world war i 1914 - 1918 bitter peace the treaty of versailles

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WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

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Page 1: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

WORLD WAR I1914 - 1918

BITTER PEACEThe Treaty Of Versailles

Page 2: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

Essential Question:What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I?

Page 3: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

World War I was fought between the Allies and Central Powers from

1914 to 1918

On November 11, 1918, the German government agreed to an armistice,

and the war ended

Page 4: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

THE BLOODY COST

WOUNDED SOLDIERS RETURN FROM THE FRONT

Page 5: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

World War I was the largest, deadliest,

and most destructive war the world had yet seen

8.5 million soldiers and 13 million

civilians died as a result of the war

Page 6: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

21 million soldiers were wounded during the war

Page 7: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

THE WOUNDED

A combat nurse writes a letter for a wounded soldier

Many of the wounded soldiers

were maimed and suffered

crippling injuries

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Page 9: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

SOLDIERS BLINDED BY POISON GAS

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STAGGERING AMOUNT OF DEATH

To put this in proper perspective…In the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S. has lost over 5000 soldiers over the last decade or so

In World War I, the Allies alone lost an average of 3500 SOLDIERS PER DAY in just over four years of war

Page 11: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDEGENOCIDE is intent to destroy a national,

ethnic, racial, or religious groupDuring the war, the Turks of the Ottoman

Empire blamed some of their wartime losses on a group of people living in its borders called the Armenians

The Turks used the war as an excuse to commit genocide against the Christian Armenians, a group of people the Muslim Turks had hated for a long time

Page 12: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

The Turks exterminated

possibly as many as ONE MILLION Armenian men,

women, and children

ARMENIAN WOMAN AND HER CHILDREN MARCHING TO THEIR DEATHS

THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

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Germany and Turkey were allied in the war; some German soldiers witnessed the

systematic way the Turks slaughtered the Armenians

Page 14: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

Germany and Turkey were allied in the war; some German soldiers witnessed the systematic

way the Turks slaughtered the Armenians

Page 15: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDEARMENIANS BEHEADED BY TURKISH SOLDIERS

Some of these German soldiers would later become Nazis during World War II

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THE SCIENCE OF GENOCIDE

These future Nazis learned the “science of genocide” from the Turks and used similar methods when carrying out the Holocaust against the Jews

ARMENIANS BEHEADED BY TURKISH SOLDIERS

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Homes, farms, towns, and cities were destroyed; the war cost a total of $338 billion

and most national treasuries were empty

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THE DAMAGE DONE

FRENCH CITY OF VERDUN:

BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR

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PALACE OF JUSTICE IN SENLIS:

BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR

THE DAMAGE DONE

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RUINS OF THE CITY OF YPRES AFTER THE WAR

THE DAMAGE DONE

Page 21: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

RUINS OF THE FRENCH VILLAGE OF VAUX

THE DAMAGE DONE

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AND AS IF THAT WEREN’T ENOUGH…

At the end of 1918, as the world is still reeling from the war, another disaster strikes; an

influenza epidemic spreads around the globe, killing about 30 million people worldwide

Page 23: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

In 1919, representatives from 32 nations attended the

Paris Peace Conference to write a treaty to end the war

The conference was led by the “Big Four”: Britain, France, Italy,

and the United States

French Premier French Premier George ClemenceauGeorge Clemenceau

U.S. President U.S. President Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

British Prime Minister British Prime Minister David Lloyd George David Lloyd George

Italian Prime Minister Italian Prime Minister Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando

Germany and none of the Central Powers were allowed to attend; Russia (now led by Bolsheviks)

could not attend because of how they quit the war

Page 24: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

U.S. President U.S. President Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

Italian Prime Minister Italian Prime Minister Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando

Creating a treaty would not be easy because the major powers had different agendas

French Premier French Premier George ClemenceauGeorge Clemenceau

British Prime Minister British Prime Minister David Lloyd George David Lloyd George

Britain and France wanted to weaken

Germany so it could never go to war again

Britain and France wanted Germany to accept full

blame, pay reparations, and lose all overseas colonies

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson disagreed the these harsh punishments for Germany

President Wilson presented his own peace proposal known

as the Fourteen Points

Page 25: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

WILSON’S 14 POINTS

Wilson’s peace plan (the 14 Points) was

meant to prevent

international problems from

starting another war

Page 26: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

9. Change in Italy’s borders10. Self-government for

Austria-Hungary’s peoples11. Removal of German

troops from the Balkans with Serbia gaining access to the sea

12. Independence for Turkey Giving those under Turkish rule the ability to rule themselves

13. Independence for Poland14. Creation of The League of

Nations

1. An end to secret treaties2. Freedom of the Seas3. Free trade among

nations4. A reduction of all armies

& navies5. End colonialism6. Removal of German

troops from Russia7. Removal of German

troops from Belgium8. Removal of German

troops from France & the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France

THE 14 POINTS: AN OUTLINE FOR PEACE

Page 27: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

POINTS 1-5: Wilson hoped to eliminate the causes of WWI and called for an end to secret treaties

(alliances), freedom of the seas, eliminating imperial colonies, and reducing national militaries

President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 1918

POINTS 6-13: Wilson suggested changing nationalboundaries, creating new nations, and allowing self-determination so that the people of each

nation could decide their own form of government

POINT 14: Wilson wanted a League of Nations…

Page 28: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

…that would give all nations an

opportunity to work out their

grievances without resorting to war

Wilson hoped that a League of Nations could peacefully

negotiate solutions to future conflicts

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ALLIES DISAGREE President Wilson favored “peace without

victory”, opposing severe punishment for the defeated Central Powers

The other Allies, most notably France, wanted revenge on the Central Powers, especially on Germany; France suffered more damage than any other country over the course of the Great War, and wanted vengeance on Germany because of it

In the United States, isolationists wanted America to stay out of other nations’ affairs

The bottom line result: The Allies reject most of the 14 Points

Page 30: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

Britain and France disagreed with so many of the Fourteen

Points that Wilson had to compromise

These compromises led to an agreement known as the Treaty

of Versailles

Page 31: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

The major provisions of the Versailles Treaty included:

A League of Nations that would serve as an

international organization to keep peace among nations

The League also included a Court of International Justice

to settle disagreements

The League covenant included an agreement

that all member nations would work

together to stop future acts of aggression

Page 32: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

The terms of the treaty severely punished Germany Germany

had to give up land in

Europe and all of its overseas colonies

Germany was forced to sign the “war guilt” clause, accepting all

blame for the war and paying $33 billion in

reparations to the Allies

The German military was reduced to 100,000 troops,

six warships, no submarines, and could not manufacture

war equipment

Page 33: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

In addition, the Treaty of Versailles redrew the map of Europe and the Middle East

Central Europe was redrawn to reduce the power of the Austro-

Hungarian Empire

Land was taken from Germany to create Poland; the German-French border was demilitarized to avoid

a future invasion

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Several Slavic nations (such as Bosnia and Serbia) combine to form one large new nation (Yugoslavia)

Page 35: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

New nations were created from territories that Russia gave up when it left the war early

The Ottoman Empire was divided; Britain and France gained mandates

in the Middle East

Page 36: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

The mandates gave Britain and France

control over oil resources in the Middle

East

A mandate is the authority to administer a country or

territory

Page 37: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

CARVING NEW NATIONS FROM OLD EMPIRESAUSTRIAHUNGARY (two main parts of the Austro-

Hungarian Empire are split up)CZECHOSLOVAKIA (taken from Germany

and Austria-Hungary) EAST PRUSSIA (a Germanic state now

separate from mainland Germany)POLAND (free of Russia and Germany)YUGOSLAVIA (a Slavic nation composed of

Serbia, Montenegro, and other Slavic people like Croatians and Bosnians, who are now free from Austria-Hungary)

Page 38: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

FINLAND (independent of Russia)ESTONIA (independent of Russia)LATVIA (independent of Russia)LITHUANIA (independent of Germany)IRELAND is now independent of Britain,

but…NORTH IRELAND remains under British

controlThe free city of DANZIG is created

CARVING NEW NATIONS FROM OLD EMPIRES

Page 39: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

BORDER CHANGES TO EXISTING COUNTRIES

In war, there are winners and losers

The winners expanded their borders while the

losers lost land

ITALY, ROMANIA, GREECE, and DENMARK

expand their borders

TURKEY, BULGARIA, GERMANY, and RUSSIA

lose territory

Page 40: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

Spain

Russia

France

Italy

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Great Britain

Turkey/Ottoman Empire

SerbiaBulgaria

Greece

Sicily

Denmark

Belgium

Netherlands

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

NORTH SEA

BLACK SEARomania

Portugal

Switzerland

Norway

Sweden

Albania

Montenegro

IrelandBALTIC SEA

Luxembourg

Page 41: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

Spain

France

U.S.S.R.

Italy

Finland

Germany

Greece

Great Britain

Yugoslavia

Estonia

Poland

Turkey

Sicily

Switz. Austria

Czechoslovakia

Bulgaria

Latvia

RomaniaHungary

Norway

Portugal

Ireland

North Ireland

LithuaniaDenmark

Sweden

Netherlands

LuxBelgium

Danzig

East Prussia

Albania

NORTH SEA

BALTIC SEA

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

BLACK SEA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Page 42: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

On June 28, 1919, Germany and the major Allied Powers signed the Treaty of Versailles and

World War I officially came to an end

Page 43: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

Most nations celebrated the

official end of the Great War

Germans protested the harsh terms and resented their own government for giving in and

signing the treaty “Down with the brutal peace!”

Page 44: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

PLANTING THE SEEDS

Winston Churchill, Britain’s future Prime

Minister, predicted that the harsh terms against Germany would cause

conflicts in the future. He called the Treaty of

Versailles “monstrous” for its harshness on Germany.

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In the United States, reactions to the Treaty of Versailles were mixed

According to the U.S. Constitution, only

the Senate can approve treaties

Many Senators feared that signing the treaty and joining the League would force America to

become involved in future foreign wars

As a result, the United States never signed the

treaty nor joined the League of Nations

Page 46: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

Members of the League of Nations (shaded)

Page 47: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

World War I was the largest war the world had yet seen and it changed the way future wars were fought

Nations used “total war” tactics to commit all their

resources to winning; they also drafted

soldiers, rationed, and used propaganda

New war technologies increased the rates of

death and destruction to unprecedented levels

The war changed expectations for women and

led to voting rights for women in many nations

Page 48: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

World War I was the largest war the world had yet seen and it changed the way future wars were fought

22 million soldiers and civilians died in the

war: an entire generation of

Europeans was killed The physical damage

to Europe was enormous

War devastated Europe’s economy;

nations had little money to rebuild and

few jobs to offer citizens

Page 49: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

The terms of the Versailles Treaty caused problems and bitterness in many nations, especially Germany

The Treaty of Versailles was said to be a “peace built

on quicksand”

The treaty did not address the M.A.I.N. causes of WWI

The League of Nations did not include the USA; League leaders would do anything to

avoid another war High unemployment and desire for revenge would

lead to aggressive dictators in the 1920s and 1930s

Page 50: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

DO YOU RECOGNIZE THIS MAN?

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CORPORAL ADOLF HITLERAdolf Hitler, who was from Austria, was a soldier for Germany in the Great War. He earned medals for bravery. Hitler was temporarily blinded by poison gas and was recovering in a hospital when news of Germany’s defeat reached him.

Page 52: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

GERMANY’S HUMILIATION GUARANTEES FUTURE CONFLICT

In his autobiography, Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote about hearing of Germany’s defeat:

“The burning in my eyes could not match the hate burning in my heart. From

that moment, I knew I should enter politics.”

THE SEEDS ARE SOWN FOR AN EVEN

BLOODIER CONFLICT

Page 53: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles
Page 54: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

WORLD WAR I and WORLD WAR II: THE SAME WAR?

World War I was definitely not “The War To End All Wars”

The way this war ended guaranteed a future conflict

Only 21 years after World War I ended, World War II would begin

Many historians consider WWI and WWII to be the same war, but with an “intermission”

World War II would far surpass World War I in terms of death and destruction

Page 55: WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

Created by Christopher Jaskowiak

Thanks to Brooks Baggett for some of the slides

Thanks to Professor Daniel Blum of Buffalo State College for his excellent teaching of the course, 20th Century Europe