, ceremonies performed there

– Located in natural settings; red gateway, torii, marks entrance

• In time Japan’s emperors claimed to be living gods

• Other clans eventually gained power over the Yamato

• Did not remove Yamato emperor, but controlled him

• As result, emperor often had no real authority, served as figurehead; this political system continued until 1900s

Emperors

• Amaterasu, the sun goddess, was one of most revered kami

• First Japanese emperor said to be grandson of sun goddess

• Emperor member of Yamato clan, which lived in rich farming region on island of Honshu

• Did not control all Japan, but Yamato chiefs began to call themselves emperors of Japan

Powerful Clan

The Yamato Clan

Identify Supporting Details

What geographic factors have influenced Japan’s history and culture?

Answer(s): geologically active region; steep mountains, thick forests, limited but fertile farmland, islands surrounded by the sea

By the mid-500s, Japan had increased contact with its neighbors, Korea and China. Their cultures began to influence Japan.

• Korean traders, travelers brought foreign influences; most originated in China

• Korean scribes introduced Chinese writing to Japan

• Korean monks introduced religion of Buddhism

• Buddhism influenced Japanese art, architecture

Korean Influences• Prince Shotoku helped

spread Buddhism in Japan

• Served as regent to Japanese empress, his aunt

• Shotoku admired China, sent scholars to learn from Chinese

• Knowledge from missions to Tang dynasty changed Japan in many ways

Chinese Influences

Foreign Influences on Japan

Tang Influences• Chinese fashions, foods, tea

became popular in Japan

• Tang styles of art, music, dance, gardening also popular

Government Influences• Japanese adopted Tang ideas,

including stronger central government, bureaucracy

• Adopted law code similar to China’s, not civil service system

Confucian Influences• Japanese adopted many

Confucian ideas about family

• Wives should obey husbands

• Children should obey parents

End of Influences• 800s, Tang dynasty declined,

Japanese stopped sending missions to China

• Transformed what they had learned, to create own culture, society

Changes in Japan

Find the Main Idea

How did Chinese influences affect Japan during this period?

Answer(s): gave Japan a written language; Buddhism spread from China to Japan; Chinese fashion and foods became popular; Japanese adopted some Chinese ideas about government

In 794 Japan’s emperor moved the capital to Heian, now called Kyoto. Many nobles moved to Heian, where they developed an elegant and stylish court society. At the Heian court, Japanese culture flowered.

• Heian nobles lived in beautiful palaces, enjoyed lives of privilege

• So removed from common people, many called selves “dwellers among the clouds”

Life in the Heian Period • Rules governed all

aspects of court behavior, dress

• Elaborate silk gowns for women

• Proper way to write note, an art form

• Everyone expected to write poetry

Etiquette

• Women enjoyed writing, reading fictional prose

• Lady Murasaki Shikibu greatest writer; The Tale of Genji, world’s first full-length novel, describes court life

Women

The Heian Period

The Fujiwaras

Fujiwara family controlled Japan for most of Heian period

• Many Fujiwaras served as regent

• Fujiwaras often married daughters to heirs of throne

• Rich landowners with private armies eventually challenged Fujiwaras, Japan’s central government

Summarize

Why was the Heian period a golden age of culture in Japan?

Answer(s): A court culture grew; writing and art flourished.

Korean Peninsula• Juts from East Asian mainland, China to southwest, Japan to east• Location made Korea bridge for passage of people, culture, ideas• Also left region open to invasion

Early Korea• First Koreans nomadic peoples from northeastern Asia; formed clans• Developed own culture; but influenced by China’s Han dynasty, 108 BC• Adopted Confucianism, Chinese writing, political, agricultural methods

Geography• Much of peninsula covered by rugged mountains, limits land for agriculture• Mountain ranges run north and south along east coast• Main population centers in west; land flattens to plains

Korea

• After China’s Han dynasty, three rival kingdoms controlled Korea

• 600s, rulers of one kingdom, Silla, allied with China, conquered rest

• Silla then turned on Chinese; ruled all Korea by 670

• Agreed to pay tribute to China to ensure harmony, good will

• Embraced many aspects of Chinese civilization, promoted Buddhism, created central government, bureaucracy based on Tang model

• 935, rebels defeated Silla Kingdom, founded Koryo dynasty, which lasted until 1392

• Continued to adopt Chinese ideas, worked for distinct Korean features

• Civil service exam like China’s but only nobles could take test

The Koryo Dynasty• Society divided between powerful

nobility and the rest of the people

• Culture thrived, artisans created pottery covered with celadon glaze

• Improved on Chinese woodblock printing, created moveable type

• Printed Buddhist texts

Society, Culture

Silla

Mongol Occupation

1200s, Mongols of Yuan China invaded, occupied Korea

• Forced Koryo’s rulers to pay immense tributes, enslaved many Koreans

– Took artisans to China

– Forced men to serve in Yuan military

• 1300s, Yuan dynasty weakened

– Koreans rebelled against Yuan

– 1392, Korean general founded new dynasty

Sequence

What were the major events and periods in early Korean history?

Answer(s): period of Han dynasty influence; period when Silla kingdom allied with Chinese; Koryo dynasty

Civilizations of Southeast Asia

Main Idea / Reading FocusInfluences on Southeast AsiaMap: Southeast Asian KingdomsEarly Kingdoms and EmpiresVisual Study Guide / Quick FactsVideo: The Impact of Chinese Culture on Japan

Reading Focus

• What factors influenced early civilizations in the region of Southeast Asia?

• What early kingdoms and empires developed in Southeast Asia?

Main Idea

The early civilizations of Southeast Asia were influenced by geography and the cultures of India and China.

Civilizations of Southeast Asia

India and China shaped the development of civilization in the region of Southeast Asia. Geography and trade also played important roles.

• Southeast Asia divided in two parts—mainland Southeast Asia, and island Southeast Asia

• Mainland—modern nations of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, part of Malaysia

• Island—Sumatra, Borneo, Java, rest of Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore

Two Parts of Southeast Asia • Several rivers flow south on

mainland

• Valleys, deltas of rivers supported farming, home to early civilizations

• Separating rivers, rugged mountains, limited contact among people

• Islands surrounded by seas, straits; provided sources of food, travel, served as trade routes

Geography

Influences on Southeast Asia

Winds• Monsoons, seasonal winds, shaped trade • Winds blow northeast in summer, southwest in winter• Ships relied on monsoons to sail from place to place, often had to wait in port until

winds shifted to resume voyage• Many Southeast Asian port cities became important economic centers

Trade• Southeast Asia waterways, main trade routes between India, China• Two most important: Malacca Strait between Malay Peninsula, Sumatra; Sunda

Strait, between Sumatra, Java• Control of these, other important trade routes, brought wealth, power

Sea Trade in Southeast Asia

• By AD 100s, Indian merchants had begun prosperous sea trade with Southeast Asia

• Overland trade routes through Central Asia more dangerous after fall of Han dynasty, 220

• Seaborne trade between China, India increased

• Traders passed through Southeast Asia; exchanged goods for local products

• Indian ideas on writing, science, government, art spread to Southeast Asia

• Ancient Indian language, Sanskrit, came into wide use

• Chinese influences spread by conquest, trade, migration

• China controlled northern Vietnam at different times, strongly influenced that region

Other Influences

• Chinese, Indian traders influenced Southeast Asia

• Indian influence spread through trade, missionaries

• Indian missionaries introduced Hinduism, Buddhism; many kingdoms adopted the religions, built temples in Indian style

• Eventually Indians brought Islam; remains strong today

Traders and Missionaries

India and China

Identify Cause and Effect

How did trade influence Southeast Asia?

Answer(s): Ports became the economic centers of Southeast Asia; Indian and Chinese influence spread to Southeast Asia through trade

Small but Powerful• Several early kingdoms, empires arose in Southeast Asia• Most small, a few quite powerful• Blended influences from India, China to create own unique societies, cultures

Conquests • 1057, Anawrahta united much of what is now Myanmar under his rule• Conquests provided Pagan with access to trading ports• Anawrahta’s kingdom prospered

The Pagan Kingdom• AD 800s, Burmans established kingdom of Pagan, in what is now Myanmar• Located in fertile Irrawaddy River valley, ideal for rice farming• First king, Anawrahta, ruled 1044 to 1077, conquered surrounding areas

Early Kingdoms and Empires

The Pagan Kingdom

• Anawrahta, successors supported Theravada Buddhism, built thousands of Buddhist temples

• Pagan became center of Buddhist learning

• 1287, Kublai Khan’s Mongols demanded tribute from Pagan; king refused and attacked; was crushed

• One of king’s own sons killed him, then agreed to pay tribute to the Mongols

• Pagan survived, but lost power

• Today Myanmar people consider Pagan classical age of history, culture

• Powerful Khmer empire arose southeast of Pagan, in what is now Cambodia

• Early 800s, Khmer people began to conquer kingdoms around them, build great empire

• Empire reached height between 850 and 1250, controlled much of Southeast Asian mainland

• Expensive building projects, invaders contributed to empire’s decline

• Khmer Empire reflected strong Indian influence

• Adopted Hindu, Buddhist beliefs, ruled as gods

• Empire’s capital city, Angkor, symbolized shape of Hindu universe, temple at its center

Indian Influence• Built vast temple complexes;

Angkor Wat ruins still stand

• Empire grew prosperous from rice farming

• Built irrigation system covering 12.5 million acres, grew several crops per year

Rich from Rice

The Khmer Empire

Trading Kingdoms• Several developed on islands of

Southeast Asia• Kingdom of Sailendra on Java

flourished, 750 to 850• Relied on agriculture, trade

Srivijaya• Wealthy empire on Sumatra,

flourished 600s to 1200s• Gained wealth from control of

overseas trade through Malacca, Sunda straits

• Also Buddhist learning center

Sailendra• Adopted Mahayana Buddhism,

known for impressive Buddhist art, architecture

• Borobudur monument with terraced levels most famous

Control Reduced• 1025, empire attacked by Indian

kingdom • Empire survived, but weakened• Control of trade reduced• Islam spread; Muslims came to

dominate trade in region

Trading Kingdoms

In hopes of regaining their independence, the Vietnamese sometimes rebelled when Chinese rule grew weak.

While most of Southeast Asia was strongly influenced by India, Vietnam was strongly influenced by China. In 111 BC the Han dynasty of China conquered the kingdom of Nam Viet, in what is now northern Vietnam. They ruled the region off and on for the next 1,000 years.

• Chinese forced Vietnamese to adopt Chinese language, clothing, hairstyles

• Confucianism, Daoism influenced Vietnamese society

• Adopted Chinese government features, including bureaucracy

Chinese Rule

Vietnam

• Vietnam embraced Buddhism, but still maintained traditional customs

• Continued to worship nature spirits alongside other belief systems

• Chinese rule shaped life in early Vietnam, but people determined to preserve own culture, identity

Traditional Customs

Rebellion

• AD 39, one of most famous Vietnamese rebellions took place

• Two sisters, Trung Trac, Trung Nhi raised army, briefly drove Chinese out

• Chinese soon regained control; sisters remain heroes in Vietnam today

Dai Viet

• Rulers of Dai Viet sent tribute to China, but remained independent

• Chinese failed in attempts to reconquer Vietnam; 1285, Mongols invaded; Dai Viet prince Tran Quoc Toan defeated them, became a hero

Independence

• Early 900s, fall of China’s Tang dynasty provided Vietnamese another chance at independence; this time successful

• 939, established independent kingdom in what is now northern Vietnam

Rebellion in Vietnam

Contrast

How did the development of early Vietnam differ from the development of kingdoms and

empires in the rest of Southeast Asia?

Answer(s): was ruled by China; influenced by China rather than India