World Shrimp Farming today: Disease, Disruption, and Change

Robins McIntosh Charoen Pokphand Foods, Public Company Bangkok Thailand

This is a 40 gram shrimp cultured in 100 days It was harvested with 28 tons/ha of the same In less than 100 days July 2016, after EMS had destroyed Thailand

Disruptions drive beneficial change

Another typical 38 gram shrimp harvest 100 day culture FCR 1.7

This is a 160 gram shrimp cultured in 160 days: Johor Malaysia, 5 tons/hectare (final harvest)

2016- post EMS

R² = 0,9459

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World Shrimp Production

Trend line since 1986 does interesting job of predicting weakening and strengthening of price

Overcoming the Challenges: Evolution of an Industry

With periodic spikes from disease pandemics

Domestication

Shrimp Price History: The trend line is down with efficiency; but sometimes during a “crisis” supply is reduced below demand and prices spike until supply is re-established

There has always been “Evolution” in response to shrimp market economics Extensive Semi-Intensive Intensive Hyper-intensive

Land availability/ low land cost

Land Cost/ Elevations

Land Cost/ Availability

Resource Availability/ Sustainability

1987 %

2017 %

50 35 15 0

21 15 60 2

290.000

3,300,000

Ecuador and India Emerge as new Production Leaders As Asia/Mexico sank: world prices increase and investment is incentivized

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1.000.000

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2.000.000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

India + Ecuador

ems countries-600,000 tons

2003-2010: Feeling Un-stoppable

A cautionary tale:

2009-2013?: Wipe-out

Why???????

CMNV

Covert Mortality Sydr.

Shrimp

Bad management

Highly virulent Vibrio

From Jie

Was it New Pathogens

Or Newly Emerged Pathogens

History of the Success 2003-2010

1999: The year where domestication became a dominant theme in Shrimp

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monodon

vannamei

Wild Domesticated

Triggered by the use of SPF shrimp on a wide commercial

scale plus Pond Bio-security

Modernization of Shrimp Hatcheries

The Old The New

Bio-secure, more efficient

Broodstock development / Multiplication (SPF and Nucleus Breeding Concepts)

18 generations of breeding

Family Individuals Breeding Centers: Inland, Enclosed, zero exchange

Breeding has resulted in significantly lower cost production

150 gram shrimp in 160 days

18

Target = 24 g

Target = 26 g

Target = 28 g

Target = 30 g

And not just GROWTH; but tolerance to specific issues like TSV developed

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350/gram 40/gram

Visually you can see the changes in the Animal

17 grams 100 Days

38 grams 85 Days

2002 2016

2004 2017

SPF stocks are important for Bio-security

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Introduction of Virus Free stocks

% C

rop

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SSV

Interaction with APHNS

Reduction of WSSV in Thai Farms

And with “healthy shrimp” antibiotics are not necessary

POST –SPF DOMESTICATION PRE- DOMESTICATION

Re-designoffarms,pondsandmanagement(PondandFarmBio-securitydeveloped)

The Old The New

Re-design of farms, ponds and management (Pond and Farm Bio-security developed)

Sometimes around 2009: subtle changes!

Chlorine

Blue Green Algae

Molasses/ probiotics

Environment/Climate

Normal

Strangulated 1

Strangulated 2

Farms had early mortality and hatcheries began reporting strangulated HP tubules– also seen in farm shrimp

Die Early

High Mortality

Low Mortality

Loss of Aquaculture and Pond Ecology Fundamentals Microbial Diversity is Important for Healthy Pond Systems

A new Life; Re-Learning to Grow Shrimp

Not abandoning the principals: SPF and Biosecurity

AHPNS is a Toxicosis from the environment

Pir Toxin I and Pir Toxin 2

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Produced on plasmids in Vibrio bacteria: not a virus

EMS is complicated Not a singular infection in a test tube

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EHP + AHPNS

AHPNS + WSSV

Shewanella + AHPNS

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We now understand that Aphns and EHP occur in The Real world and not in a test tube.

Pir I and II required: 5 ug vs 10 mg toxin

Flegel,et al.

collapsed sloughed

VPA and WSSV VPA and other Bacteria

VPA and EHP

WSSV- AHPNS Interaction

29.5C

7 day challenge

P<.0002

Learning about Quorum Sensing: Bacterial Density is important– not exclusion

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Quorum Sensing in V. P causing APHNS

Hours

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Strain: P1/1

Bacteria have an ecology: “temperature and salinity effects the bacteria growth”

Temperature: seasonality of APHNS

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Salinity: effect on AHPNS

Fujian, China Failure Rate: 2010

Nutrients effects on APHNS bacteria growth and survival of shrimp

Survival 72 hours

24 Hrs 48 Hrs 72 Hours

Seawater 80 <10x3 10x4 10x3

TSB/20ppt

20 10x3 10x6-7 10x7

SW, Moll, NH3

25 10x4 10x7 10x6

SW, Moll, NH3, Fe

12 10x5 10x6 10x6

Where is the lethal toxin: sludge, molts, old feed, dying plankton

And Vannamei Shrimp will ingest this material

Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei spores

<1 micron HP oil immersion

EHP causes losses through slow growth and high FCR

The APHNS (EMS), EHP Pandemic More Culture Control, New Genetics

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Breeding has significantly increased pond survivals

Generation

Surv

ival

% 2014

2018

Smaller Ponds

Shrimp Toilets

More Aeration

Pond innovations: solutions for specific Issues

EHP APHNS

Health and Growth Health and Growth

The flush The Toilet:

Use of Shrimp Pond Toilet to quickly flush sludge, old feed and molts from Pond

Bad

Better Good

Use SMALLER PONDS, HIGHER AERATION, CLOSED, with more bottom Flushing

Nursery Technology: More toxin tolerance, larger size harvests

18 day - 0.4 gms 28 day - >1.0 gms

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Nursery 0.5Nursury 1.0Direct pl 12

DOC in Pond

MB

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gms)

Many successful Farms today in Thailand: Toilets, Flush, Aeration, Feeders

2016

CP Lamae Farm Layout

2010

14.49 RAI 10%

18.84 RAI 13%

CULTURE POND 115.20 RAI 78%

148.53

RESERVOIR (RV)

TOTAL FARM AREA PRIMARY TREAT(PT) 23.00 RAI 16%

67.00 RAI 46%

CULTURE POND 54.50 RAI 38%

144.50

TOTAL FARM AREA PRIMARY TREAT(PT)

RESERVOIR (RV)

With Change; todays farm has greater profits than before AHPNS

2010 2014 2016

% Culture Pond 77 77 38

DOC 87 59 81

Stock Density /m2 110 79 135

Failure Rate % 0.00 58 0.00

Survival 91 30.5 89

ADG gm/day 0.175 0.28 0.30

MBW 15.5 16.5 25.0

Yield (kg/ha/day) 190 156 333

Pl Efficiency tons/mill 13.6 5 21

Total tons 940 108 728

Cost USD/kg (direct) 2.80 13.90 3.25

Farm Profit mill. USD 1.6 -0.80 2.1

Vietnam Improved pond systems:

-Smaller ponds, more efficient water exchange -Shading -Trend to shallower; not deeper ponds -Higher aeration

And the Americas: Guatemala, Brazil, Peru

0.5 ha Ponds

35 tons/ha crop

Ground water

50 HP/Ha

Summary of trends to “pond efficiency”

• Smaller Ponds: 1000-4000M2

• Central Sumps for continuous removal of wastes

• Higher water exchanges

• Higher aeration

• Depth- more reducing depth than increasing depth

• Temperature stabilization: shade cloth

• Use of settling, treatment, fish for recycle of exchange water

• Use of Ground water when available (no need disinfectants, etc)

• Liners- reduced pond down time, cleanup ease

• Nurseries- faster growth in pond; more cycles per year

• Diets formulated for the higher growth potentials

Without Healthy Post Larvae: Genetics don’t mean very much

Healthy

AHPNS Toxin: Atrophy EHP

Necrosis

Careful what we call Genetic

Parameter

SPR I

SPR II

SPR III

SPF

SPF +

AHPNS CHALLENGE

21 60 55 62 78

MBW DOC 35

3.6 2.5 2.2 4.8 4.8

MBW DOC 80

17.5 15.5 13.5 29.6 29.6

Spf + = up-regulated

Expression of the Genes already in the Shrimp effects Survival and challenges!!!

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SR (

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HSP

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LvproPO LvALF Lvcrustin LvA2M LvKazal

Fam26 ( 63%) Fam31 ( 30%) Fam37 ( 6 %)

DOC

SR %

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Comparison of WSSV Tolerance and Resistance

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Drop temperature To 24C

Inoculate WSSV virus Temperature 27C

DOC

% S

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Tolerance is not Resistance

CP Normal Line

Development on WSSV Tolerance (SPF only)

New CP WSSV Line CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC

CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC

CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC CPF NBC

Conditions within the pond (stresses) effect gene expression!!!

Increased Performance through genetics?

MBW: 14.5 GMS YIELD: 10.4 MTONS/HA ADG: 0.18 GMS/DAY

MBW: 24.1 GMS YIELD: 21,300 KGS/HA ADG: 0.31 GMS/DAY

2012

2016

Fcr: 1.15

Biomass: 11 kg/m2

The Industry will evolve towards “Sustainable Intensification” Producing more from Less

Less Land, more shrimp; Higher water efficiencies Higher Feed Efficiencies Higher Survivals LOWER COSTS

Small Pond, Super Intensive