world phosphate

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D World hosphate RockReserves and ResourcesWorld hosphate RockReserves and Resources


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World Phosphate Rock Reserves and Resources

bySteven J Van KauwenberghGeologist and Principal ScientistResearch and Development Division

DP O Box 2040Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 U.S.A.www.ifdc.org

September 2010


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Copyright 2010 y the International Fertilizer Development Center IFDC). All rights reserved.

library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataWorld phosphate rock reserves and resources.p. cm.

ISBN 978-9-88999-167-31. Phosphate rock. 2. Phosphates. 3. Phosphatic fertilizers. I . International Center forSoil Fertility and Agricultural Development.QE471.15.P48W674 2919553.6 4--dc22

IFDCP.O. Box 2040Muscle Shoals, AL 35662 U.S.A.)Telephone: + 1 256) 381-6600Telefax: 1 256) 381-7408E-Mail: [email protected]: www.ifdc.org

2010936595

IFDC publications are listed in IFDC Publications General Publication IFDC-G-I; the publications catalog is free ofcharge.

Photo Credits: Front Cover top - Dr. Thomas R. Hargrove) - Phosphate Mining Operations in Togo; bottom Steven 1 Van Kauwenbergh) - Dragline Extracting Bed 2 Phosphate Ore, Phosphate Mine Near Khourigba, Morocco

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orewordToday s heightened global awareness offood security and environmental issues offers new opportuni

ties for institutions such as IFDC and the world fertilizer industry to contribute to future agriculturalsustainability and the alleviation ofhunger and poverty, while minimizing losses of nutrients to watershedsand oceans. Efficient fertilizer use that minimizes losses while maximizing utilization s one of the mainthemes of several initiatives implemented under IFDC s Strategic Framework: 2009-2013.

Information circulating on the Internet and in conventional literature for several years has suggestedthat phosphate rock reserves are dwindling. This is a critical issue because phosphorus (from phosphaterock) is one of he three key elements needed for optimum plant growth (along with nitrogen and potassium).Information gathered over the years at IFDC, preliminary literature research and contacts within the worldphosphate fertilizer industry suggested an independent estimate of world phosphate rock reserves andresources was needed, since major efforts in this area concluded 15-20 years ago.

This study was conducted as part of IFDC s Strategic Framework: 2009-2013 primarily using publiclyavailable information and documents. Funding for this initiative was provided solely by the U.S. Agency forInternational Development (USA/D). It was recognized early on that this study would result in a preliminaryestimate. This report constitutes Phase I ofa two-phase program. Phase II will involve developing a moredefinitive global phosphate rock reserve and resource estimate through the Virtual Fertilizer ResearchCenter (VFRC), an initiative of IFDC. Hopefully, phosphate rock producers, geologic surveys and miningdepartments, university personnel and other stakeholders will take an active role in participating in thiseffort.

Amit H RoyPresident and CEO


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BPLCaC 3CaMg[C 3hCPECsDAPDCFRORDNPMDPRAENMCFIPRf.o.h.FSUGDPGecophamGSIICSIFIGCPIOEIPLMAPMECsMgOmmtMOPmtNFDCOCPSSPSTNTSPTVUNESCOUNIDOUSBMUSGSVFRCWP

cronyms and bbreviationsBone Phosphate of Lime 1 percent P20 S 2.185 percent BPLThe common formula for calciteThe common formula for dolomiteCentrally Planned Economy CountriesDiammonium PhosphateDiscounted Cash Flow Rate of ReturnDepartamento Nacional de r o d u ~ a o MineralDevelopment and Planning Research Associates Inc.EI Nasr Mining CompanyFlorida Institute of Phosphate ResearchFree on BoardFormer Soviet UnionGross Domestic ProductGeneral Company of Phosphate and MinesGeological Survey of IsraelSociete des Industries Chimiques du SenegalInternational Fertilizer Industry AssociationInternational Geological Correlation ProgrammeInstitute of EcologyIncitec Pivot LimitedMonoammonium PhosphateMarket Economy CountriesMagnesium Oxidemillion metric tonsMuriate of Potashmetric tonsNational Fertilizer Development CenterOffice CMrifien des PhosphatesSingle SuperphosphateScientific and Technical Information NetworkTriple SuperphosphateTennessee Valley AuthorityUnited Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural OrganizationUnited Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUnited States Bureau of MinesUnited States Geological SurveyVirtual Fertilizer Research CenterWet Process Phosphoric Acid

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new mines, employ increasingly expensive technology and use additional raw materials and processing media suchas water) to produce concentrates. When the price of phosphate concentrates increase, deposits that were marginallyeconomic may become viable and new deposits will be opened. ome of these deposits may be in challenging environments and alternative mining methods will also be developed and used. The utilization of underground miningmethods may become attractive in many countries if the price of phosphate rock s high enough. Vertical integrationof phosphate rock mining and processing has occurred at numerous sites around the world over the past few decades.Vertical integration of phosphate rock mining and processing may be a necessary component to compete in the worldphosphate fertilizer market when new deposits are developed.

t must be stressed that this study contains a preliminary estimate of world reserves and resources. A collaborative effort by phosphate rock producers, government agencies, international organizations and academia will berequired to make a more complete and accurate estimate of world phosphate rock reserves and resources. Thesestakeholders also should be involved in phosphate fertilizer production or use initiatives that may influence individualgovernment or global economic, environmental and/or food security policies.

No matter how much phosphate rock exists, it is a non-renewable resource. The amount of this resource that canbe produced is based on its value to the current world agricultural system and for other uses. There should be a globaleffort to more effectively mine and process reserves/resources of phosphate rock and to utilize phosphate fertilizerand phosphate-containing waste as efficiently as possible, while keeping nutrients out of watersheds and the oceans.All of these efforts must be tempered and explored realizing that only those techniques or processes that are logistically, technically and economically feasible are likely to be adopted.

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The Manufacture ofPhosphate FertilizersAt the present t ime, nearly all phosphate fertilizers

are manufactured from naturally occurring phosphoruscontaining minerals. Bone meal, guano and other naturalorganic phosphate sources are of only minor commercialimportance today because of the higher cost per unit ofnutrient, and the potential supply is only a tiny fractionof the amount of the raw material needed to produce theamount of phosphate-based fertilizers used in worldagriculture.

The phosphate content of phosphate rock, in theform of the mineral apatite, is not readily available toplants. Phosphate rock generally must be treated toconvert the phosphate to water-soluble or plant-availableforms. There are several methods to process phosphaterock into fertilizers (Figure 1). or more detailed information on the manufacturing of fertilizers, see theFertilizer Manual (United Nations Industrial Development Organization [UNIDO] and IFDC, 1998) and VanKauwenbergh (2006).

International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA)estimates (Prud'homme, 2009) indicate world processedphosphate fertilizer capacity in 2008 was 70 millionmetric tons (mmt) of product with the potential to reach89 mmt in 2013. Globally, diammonium phosphate(DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and triplesuperphosphate (TSP) account for half of phosphatebased fertilizer applications. IFA predicts that most ofthe growth in phosphate fertilizer demand during thenext five years will e met by high analysis phosphatefertilizers, notably DAP and nitrogen (N), phosphorus(P) and potassium (K) - known as NPK - compoundsand, to some extent, MAP and TSP. Over the next fiveyears, IFA estimates about 40 new units to produceMAP, DAP and TSP will be constructed in 1 countries.High analysis phosphate fertilizer products can betransported more economically on a per-nutrient basiscompared with lower analysis phosphate fertilizers. Forexample, an 18-46-0 DAP product, purely on a Sbasis, carries about 2.5 times (46/18) more S payloadthan an 18 percent S single superphosphate (SSP).

Currently, about 72 percent (Nyiri, 2010) to 75percent (Prud'homme, 201Oa) of the phosphate rock

Phosphate Rock

SSPIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIY

NPKs l

WP

Phosphate Rock

Figure 1 Relationship of Phosphate Rock and Phosphate ertilizers

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NitrophosphatesIIIIIIt

NPKs


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150

Other v lopIng Countries100

Other Central Economy Countries

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o1945 1950Source: Krauss et al. (1984).

1955 1960 1965Year

1970 1975

Figure 2. World Mine Production o Phosphate Concentrate, 1945-1981

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; 1 4gc 1200:;::u 100::s80D604020 leedStatea

1980

o - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - ~ - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - ~ c~ , , ~ ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ ; ~ , ; ~ ~ , ~ , , ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~a. 1992-1997 Fonner Soviet Union data includes Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Russia data;

1998-2008 FSU data includes Russia only.b Official People s Republic o China data.c. Year 2009 estimated.Source: Compiled from USBM, 1984-1995; USGS, 1996-2010.Figure 3. World Phosphate Rock Production, 1981-2009

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rock production: United States (28.0 percent); former 60


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Soviet Union (FSU) (21.2 percent); Morocco andWestern Sahara (15.4 percent); and the People s Republic of China (PRC) (10.2 percent). 50

,\J \I \ Constant 1990 U.S. Dollars

\40 J \- J \tJ) , ,- ,- 30, -cQ.20

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With the advent of significant social changes in theFSU and associated economic disruption, FSU production decreased significantly. This was due mainly todecreased internal demand. World production reached alow point in 1993 due mainly to reduced productionfrom the FSU but also due to reduced production fromthe United States. World production reached a high pointin 1998, then dropped to a low point in 2001. Productionsteadily rose again until 2008 when it surpassed 160mmt (USBM, 1984-1995; USGS, 1996-2010) for thefirst time in 19 years. According to USGS (1996-2010),the PRC (31.5 percent), the United States (18.7 percent),Morocco and Western Sahara (15.5 percent) and Russia(6.4 percent) accounted for 72.1 percent of worldphosphate rock production in 2008. 1970 1975 1980ear

1985

(Average annual U.s . prod ucer domesticnd export price, r.o.b. mine)

Source: Stowasser (1991).

1990Traditionally, phosphate rock has been a relatively

low-cost bulk commodity. Since the phosphate rockshortage of 1975, the price of U.S. phosphate rock inconstant dollars steadily declined with some minorrecovery in 1980 and 1981 and in 1990 and 1991 (Figure4); however, prices dropped from 1992 to 1995 (Figure5). In general, world phosphate rock prices have behaved

Figure 4. Time-Price Relationships for PhosphateRock, 1970-1990

120 , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --+ - Actual Price ( ) --e-.Constant 2007 ( ) J1 0 0 - - - - - - - - ~ /8 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - / ~o ~ )~ 4 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - ~ - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - _ .- . . . . - . . . . . /c .... . ........... .... ---.---.... e---- . - - - . - - - ~ - . . , .

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o - - , - - - r - - . - - . - - - r - - r - ~ - - , _ - - r - ~ - - , _ - - ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Year(Average annual U. s. prod ucer domestic nd export price, r.o.b. mine)

Source: USBM (1984-1995); USGS (1996-2009).Figure S. Time-Price Relationships for Phosphate Rock, 1991-20078a. Based on Producer Price Index, International Financial Statistics Yearbook

(International Monetary Fund, 2008).

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North frican Phosphate Rock Prices f.o.b.)600500400-J

ct 300 -5C 200CJ I:::> 1000

12130103 915104 5113105 1 18106 9 25106 612107 217 08 10114108 6121 09 2126110Time

- North Africa from Green Markets Jan. 2004-Mar. 2010)North Africa from FMB Weekly July 2008-Mar. 2010)

Figure 7a. North African Phosphate Rock Prices

Jordan Phosphate Rock Prices f.o.b.)400350- 300- 2502005C 150

CJ 100::::>50012130 03 915104 5113105 1 18106 9 25106 612107 217 08 1 14108 6121109 2126110

Time- Jordan from Green Markets Jan. 2004-Mar. 2010)- Jordan from FMB Weekly July 2008-Mar. 2010)

Figure 7b. Jordan Phosphate Rock Prices

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Figure 8. Current and Projected US Mine Production Capacity (Jasinski,2005)

In 1985, Fantel, Peterson and Stowasser indicatedphosphate rock production costs would rise substantiallywhen new mines and deposits were developed to replacedepleted deposits (Figure 9). The costs indicated inFigure 9 are from the early 1980s and are not appropriate today. However, the relative costs between producingmines and potential mines and deposits should berelatively appropriate as they were all calculated on thesame basis. Costs which may have changed between thelocalities considered since the Fantel, Peterson andStowasser (1985) evaluation may include those influenced by technology changes, costs of permitting andthe costs of satisfying environmentally related regulations and requirements.

In 1988, Fantel et al. indicated that development ofphosphate rock properties in the late 1990s to replaceexisting capacity would require price increases of 20-50percent to break even. To earn a 5 percent rate of returnon investment, Fantel et al . (1988) indicated prices mustrise to nearly double the current level, which was US24- 29/mt at the time. There were several downturns inthe world phosphate industry in the 1990s and early2000s and the need for replacement capacity was notapparent until 2007 and 2008, when phosphate rock wasin limited supply. Doubling the costs given by Fantel et

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al. (1988) and multiplying by a gross domestic product(GOP) deflator of 1.77 to account for the changing valueof money between 1988 and 2010 indicates the price ofphosphate rock from new deposits and mines must beabout US 85- 103/mt.

Literature Research and Informationoncerning Phosphate RockReserves and ResourcesIFDC geologists, beneficiation engineers, chemicalengineers and other scientists have systematicallycollected phosphate rock reserve and resource,beneficiation and processing data since the inception ofthe Center in 1974. IFDC also acquired numerousdocuments and reports concerning phosphate rockcharacteristics from the Tennessee Valley Authority(TVA) National Fertilizer Development Center (NFDC)staff, and IFDC acquired most of the holdings of the

TVA library in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Publishedliterature and reports are located within the IFDC libraryand in dedicated files that are maintained by individualstaff members.


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Table 3a. World Phosphate Reserves and Resources of Marine Phosphorite (in nunt of Material Containing atLeast 30 PzOs)' Adapted From Cathcart (1980)


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Location Reserves Resources(mmt) (mmt)

North AfricaAlgeria 500 600Morocco 5 000 35 000Tunisia 500 800

West AfricaAngola 20 100Senegal (Taiba) 100 1 000

(Thies) 90 2 000Western Sahara 1 600 15 000Togo 100 200

Middle EastEgypt 800 2 000Iran 30 100Iraq 60 600Israel 100 200Jordan 100 200Saudi Arabia 1 000Syria 400 400Turkey 300

EuropeUSSR (Kazakhstan) 250 250

(Karatau) 700 700(Aldan, Yakut) 500 2 000

Other (France, Belgium, Germany) 15 30Asia

Australia 500 1 500China 100 1 000India 70 200Mongolia 250 700North Vietnam 100 400Pakistan 150

North AmericaMexicoJBaja 1 000

(Zacatecas) 140United States

(Eastern) 1 600 6 000(WesternJ 6 000 7 000

South AmericaBrazil (Bambui) 200 500(Olinda) 20Colombia 600Peru (Sechura) 6 100Venezuela 20 20

Totals 19 705 87 810

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Table 3b. World Phosphate Reserves, Resources and Production of Apatite oflgneous Origin (in mmt of MaterialContaining at Least 30 PzOs)' Adapted From Cathcart (1980)


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Location Reserves Resourcesmmt) mmt)

Kola Peninsula, USSR 400 400Phalaborwa, South Africa 100 1 300Brazil (Carbonatites)

Araxa 50 50Jacupiranga 12Catalao 75 75Tapira 100 150Others 500

Eastern Uganda 40 160Finland 50 100North Korea 5 30Southern Rhodesia-Dorowa 10 10Canada 40Others 10 30

Totals 852 2 845

Table 3c. Cathcart (1980) SummaryType Reserves Resources

mmt) mmt)Marine phosphorite

a19 705 87 810Igneous 852 2 845

Total 20 557 90 655a. Marine phosphorite is assumed to be sedimentary phosphate rock of marine origin.

U.S. phosphate deposits had to meet the technological criteria representing then-current U.S. industrystandards. This included ore tonnage in a radius from thecenter of the deposit, minimum grade of ore and concentrate, minimum bed thickness, maximum overburden-toore ratios and a maximum MgO content for Floridadeposits (less than 1.0 percent MgO). Western U.S.phosphate deposits were only evaluated above entry-aditlevel.

Foreign deposits had to meet defined criteria .Producing properties accounting for 85 percent of eachproducing country were evaluated. Developing andexplored deposits were evaluated where the demonstrated reserve-resource quality met the lower limits ofproducing deposits. Past producing deposits wereevaluated when the reserve-resource quality met thequality of producing deposits .

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Data were aggregated for producers and areas inNorth America, South America, North Africa, WestAfrica and the Middle East. Operating costs, recovery ofcapital and 0 percent discounted cash flow rate of return(DCFROR) and a 15 percent DCFROR were evaluated.Total costs were plotted for market economy countries(MECs), the United States and North Africa to determinethe total recoverable phosphate rock at various costlevels.

Data from MEC countries indicated about 35,000mmt of recoverable rock could be produced at less thanUS 100/ton. There were no economic data for CPECs.Recoverable rock product from the CPECs brought thetotal to 37,000 mmt.

At that time, 82 percent of the recoverable phosphate rock l ,300 mmt) that was estimated to be

Table 4. Summary of World Demonstrated Phosphate Resources as of anuary 1985, Adapted From Fantel etaI., 1988


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In Situ Ore Recoverable Rock ProductRegion and Country Tonnage In Situ Grade Rock Product Grade(lOo mt) (wt PzOs (lOb mt) (wt PzOsMECs:North America:Canada and Mexico 199 34

United States 26 625 9 6 104 30Total 6 303South America:Brazil a 387 34Colombia, Peru and Venezuela 2 613 10 415 30Total 802East Africa: Uganda 186 12 35 42North Africa:Algeria and Tunisia 1 247 22 545 31Morocco and Western Sahara 39 005 28 21 559 31Total 22 104Southern Africa:Angola and Zimbabwe 39 16 34~ u b l i c of South Africa 21 426 6 2 544 37Total 2 555West Africa:Senegal and Togo 834 27 237 34Middle East:Egypt 1 755 26 1 006 28Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Turkey 739 21 304 32Israel 357 26 190 32Jordan 1 169 26 511 33Syria 447 24 204 30Total 2 215Oceania:Australia and Christmas Island 1 588 18 61 I 33Nauru 22 38 14 39Total 625Europe: Finland 1 120 6 114 37Asia: India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka 107 25 65 32Total MECs 35 055CPECso

China 337 26 208 28USSR a a 1 333 33Total CPECs 1 541Total World 36 596

a. In situ tonnage and grades are not totaled or averaged because deposits of different geologic types havebeen combined (e.g., igneous and sedimentary).b. Values have not been updated from previous world study; they remain as of January 1981.

produced for less than 30lton was from the UnitedStates. Pantel et al. (1988) indicated much of the com-peting phosphate rock from existing mines in Morocco(which were indicated to have sufficient resources to lastwell into the next century) can be produced for under US40/mt.

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It should be noted that the Pantel et al. (1988)analysis was on the basis of 1985 data. At that time, theyindicated there were about 39,000 mmt of ore in Mo-rocco and Western Sahara from which it was estimatedapproximately 22,000 mmt of recoverable rock productcould be obtained. The study included producing mines

in the Khouribga and Youssoufia districts and nonproducing deposits in these areas and the Meskaladistrict. At roughly the same time, OCP 1989), on the

Ganntour deposit area was explored. No figure wasgiven for the coverage of exploration in the Meskalaarea. The grades and bed thickness given by OCP for the


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basis of 1985 data, indicated identified phosphate rockresources were 26,800 mmt at greater than 25 percentPzOs at Khouribga, 8,020 mmt at greater than 22.9percent PzOs at Youssoufia, 20,480 mmt at greater than20.6 percent PzOs at Meskala and 950 mmt at greaterthan 31.1 percent P2 S) at Bu Craa. OCP 1989) indicated that at the time only 31 percent of the Khouribgadeposit area was explored and only 18 percent of the

Khouribga and Youssoufia districts indicate they probably only included beds that could be mined and washedto produce product.

Tables a through 5h incorporate data fromNotholt, Sheldon and Davidson 1989), Phosphate ockResources of he Phosphate Deposits of he World. Thesetables are synopsis tables from the introductory sections

Table Sa. World Phosphate Resources Summarized From Notholt, Sheldon and Davidson (1989) - IdentifiedPhosphate Resources in North AmericaAge/Country Resources Average 2 Smmt) ( )

Neogene QuaternaryUnited StatesFlorida 5,600 30+aGeorgia 1,000 30+aNorth Carolina 9,000 30aNorth Carolinab 2,000 30+aCaliforniac 600 5+

Mexico 1,100 4+PalaeogeneMexico 900 14JurassicMexico 154 16TriassicUnited States

Alaska 5,700 12PermianUnited States

Western Phosphate Field 7,600 24Carbon iferousUnited StatesAlaska 300 16Utah 800 20PrecambrianCanadao 245 26Total

Rock 34,999 242 S 8,288

a. Phosphate concentrate .b. Blake Plateau Charleston Bump).c. Excludes 122 million tons averaging 17 percent PzOs on Continental Borderland.d. Igneous, Cargill and Martison complexes.

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Table 5c. World Phosphate Resources Summarized From Notholt Sheldon and Davidson 1989) - IdentifiedPhosphate Resources in Africa


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Age/Country Resources Average P2 Smmt) ( )

NeoR ne-QuaternGlYSenegal 50a 29South Africa

Cape Province 100 6Agulhas Banko 1,400 10Tanzaniac 10 20Ugandad 230 13EoceneAlgeria 500 24Guinea Bissau 112 30Malic 12 25Mauritania 100 20Morocco 56,250 1 28Senegal 65 31Togo 100 36gTunisia 3,000 16CretaceousEgypt 3,000h 22Tanzaniaa 125 5.5Zambiaa,1 207 2.5Zimbabwea 100 7PrecambrianBurkina Faso 60 25Burundia 40 5.6Mozambiquea 155 9Niger 100 26South Africaa 1,300 7Total

Rock 67,016 26P20 S 17,419a. Igneous.

b. Ocean floor deposit. Extrapolated from a reported 140 million tons P20 S and assuming an average of 10percent P20 Sc. Guano-derived phosphorite.d. Leached residuum, Cretaceous Sukulu Carbonatite .e. Tamaguilel deposit.f Includes the Bu Craa deposit, Western Sahara.g. Marketable phosphate concentrate.h. Proved reserves: 1,508 million tons averaging 23 percent P20 S.i Kaluwe Carbonatite only.j Tapoa deposit.

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Table Sd. World Phosphate Resources Summarized From Notholt, Sheldon and Davidson 1989) - IdentifiedPhosphate Resources n the Middle East


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Age/Country Resources Average P2 Smmt) ( )

Palaeocene-OligoceneIran 165 2Iraq 4,050 22Saudi Arabia 3,600 20Syria 414 4Upper CretaceousIsrael 1,000a 26Jordan 1,574 28Saudi Arabia 4,280 2Syria 643c 25DevonianIran 46 15CambrianIran 30 12Total

Rock 15,642 21P20S 3,392

a. Proved resources: 380 million tons averaging 27 percent 2Sb. Proved resources: 1,010 million tons averaging about 28 percent P20 Sc. Proved resources: 60 million tons averaging 26 percent P 20 STable Se. World Phosphate Resources Summarized From Notholt, Sheldon and Davidson 1989) - IdentifiedPhosphate Resources n Europe

Age/Country Resources Average 2Smmt) ( )MioceneItaly 60 11CretaceousBelgium 60 9Greece 29 15Turkey 309 13PIrmo-Carboni/erous

o r w l 70 8Turkeya 20 9OrdovicianYugoslavia 40 12DevonianFinlanda,D 110 17PrecambrianFinlanda 470 5Total

Rock 1,168 7P20 Sa. Igneous.b. Leached residuum associated with carbonatite.

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Table Sf. World Phosphate Resources Summarized From Notholt, Sheldon and Davidson (1989) - IdentifiedPhosphate Resources in Asia


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Age/Country Resources Average P20 S(nunt) ( )OligocenePakistan' 200 5CambrianChina 4,000 22India 45c 17Pakistan 22 17Vietnam 1,400 23PrecambrianChina 8,000 25India 132 23Korea (D.R.) 88 13Sri Lanka 60 38Total

Rock 13,947 24P2 s 3,289a. Igneous.b. Resource category not reported. Likely to include possible (hypothetical) resources.c. High-grade portion: 10 million tons averaging 20 percent P20 Sd. Proved: 100 million tons averaging 35 percent P20 Se. Leached residuum associated with carbonatite.f. Proved: 30 million tons averaging 38 percent P20 S

Table Sg. World Phosphate Resources Summarized From Nothoit, Sheldon and Davidson (1989) - IdentifiedPhosphate Rock Resources in the USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR)Age/Deposit Resources' Average P20 S(nunt) ( )Palaeogene

Kisil Kum 2,600 24Cretaceolls JurassicEuropean USSR 2,000 20DevonianKhibinyc 4,000 15Kovdorc,u 700 7OrdovicianBaltic Basin 6,500 10Proterozoic CambrianKaratau Basin 3,000 23Oshurkovc 500 5Seligdar 300 7Khubsugul (MPR) 432 21South Siberian

Belka 274 10Kharanur 300Ukha ol 483Teleke 180 14

TotalRock 21,269 12P2 S 969

a. Estimated on best available data. Totals may include hypothetical (as yetundiscovered) resources.b. Includes Aktyubinsk Basin, northwestern Kazakhstan.c. Igneous.d. Iron ore.e. Leached residuum.

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Table Sh. World Phosphate Resources Summarized From Notholt, Sheldon and Davidson (1989) - PhosphateResources in Australia, New Zealand and Oceania


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Age/Country Resources Average P205(mmt) ( )

Neogene-QuaternaIJAustraliaChristmas Islanda 214b 28Mt. WeIde 250 18French PolynesiaMataiva 24 38

Naurua 15 39New Zealand

Chatham Rise 100 22CambrianAustraliaGeorgina Basin 3,352 17Total

Rock 3,955 18P20S 712

a. Insular guano-derived phosphate.b. Mostly as aluminium phosphate ore.c. Leached residuum associated with carbonatite.d. Extrapolated figure based on delineated reserve of 25 million tons over 380 km2.

Table Si. World Summary From Notholt, Sheldon and Davidson (1989) (Tables Sa-h)ContinentiReKion Resources Average P20S

(mmt rock) ( )North America 34,999 24South America 5,243 18Africa 67,016 26Middle East 15,642 21Europe 1,168 7Asia 13,947 24USSR and PR 21,269 12Australia, New Zealand 3,955 18and OceaniaTotal 163,239 22.5

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Technical Bulletin IFDC T75September 2010M

IFDCP.O. ox 2040Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35662 U.S.A.) IS N 9780880901673

world phosphate

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