world terror
TRANSCRIPT
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Part I
How the World Changed: A History of the Development of
Terrorism
Written by
Arthur H. Garrison
Criminal Justice Planning CoordinatorDelaware Criminal Justice Council
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Presentation Outline
The Nature of Terrorism
The Definitions of Terrorism
The Early History of Terrorism
The Modern History of Terrorism
The Modern History of Terrorism:
The Middle East
The Modern History of Terrorism:Weapons of Mass Destruction
Domestic Terrorism
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The Face of Terrorism
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The Face of Terrorism
FEAR
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The Face of Terrorism
PANIC
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The Face of Terrorism
SOCIETAL DISRUPTION
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The Face of Terrorism
DEMORALIZATION
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The Face of Terrorism
INTIMIDATION
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The Face of Terrorism
HATE & VENGENCE
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POLICY CHANGE THROUGH VIOLENCE
The Face of Terrorism
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VIOLENCE: ASSAULT & MURDER
The Face of Terrorism
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The Face of Terrorism
VIOLNECE:KIDNAPPING & SKYJACKING
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VIOLNECE: ARSON & BOMBINGS
The Face of Terrorism
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The Face of Terrorism
INDISCRIMINATE VICTIMS
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The Nature of Terrorism
Key components of terrorism:The Intentional, rational and targeted use of violence
Intended to cause fear
Attacks are not geared to the specific victim Attacks are designed to influence a greater audience fromthat in which the victims reside
Goal is to change behavior in a government or societyGoal is to bring attention to one’s cause
The goals are political (meaning they are not driven by
personal desires or ambitions)Rules of international law governing military combat andtactics are not observed
• All targets are legitimate
• No innocents/high collateral damage is the objective
Th N f T i
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The Nature of Terrorism
Types of terrorist weapons/attacksMass Destruction
• Weapons that cause structural damage to buildings orother structures. The goal is to cause damage toinfrastructures of society.
Mass Casualty
• Weapons that cause massive death. The goal is to cause
death rather than destroy buildings.Mass Disruption
• Weapons that cause social, political, economic damage to
society. The goal is to psychologically impact the broadersociety. To change behavior.
A terrorist attack can include all three or a combination of the
three. Sept 11th
included an attack that wasMass Destruction (WTC, Pentagon), Mass Casualties (3,000 dead) and Mass
Disruption (airports shut down, laws changed, behaviors changed).
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The Nature of Terrorism
Terrorist incidents can be broken down into two types of objectives.• Objective Driven:• The act is committed in
order to get certain demandsmet by a government.
• For example, hostage taking:• U.S. Soldier in Mogadishu
1993
• Iranian Embassy 1980• In these types of incidents,individuals will perform andact, allowing a governmententity the chance to
negotiate terms (reasonableor not) toward the release of the hostages.
• Terror Driven:• The act is committed as
retaliation for a perceivedwrong or as a warning of future incidents if theintended audience (agovernment) does notcomply with demands madeby the perpetrator.
• For example: Such as thosein the Palestinian-Israeliconflict, WTC and Pentagonattacks.
In performing a threat or security assessment, preparation for both of thesetypes of incidents must be made.
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The Nature of Terrorism
The nature of targets has changed over the past twohundred years
Before the twentieth century, terrorists attacked political and
religious leaders to cause fear and compel behavior change.Old school terrorism was direct in its targeting . Therewas a recognition of innocents and the distinction between
legitimate and illegitimate targets. After the twentieth century, with the advent of electedbureaucratic governments, terrorists found that the death of a single individual did not change policy.
New school terrorism is indirect in its targeting.Innocents are attacked in order to create political
pressure or instability in the government.
• Create fear, lack of confidence in government’s ability to maintainorder and safety and create public anxiety.Source: Simonsen and Spindlove, 2000, White, 2002
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Nature of Terrorism
First, anyone can be a victim.
Second, targets are not random.
Seemingly random attacks cause public anxiety and changepublic behavior – which is the point.
Third, attacks need publicity.
The intended audience must know of the act if it is to causefear.
Targets are chosen for their symbolic value (The WTC) or
their ability to cause the most amount of public anxiety(bombing of public places).
Fourth, everything can’t be protected all the time.
Source: Simonsen and Spindlove, 2000, White, 2002
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The Nature of Terrorism
In principle it is not the nature of the perpetrator, orthe type of violence that is used that makes an act aterrorist act, it is the intent of the act and the affect that the act has on the immediate victims, and upon
a wider audience (Claridge, 1998).
The victims of a terrorist attack are not the main
intended audience. The intent of the terrorist attack is to send a message and/or change the behavior of the larger audience .
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The Nature of Terrorism
Terrorism is a Transnational Threat A transnational threat is any threat that transcends national
borders and whose activity crosses national borders.
Characteristics of transnational threats are groups/organizationsthat have political and economic goals with the ability and
willingness to use force and inflict casualties to achieve those goals
(Craig, 1998).International Radical Terrorism
• Members of terrorist groups that do not consider themselves to
be citizens of any particular country, but instead seek commonpolitical, social, or personal objectives that transcend nation –
state boundaries (Kushner, H. 1998).
Th N t f T i
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The Nature of Terrorism
Terrorism is a type of Asymmetric Warfare.Asymmetric warfare is the use of violence or force by aninferior military against a superior military to gain
advantage over the superior military force (Allen, 1997).The key of asymmetric warfare is using unconventionaltactics in combat rather than using forces of comparable
size and employing similar tactics in battle (Craig, 1998).Asymmetrical warfare is a form of violence which cannot be matched by a conventional military response (Keegan,
2001).
Asymmetric warfare is the tool of the weak against thestrong. Its tactics are designed to take advantage of
weaknesses in a stronger enemy.
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The Nature of Terrorism
Terrorism is the only form of defense to which a
minority, strong only in terms of its spiritual strength
and in its knowledge of the rightness of its beliefs ,
can resort against the physical strength of the
majority.
Alexander Ulyanov (1887)Member of a Russian student group
that tried to assassinate Czar Alexander III
Th N f T i
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The Nature of Terrorism
Examples of terrorism as transnational asymmetricalthreats
The PLO driving a car bomb into building Al-Qaeda using car bombs to blow up embassies
Terrorist groups functioning without definable boarders
Terrorists hijacking U.S. and European planesHijacking commercial planes and crashing them into theWTC
Mailing anthrax to government leaders Attacks by organizations without the ability to attack the U.S. conventionally.
Attacks that cannot be responded to by conventionalwarfare.
D fi i T i
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Defining Terrorism
Defining Terrorism
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Defining Terrorism
The act of terrorizing, use of force or threats to
demoralize, intimidate, and subjugate . . . Used
as a political weapon or policy (Webster’s New
World Dictionary).
T i F d l D fi i i
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Terrorism: Federal Definitions
The unlawful act of force orviolence against individuals or
property to coerce or intimidategovernments or societies to
achieve political, religious orideological objectives.
U.S. State Department
Terrorism: Federal Definitions
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Terrorism: Federal Definitions
Terrorism is “premeditated, politically-motivated
violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by
subnational groups or clandestine state agents” (22
USCA 2657(f)(d) 1987).
Terrorism is “the unlawful use of force and violence
against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a
government, the civilian population, or any segment
thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives”
(22 Code of Federal Regulations section 0.85).
D fi iti D ti T i
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Definition: Domestic Terrorism
Terrorism “involves a violent [act] or an act dangerousto human life that is a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any State, or that would be acriminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any State; and appears to be
intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population;to influence the policy of a government by intimidationor coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government
by assassination or kidnapping” (18 USCA 3077).FBI working definition includes the requirement thatthere be an absence of foreign government
involvement.
Definition: International Terrorism
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Definition: International Terrorism“Violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of
the criminal laws of the United States or of any State, or that would bea criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the UnitedStates or of any State; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a
civilian population; to influence the policy of a government byintimidation or coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by
assassination or kidnapping; and occur primarily outside
the territorial jurisdiction of the United States , or transcend national boundaries in terms of the meansby which they are accomplished, the persons they
appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or thelocale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum” (18 USC 2331)
Terrorism within the U.S. supported by a foreignovernment is classified as international terrorism.
Terrorism: Academic Definitions
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Terrorism: Academic Definitions
Terrorism is the systematic threat or use of violence,
whether for or in opposition to, established authority, withthe intention of communicating a political message to a
group larger than the victim group by generating fear and
so altering the behavior of the larger group. Either the
victim or the perpetrator, or both, will be operating outside a
military context (Claridge, 1998). Terrorism is not an event
within civil war/conventional warfare situations.
Terrorism: Academic Definitions
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Terrorism: Academic Definitions
The use and/or threat of repeated violence in
support of or in opposition to some authority,
where violence is employed to induce fear of
similar attack in as many non-immediate
victims as possible so that those so threatened
accept and comply with the demands of the terrorist (Rosie, 1987).
The Nature of Terrorism: The Differenced A f
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Between Terrorism and Acts of War
Creating fear and/or changing behavior is the definingconcept of terrorism
Goal: Instill fear in a group or change its behavior.
The creation of fear is what differentiates terrorism frommilitary operations
Terrorism = the act is designed to instill fear or to manipulate/
change behavior in a group or society.Warfare = the act is the objective. No intent to cause a behaviorchange or instill fear in a group beyond the target.
Example: AssassinationNon-terrorism: A nation assassinates another nation’s leader inorder to replace him with another.
Terrorism: An abortion doctor is killed as a warning to otherdoctors who commit abortions.
Th N t f T i
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The Nature of Terrorism
Put simply, terrorism is a means to an end.
Terrorism is about the means used to achieve adesired outcome, not the desired outcome.
The level of political, social, moral correctness of
the desired outcome (liberation, freedom,whatever) does not affect the fact that the meansused and the desired effect of those means makes
the group a terrorist group and makes theindividual a terrorist.
The History of Terrorism
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The History of Terrorism
Early History of Terrorism
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Early History of Terrorism
The use of terror as a means to achieve political ends has along history.
As early as 66–72 A.D., Jewish resistance to Roman occupation
involved killing of Roman soldiers and destruction of Romanproperty. These small resistance groups were known as Zealots.
The term assassin comes from a Shi’ite Muslim sect (Nizari
Isma’ilis – also known as hashashins “hashish-eaters”) fightingSunni Muslims (1090–1275) and during Medieval Christendomresisting occupation during the Crusades (1095–1291). Theywere known to spread terror in the form of murder, including
women and children. The Brotherhood of Assassins committedacts of terror so as to gain paradise and seventy-two virgins if killed and receive unlimited hashish while on earth.
Early use of terror was used to resist occupation or killreligious enemies.
Early History of Terrorism
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Early History of Terrorism
The idea of suicidal martyrdom, dying in the service
of God – dying while killing the enemies of God –dates back thousands of years.
The Shi’ite Muslim sect (Nizari Isma’ilis – the
hashashins) brought to terrorism the idea of Divine Duty
and a terrorist act that led to one’s death would be
rewarded by a special place in heaven.Terrorism against the enemy is a religious act.
Modern History of Terrorism
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Modern History of Terrorism
The modern development of terrorism began during the
French Revolution’s Reign of Terror (1793–1794).
The Term “terrorism” was coined .The birth of Government-Sponsored Terrorism
Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobin Party
The use of terrorism is a virtue and a proper tool to
achieve governmental ends.
The systematic use of intimidation and violence to suppress rivals and control a population.
The goal of Government-Sponsored Terrorism: maintain
power.
Modern History of Terrorism
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Modern History of Terrorism
Russian anarchists sought to overthrow the Russian CzarAlexander II by assassination in 1880 and thensuccessfully in 1881.
Anarchists of the late 19th century introduced a new typeof terrorism: Individual Terrorism
The use of selective terror against an individual in order to
bring down a government.Anarchists were active in Europe and the United Statesduring the late 19th and early 20th centuries
1890–1908 anarchists were responsible for killing EmpressElizabeth of Austria, Hungry; King Elberto of Italy and KingCarlos I of Portugal.
1890–1910 anarchists were active in the U.S. setting off bombson Wall Street.
Modern History of Terrorism
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Anarchists introduced to terrorism:
Individual terrorism
Propaganda by deeds• To get attention, set off a bomb. The act will prompt
questions of “why?” Terrorism was now a tool of
communication.Two of the most famous acts of terror byanarchists:
The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (1914),which led to World War I.
The assassination of President McKinley (1901) in theUnited States.
Modern History of Terrorism
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The Soviet Revolution (1917)
The Red Terror
Lenin took the principles of Robespierre and
expanded the concept of Government-Sponsored
TerrorismTerror used in a systematic way. Use of terror
applied to the entire society. Terror used as a toolto build a society.
Terrorism is used to control and organize a society.
Modern History of Terrorism
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Modern History of Terrorism
The resistance of the Irish against English rule
(1919 –1921) introduced to terrorism the goal of
independence and the use of selective terrorism.
Selective Terrorism
The use of terror (bombings, assassinations) on governmental representatives (soldiers, police
officers, government officials, judges, etc.) of an occupying government.
The goal is to make occupation too costly.
Modern History of Terrorism
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Modern History of Terrorism
The IRA, under the command of Michael Collins, brought
to terrorism:
Sustained terrorism over timeThe need for terrorist groups to have intelligence
capacities
The perfection of compartmentalized terrorism through
the development of Cell Operation terrorism.
• Terror groups (cells) had a specific goal or operationalobjective but did not have contact with other cells.
Each cell was independent. This prevented the entire
terrorist movement from disruption if one cell wasdiscovered.
Modern History of Terrorism
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Modern History of Terrorism
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association(HSRA)–1929
The Philosophy of the BombDesire for freedom from oppression/capitalism
Terrorism is a phase towards revolution
“Terrorism is not the complete revolution and the
revolution is not complete without terrorism” Terrorism is the product of a nation’s “hunger forfreedom”
Use of terrorism to gain freedom is justified. Terrorism isnot the goal of freedom but a tool to achieve freedomand liberation.
Published in India as a response to the rejection of terrorism by Gandhi
Modern History of Terrorism
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Modern History of Terrorism
After World War II, terrorism continued to be used as a tool
for liberation.
Terrorism moved into the Third World and became a tool to
end colonialism.
Selective terror changed from use of terror againstgovernment officers of a colonial power, to the use of terror
against civilians working and living in the colony.
In Kenya and Algeria terror involved the killing of sympathizers of the British and British families. Women
and children were acceptable targets for terror.
Modern History of Terrorism
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Modern History of Terrorism
Late 18th century – French Revolution – Government - Sponsored Terrorism. Goal: Eliminate opposition,consolidate power. The word “terrorism” is coined.
Late 19th and Early 20th century – Anarchist terrorism -
Individual Terrorism. Goal: Use of terror to bring downgovernment.
Early 20th century – Russian Revolution –Government-Sponsored Terrorism. Goal: Terror tomaintain power, control an entire population.
Systematic, society-wide use of terror.
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Early 20th century – Irish Rebellion – Selective Terrorism. Goal: Terror to achieve independence.
Middle 20th Century – Terror to end colonialism. Useof selective terrorism on sympathizers and civilians.
Between the French Revolution and the end of World
War II, terrorism was local and the organization of terror was confined to a specific area of conflict. Thelate 1960’s brought terrorism to the international
stage.
Modern History of Terrorism
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ode n isto y of e o ism
In 1966 Cuba hosted the Tri-Continental Conference whichwas sponsored by the Soviet Union.
This conference marks the beginning of theinternationalization of terrorism.
The results of this conference:
Cuba became an early training camp for European and ThirdWorld terrorist organizations around the world.
Various terrorist groups began to cooperate with each other.
Terrorism became a worldwide movement rather than isolatedevents with isolated goals.
Financial and political support for terrorist groups began to
happen.
Modern History of Terrorism:
Th Middl E t
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The Middle East
In the late 1960’s two events changed terrorism:
Terrorism become a tool of the Cold War. Development of State-Sponsored Terrorism – governments exporting terrorism to other
parts of the world for their own political ends.• Iran supported the Hezbollah, Libya supported Abu Nidal, Iraq, Cuba,
Sudan and Algeria provided training camps, economic and political supportto other terrorist groups.
In 1967 (The Six Day War) Israel defeated Jordan, Egypt andSyria – taking the Golan Heights (from Syria), East Jerusalem andthe West Bank (from Jordan), the Gaza Strip and the Sinai
Peninsula (from Egypt).These two events shifted the focus of terrorism to theMiddle East. Since the late 1960’s the majority of terrorism
that has occurred has flowed out of the Israeli-Arab/Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.
Modern History of Terrorism:
The Middle East
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The Middle East
With the end of the 1967 War (and the Yom Kippur War of 1973), the option of conventional war with Israel as amethod of removing Israel from the Middle East was ended.
Terrorism was the new tool to be used against Israel and itsallies, principally the U.S.
The PLO began a terrorist campaign from Jordan then
Lebanon.
Terrorism in the middle and late 1960’s changed from
ending colonial rule to drawing attention to the Palestiniancause.
Modern History of Terrorism
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In the 1970’s and 1980’s various terrorist groups in
Europe began a reign of terrorism
In Turkey
Both communist (backed by theSoviet Union) and fascistterrorist groups
In Germany
Red Army Faction allied withBlack September (Palestiniangroup)
Baader-Meinhof Gang
In ItalyThe Red Brigade
In Great Britain and NorthernIreland
The IRA – the advent of the carbomb as a terrorist tactic
In Spain
The Etta in Northern SpainIn France
Action Direct allied with theRed Army Faction and the RedBrigade
In Japan
The Japanese Red Army allied
with Popular Front for theLiberation of Palestine
Modern History of Terrorism:
The Middle East
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The Middle East
The new terrorism – Israeli-Arab conflict.
1968 and the advent of Air Terrorism . Goal: Highjack a plane to bring attention to the Palestinian cause .
1970’s terrorist groups with the sole purpose of killingIsraelis or of forcing Israel to release captured terrorists.Black September for example.
1972 Olympic games.
1970’s the decade of air terrorism – more than 20 events of air terrorism and bombings of airplanes.
1988 the PLO gains the ability to build bombs that willexplode when a plane reaches a certain altitude.
Modern History of Terrorism:
The Middle East
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The Middle East
The last 20 years of the 20th century brought a new aspect toMiddle East oriented terrorism: Religious- Based Terrorism.
1979 and the rise of the Ayatollah Khomeini brought areligious justification for terrorism.
The Expansion of Islam in the Middle East and the world and the protection of Islam against Jews, Christians and the West is an
independent (from the Israeli/Arab conflict) justification for theuse of terror.
The tool of this religious terrorism: The advent of the
suicide bomber.Terrorism came full circle. From the Nizari Isma’ilis(the hashashins) in the first century to the modern
suicidal terrorist of the 1990’s. Both religiouslymotivated and both embracing suicidal martyrdom.
Modern History of Terrorism:
The Middle East
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The Middle East
1979 the taking of hostages in
Tehran1983 U.S. Embassy attacked inBeirut
1983 the U.S. Marine barracks in
Beirut1983 the bombing of the U.S.Embassy in Kuwait
1984 kidnapping of Americans by
terrorist groups – Hezbollah1984 the bombing of the U.S.Embassy Annex in Beirut
1984 hijacking of Kuwait Airways
Flight 221 (two Americans killed)1985 hijacking of TWA Flight 847
1985 hijacking of the Achille Lauro,
the bombing of the Rome Airport1986 the bombing of a WestGerman discotheque frequented by American military personnel
1986 the hijacking of TWA Flight407
1986 hijacking of a Pan Am jet inKarachi
1986 TWA Boeing 727 betweenRome and Athens – bomb underthe seat
1988 the bombing of Pan Am Flight
103 over Scotland
Islamic terrorists, with support from Arab nations, broughtterrorism to the United States.
Modern History of Terrorism:
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The Middle East
Terrorism in the 1960’s through the 1980’s wasabout exposure to the cause.
Bombings, hostage taking, air terrorism were all
designed to bring attention to the causes of theterrorists in an attempt to force government policychange.
The 1990’s brought the newest change in terrorism,
indiscriminate killing and mass casualties.
Modern History of Terrorism:The Middle East
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The Middle East
Terrorism changed in the 1990’s. The goal changed from gainingattention to mass destruction for its own sake.
1993 WTC
6 dead, major damage to thebuilding
1993 Somalia3 Ranger helicopters shot
down and 19 rangers killed ina two day firefight
1995 Saudi Arabia
U.S. Military Headquarters5 Americans killed
1996 Saudi ArabiaKhobar Towers
19 Americans killed
1997 Egypt
Temple of Hatshepsut58 tourists killed
1998 Kenya and Tanzania
American Embassies224 people killed
2000 YemenU.S.S. Cole
17 sailors killed
2001 WTC/Pentagon3,000 people killed
Destruction of the WTC
Modern History of Terrorism:
The Middle East
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The Middle East
The World Trade Center bombing in 1993 marked a change
in terrorism.
Previous attacks were usually followed by credit taking bythe terrorists which were followed by demands or
statements of purpose for the attack – U.S. support for Israel
for example.
The WTC attack in 1993 was committed to cause damage
and death. The goal was the destruction of the WTC itself,to show that the U.S. could be defeated.
Hate for the West and America, with religious extremist
thought, was the new reason for a terrorist attack.
odern History of Terrorism:The Middle East
S b 11 2001 lidifi d h h i i
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September 11, 2001 solidified the change in terrorist
thought:The U.S. was to be destroyed
Islam demanded the destruction of the infidel
No credit is taken for the attack
No specific reason is given for the attack
Goal: high body count – high level of destruction
• Between 1968 and 1996 (28 yrs) – 267 Americans were killed by suicideterrorists worldwide.
• In one day, on September 11, 2001, 266 Americans were killed on the fourplanes hijacked.
Goal: destroy the symbols of America and her power:• (A.A. Flight 11 and U.A. Flight 175) - The WTC – a symbol of American
capitalism and economic power.
• (A.A. Flight 77) - The Pentagon – symbol of American military power.• (U.A. Flight 93) - Suspected targets – White House or Capitol – symbols of
American political power.
Modern History of Terrorism
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Terrorism has been used over the past two hundred years as a
tool to achieve political, religious and ideological goals.Terrorism has evolved in application and purpose.
The French: Government-Sponsored Terrorism – govt.maintain power
Anarchists: Individual Terrorism – change govt. by targetingspecific people
Russian Revolution – Lenin/Stalin: expanded Government-Sponsored Terrorism – terror on a mass scale to control apopulation
Irish Rebellion: Selective Terrorism – terror applied to govt.representatives
Modern History of TerrorismT i h b d h h d d
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Terrorism has been used over the past two hundred years as a
tool to achieve political, religious and ideological goals.Terrorism has evolved in application and purpose:
End of World War II: Terrorism to end Colonialism – terroragainst govt. and “collaborator” civilians
The Middle East Conflict/Cold War: Internationalization of Terrorism – unification of different terrorist groups and theadvent of state-sponsored terrorism
The Middle East: Religious Motivated Terrorism – suicidebomber/martyrdom - terrorism to protect Islam, fight theChristian West and remove the influence of the West (and
Israel) from the Middle East
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The nature of biological weapons
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Types of biological weapons
Weapons that are designed to cause death –
Lethal weapons .Weapons that are designed to cause sickness –Incapacitation weapons.
The goal of bioterrorism
Mass Casualty
• Massive death, sickness or disease
Mass Disruption
• Social, economic, political, medical damage
Modern History of Terrorism
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The use of biological weapons predates the discovery ofgunpowder.
As early as the 7th century, the Assyrians used ergot (a fungaldisease found in rye) to the poison water wells of their enemies.
The fungus produced a hallucinogenic effect similar to that ofLSD.
In 600 BC the purgative hellebore was used during a siege ofCirrha to cause violent diarrhea .
In 400 BC the Spartans used arsenic smoke to drive out theenemy during the siege of Plataea and Delium.
In 1346 the Tartar Army catapulted corpses of plague victimsover the walls of the besieged city Kaffa to spread the diseaseamong the defenders.
Modern History of Terrorism
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Until recentlybiologicalweapons were
weapons used inconventionalwarfare between
countries.
Modern History of Terrorism
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The two new issues of the 21st century in regard toterrorism:
Keeping states like Iraq and Iran from building biological andchemical weapons.
Keeping biological weapons out of the hands of terroristgroups.
Japan: Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth)1993 released anthrax with the intent
to cause an epidemic.March 20, 1995 released sarin nerve
gas on a train system – 12 dead and 5,000
injured.
Domestic Terrorism
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Over the past twenty years, the majority of incidents of domestic terrorism was conducted by
home grown terrorist groups
The Face of Domestic Terrorism
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KLU KLUX KLAN OLDEST
CONTINUOUS HATEGROUP IN THENATION
TWO DIFFERENT APPROACHES TOHATE
FOCUSES ON LOCALISSUES TORECRUIT
The Face of Domestic Terrorism
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ARYAN NATIONSFOLLOWS
CHRISTIANIDENTITY
WHITES ARE GOD’S
CHOSEN RACEJEWS ARE SATAN’SCHILDREN
WANT A HOMELANDFOR WHITES
The Face of Domestic Terrorism
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NEO-NAZI
VENERATION OFHITLER
DENIAL OF
HOLOCAUSTSKINHEADS ANDINDIVIDUAL
NATIONALISTS /SOCIALISTS
The Face of Domestic Terrorism
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WORLD CHURCH OF THE CREATORSURVIVAL,EXPANSION &
ADVANCEMENT OF
THE WHITE RACERACE IS RELIGION
The Face of Domestic Terrorism
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RACIST SKINHEADS
VIOLENT VERSIONOF SKINHEADSUBCULTURE
YOUTH GROUPSFOR ADULT HATEGROUPS
KNOWN FOR VIOLENCE
The Face of Domestic Terrorism
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ANARCHIST GROUPSCOUNTER-PROTEST
HATE GROUPSPROTEST
GLOBALIZATIONWORLD TRADE
MILITARY
INTERVENTION
The Face of Domestic Terrorism
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SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS
BLACK SEPARATISTS
PUERTO RICAN NATIONALISTS
AMERICAN INDIANS
The Face of Domestic Terrorism
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SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS ANYTHING UNUSUAL?
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The Face of Domestic Terrorism
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RADICAL ANIMAL RIGHTS
The Face of Domestic Terrorism
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RADICAL ENVIRONMENTALIST
The Face Domestic Terrorism
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ANTI-ABORTION ACTIVISTS
Faces of Domestic Terrorism
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Yu Kikumura of theSara Jane Olson – SLA after
Japanese Red Army
20 years of hiding
Timothy McVeighLuke John Helder – 2002
Midwest Mailbox Bomber
Eric Rudolph
bomber of several
abortion clinics
and suspected of
Atlanta Olympic
Park bombing
Domestic Terrorism
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Domestic Terrorism is the unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a group
or an individual based and operating entirelywithin the United States or its territories
without foreign direction committed againstpersons or property to intimidate or coerce agovernment, the civilian population, or anysegment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives .
FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002
Domestic Terrorism
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The majority of terrorist acts in the U.S. are committed by
home grown terrorists.
Between 1980 and 2000 there were 335 suspectedincidents of terrorism in the U.S.
• 247 or 74% attributed to domestic terrorist groups
• 88 or 26% attributed to international terrorist groups
In 1999 there were ten terrorist acts committed in the U.S.,
8 out of 10 were committed by two domestic terroristgroups (the remaining two were by “lone wolfs”)
6 by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
2 by the Earth Liberation Front (ELF)FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002
Incidents of Domestic Terrorism in the
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United States 1995 - 2000
0
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
1999 – 8 out of 10incidents of domesticterrorism wereconducted by the
Animal Liberation Frontand the Earth LiberationFront
2000 – 7 out of 8
incidents of domesticterrorism wereconducted by these two
groupsFBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002
Domestic Terrorism
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Two trends have developed in terrorist activity(domestic and international)
The overall number is decliningThe damage caused by terrorist acts is increasing
Between 1980 and 1989 there were 267terrorist incidents in the U.S. resulting in 23dead and 105 injured.
Between 1990 and 1999 there were 60 terroristincidents in the U.S. resulting in 182 dead and
1,932 injured.FBI Report, 1999
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Domestic Terrorism
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During the past three decades there have been three broadwaves of domestic terrorism
1960’s – mid 1980’s> rise and decline of left-wing terroristgroups
• Watermen
• Symbionese Liberation Army
• Black Panthers
• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Mid 1980’s – 1990’s> rise and decline of right-wing terroristgroups
Late 1980’s – present> rise of special interest terroristgroups
FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002
Domestic TerrorismHome grown terrorists:
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Right-wing groupsWorld Church of the Creator
National AllianceThe Aryan Nations
Christian Identity
Patriot and Militia GroupsMontana Freeman
The Order
The Covenant, the Sword andthe Arm of the Lord (CSA)
The Branch Davidians
Posse ComitatusOdenists
–Racial supremacy
–Race is a religion –Anti-government
–Anti-regulation
–Claim to be protectors of the first amendment and theprinciples of the Declarationof Independence
–Began to decline mid1980’s due to concentratedFBI investigations andprosecutions (1985-1995)
FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002, Smiths, 2002
Domestic Terrorism
G i
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Home Grown terroristLeft-wing groups
Socialists• Protectors of the people against capitalism and
imperialism
AnarchistsPuerto Rican National Liberation (FALN)
Los MacheterosBegan to decline 1984 – 1988 due to FBIprosecutions
FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002
Domestic TerrorismHome Grown terrorist
S i l i t t
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Special interest groups• Extremist
• Seek to influence a specific issue rather than broad social
change – Abortion – killing abortion doctors
– Environment – “treespiking”
– Animal rights – animal rescues
– Development of forests – saving treesThe Animal Liberation Front/Environmental Liberation Front/People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) (1990’s)
• Against development of forests
• Environmental extremists• Standing policy not to take life, animal or human
• Burnings, bombing, animal rescues
• Anti-animal research
FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002, Smith, 2002
Domestic Terrorism
H t i t ti iti
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Home grown terrorist group activitiesBombings
Bank robberyMurder
Arson Assaults
Mass use of civil courts through frivolous law suits
Disruption of government meetings
Vandalism
FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002
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Domestic Terrorism
P bl i fi di d ti i l
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Problems in finding and prosecuting specialinterest domestic terrorist groups
Adherence to “leaderless resistance” organizationalstructure
Decentralized operation – Individual cell operation
Loose affiliation with other groups and betweenmembers
Limited communication/use of internetUse of “lone wolf” operators
Use of general call to action without instruction
FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002
Domestic Terrorism
New targets of the future
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New targets of the futureFarm industry
• Agroterrorism
Computers
• Cyberterrorism
GovernmentRestaurants
Food Industry
“Soft Targets”
• Shopping malls
• Libraries
In conclusion
Terrorism is a very old tactic
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Terrorism is a very old tactic.
Terrorism is a mode of communication .
Terrorism is a special type of violence and asymmetrical warfare .
Terrorism is used in times of peace, conflict and war .
Terrorism is a psychological act to impact an audience.
Terrorism is an act of politics .
In conclusion
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In the end Lenin’s definition of terrorism may be the mostaccurate:
•“The purpose of terrorism is to terrorize.”
The goal in the end, regardless of the reason, is to inflict
fear.
“Kill one person, frighten ten thousand” Sun Tzu
Some thoughts on the future . . .
“S k f f B hi
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“Some speak of an age of terror. . . . . But this country
will define our times, not be defined by them. As long as
the United States of America is determined and strong,this will not be an age of terror; this will be an age of
liberty, here and across the world.
We are in a fight for our principles, and our firstresponsibility is to live by them.
We will come together . . . . Our nation - this generation -
will lift a dark threat of violence from our people and our
future. We will rally the world to this cause by our
efforts, by our courage.
In fighting terrorism
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In fighting terrorism. . . .We w ill not t ire ,
We w ill not falter ,
And w e w ill not fail.”
President George Bush September 20, 2001
References
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References Alamut: Bastion of Peace and Information. The
Secret Doctrines of the Assassins.http://www.alamut.com/subj/ideologies/alamut/secDoctrines.htm1
Allen, R. (1997). Asymmetric warfare: Is the Army Ready? http:/www/amsc.belvoir.army.mil/asymmetric_warfare.htm
Banks, T. (1995). Airline and Airport Terrorism: A Thing of the Past – or the Future?http://www.pollux.com/aeroweb/1996/may96/terror.htm
Bio-Terry (2001). History of B ioterrorism: A Chronological History of B ioterrorism andBiowarfare Throughout the Ages.http://www.bioterry.com/History_of_Biological_Terrorism.asp
Claridge D (1998) State Terrorism? Applying a
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Claridge, D. (1998). State Terrorism? Applying a Definitional Model , in Violence and Terrorism98/ 99 (4 th Ed.) (64-72) Schechterman, B. and
Slann, M. (eds.). Annual Additions: Guilford, Conn.Craig, D. (1998). Asymmetrical Warfare and theTransnational Threat: Relearning the Lessonsfrom Vietnam. http://www.cfcsc.dnd.ca/irc/amsc/amsc1/006.htm1
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1999, U.S. Departments of Justice: FBIGreenberg, D. (2001). The Changing Face of Terrorism. http://www.slate.msn.com/HistoryLesson/01-09-
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History Channel (2001) Terrorism: 100Y f Hi t (Vid )
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History Channel (2001). Terrorism: 100 Years of History (Video).
Keegan, J. (2001). Military Response May
Target Technology.http://news.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2001%2F09%2F13%2Fwkeeg13.xml
Kosh, D. (1998). An International Legislative Approach to 21 st Century Terrorism , in The
Future of Terrorism: Violence in theMillennium (163 – 172) Kushner, H. (Ed.).Sage: Thousand Oaks, California.
Kushner H (1998) The New Terrorism in TheF f T i Vi l i h Mill i
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Kushner, H. (1998). The New Terrorism, in TheFuture of Terrorism: Violence in the Millennium(3 - 20) Kushner, H. (Ed.). Sage: Thousand Oaks,
California.Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and
Delinquency (2002). Terrorism Awareness andPrevention (Powerpoint Presentation).
Rosie, G. (1987). The Dictionary of International
Terrorism. Paragon House: New York.Simonsen, C. and Spindlove, J. (2000). TerrorismToday: The Past, The Players, The Future.Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Smith, B. (2002). Results from the American Terrorism
Study: Evolving Terrorists’ Tactics and Their Impact on
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Study: Evolving Terrorists Tactics and Their Impact onFederal Prosecutorial Efforts: Historical Context.Presentation at the NIJ 2002 Annual Conference on
Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation.Staten, C. (1998). Asymmetric Warfare, the Evolutionand Devolution of Terrorism: The Coming Challenge
for Emergency and National Security Forces.http://www.emergency.com/asymetrc.htm
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Army Field Manual 100-20, Stability and SupportOperations, (Final Draft) Chapter 8: CombattingTerrorism – The Basics: Combatting Terrorism.http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/basics.shtm1
Watson D (2002) Statement before theS S l C i I lli
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Watson, D. (2002). Statement before theSenate Select Committee on Intelligence,
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