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World War I (1914- World War I (1914- 1918) 1918) Unit 9 Unit 9

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Page 1: World War I (1914-1918) Unit 9. Militarism Imperialism Alliances Nationalism Causes of World War I Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

World War I (1914-1918)World War I (1914-1918)

Unit 9Unit 9

Page 2: World War I (1914-1918) Unit 9. Militarism Imperialism Alliances Nationalism Causes of World War I Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Militarism

Imperialism

Alliances

Nationalism

Causes of World War I

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

Hidden CausesHidden Causes of WWI of WWI: existed well : existed well before 1914before 1914

1)1) ImperialismImperialism::-European powers had been building empires -European powers had been building empires for centuriesfor centuries-the colonies supplied them with raw -the colonies supplied them with raw materialsmaterials

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I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

-European powers competed for territory -European powers competed for territory around the world which… around the world which… -led to conflicts in those areas-led to conflicts in those areas

2) MilitarismMilitarism: : -the policy of building up a nation’s armed -the policy of building up a nation’s armed forces in preparation of war forces in preparation of war -empires were expensive to build and defend-empires were expensive to build and defend-by 1890, the strongest European nation was -by 1890, the strongest European nation was GermanyGermany

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I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

-Eng. was not concerned because they had -Eng. was not concerned because they had the strongest navy in the worldthe strongest navy in the world

-Ger. and Eng. began to compete in the -Ger. and Eng. began to compete in the building of warships building of warships

-France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S. quickly -France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S. quickly joined the naval arms racejoined the naval arms race

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I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

3)3) NationalismNationalism:: -pride in one’s nation-pride in one’s nation-often leads to competition and rivalries-often leads to competition and rivalries-many feared Germany’s growing power in -many feared Germany’s growing power in

EuropeEurope

-also, many nations (ethnic groups) wanted -also, many nations (ethnic groups) wanted

their independence from Austria-Hungarytheir independence from Austria-Hungary

-those ethnic groups looked to larger nations for -those ethnic groups looked to larger nations for

protectionprotection

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I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

4)4) AlliancesAlliances: : -a formal agreement or union between nations-a formal agreement or union between nations

-developed in Europe during the late 1800s -developed in Europe during the late 1800s

-designed to increase a nation’s security and -designed to increase a nation’s security and to defend each other during an attackto defend each other during an attack

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I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

-two great alliances had formed in Europe by -two great alliances had formed in Europe by 1907:1907:

a. a. Triple AllianceTriple Alliance – Germany, Austria- – Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyHungary, Italy

b. b. Triple EntenteTriple Entente – England, France, Russia – England, France, Russia

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I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

Immediate CauseImmediate Cause of WWI (sparkplug) of WWI (sparkplug) was…was…-the assassination of Archduke -the assassination of Archduke Franz Franz FerdinandFerdinand and his wife Sofie on and his wife Sofie on June 28, 1914June 28, 1914-he was the heir to the throne in Austria- -he was the heir to the throne in Austria- HungaryHungary-killed by -killed by Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip (19 yrs old), a member (19 yrs old), a member of the “Black Hand” (terrorist group promoting of the “Black Hand” (terrorist group promoting Serbian nationalism)Serbian nationalism)

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I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

--June 28June 28: : Ferdinand assassinatedFerdinand assassinated

--July 28July 28: : A-H blamed the Serbian gov’t and A-H blamed the Serbian gov’t and declared war on themdeclared war on them

--July 29July 29: : Russia, Serbia’s protector, began Russia, Serbia’s protector, began mobilizationmobilization (the readying of troops for war) (the readying of troops for war)

- Germany, A-H’s chief ally, demanded - Germany, A-H’s chief ally, demanded that that Russia stop mobilizing Russia stop mobilizing

- Russia refused – Russia’s ally, France, - Russia refused – Russia’s ally, France, began mobilization as did Germany began mobilization as did Germany

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I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

--Aug. 1Aug. 1: : Germany declared war on RussiaGermany declared war on Russia

--Aug. 3Aug. 3: : Germany declared war on FranceGermany declared war on France

-The U.S. remained neutral-The U.S. remained neutral

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I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

Germany knew it would be forced to fight a Germany knew it would be forced to fight a two-two-front warfront war (East and West) eventually (East and West) eventually

so…they had a plan called the so…they had a plan called the Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan::

-a quick strike on France to knock them out -a quick strike on France to knock them out of of the war and then an attack on Russia the war and then an attack on Russia

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II. II. War BeginsWar Begins::

To get to France as quickly as possible, the To get to France as quickly as possible, the German Army passed through Belgium, a German Army passed through Belgium, a neutral countryneutral country

-the invasion brought England, Belgium’s -the invasion brought England, Belgium’s protector, into the war on Aug. 4protector, into the war on Aug. 4

-Germany had hoped England, with the world’s -Germany had hoped England, with the world’s strongest Navy, would stay out of the warstrongest Navy, would stay out of the war

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II. II. War BeginsWar Begins::

After the start of the war, countries in Europe After the start of the war, countries in Europe began to take sides:began to take sides:

Central PowersCentral Powers: : Allied Powers (Allies)Allied Powers (Allies)GermanyGermany FranceFrance RussiaRussiaA-HA-H Italy -1915Italy -1915 SerbiaSerbiaBulgariaBulgaria RomaniaRomania GreeceGreeceOttoman Empire (Turkey)Ottoman Empire (Turkey) MontenegroMontenegro PortugalPortugal

BelgiumBelgium U.S. - U.S. -19171917

Great BritainGreat Britain

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II. II. War BeginsWar Begins::

Sept. 1914: Germans advanced within 30 miles Sept. 1914: Germans advanced within 30 miles of Paris but were stopped at the Marne River by of Paris but were stopped at the Marne River by French and British troops in theFrench and British troops in the First Battle of First Battle of the Marnethe Marne

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II. II. War BeginsWar Begins::

Stalemate:Stalemate: a situation in which neither side could a situation in which neither side could gain an advantage, on the Western Front (in gain an advantage, on the Western Front (in France)France)

Trench warfareTrench warfare: the Allies dug trenches to help : the Allies dug trenches to help reduce casualties and the Germans did the reduce casualties and the Germans did the same same

-the move to the trenches prolonged the war-the move to the trenches prolonged the war

-soldiers went “over the top” into “no man’s land” -soldiers went “over the top” into “no man’s land” (area between the trenches)(area between the trenches)

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II. II. War BeginsWar Begins::

The Central Powers took over Serbia, The Central Powers took over Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, and RomaniaMontenegro, Albania, and Romania

-they also attacked Italy and began to push the -they also attacked Italy and began to push the Russian lines backRussian lines back

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II. II. War BeginsWar Begins:: New WeaponsNew Weapons used during WWI:used during WWI:

1) 1) Machine gunsMachine guns – forced the soldiers to the – forced the soldiers to the trenches – fired up to 450 rounds a minutetrenches – fired up to 450 rounds a minute

2) 2) TanksTanks – first used by the British – used mainly to – first used by the British – used mainly to smash barbed wire fences to clear the way for smash barbed wire fences to clear the way for the infantry (foot soldiers)the infantry (foot soldiers)

3) 3) Poison gasPoison gas – chemical warfare – used by the – chemical warfare – used by the Germans firstGermans first

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II. II. War BeginsWar Begins::

4)4) U-boatsU-boats – German submarines – German submarines

-attacked without warning – used to fight the -attacked without warning – used to fight the British blockade British blockade

-interfered with Am. trade and threatened the -interfered with Am. trade and threatened the safety of Am.’ssafety of Am.’s

5) 5) AirplanesAirplanes – used only for observation at first – used only for observation at first

-later armed with machine guns and bombs -later armed with machine guns and bombs

-Manfred von Richthofen “Red Baron” (German -Manfred von Richthofen “Red Baron” (German ace pilot– shot down over 80 planes)ace pilot– shot down over 80 planes)

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II. II. War BeginsWar Begins::

The American ResponseThe American Response::-some Americans felt personally involved – Why? -some Americans felt personally involved – Why?

1/3 were 11/3 were 1stst or 2 or 2ndnd generation immigrants generation immigrants -most Americans wanted the Allies to win- Why?-most Americans wanted the Allies to win- Why?1)1) Cultural ties with EnglandCultural ties with England2)2) Most of the news from the war came from Most of the news from the war came from

EnglandEngland3)3) Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II, German leader, was a , German leader, was a

dictator – not an acceptable allydictator – not an acceptable ally

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II. II. War BeginsWar Begins::

The U.S. remained neutral at first and continued The U.S. remained neutral at first and continued to trade with both sidesto trade with both sides

-we were an isolated country at that time-we were an isolated country at that time

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III. III. U.S. Declares WarU.S. Declares War::

3 Major Events3 Major Events led the U.S. to join the Allies:led the U.S. to join the Allies:

1)1) Germany’s use of Germany’s use of unrestricted submarine unrestricted submarine warfarewarfare – Ex: – Ex:

a. Sinking of the a. Sinking of the LusitaniaLusitania (May 7, 1915) (May 7, 1915) -British passenger liner sunk by a -British passenger liner sunk by a German u-boat German u-boat -1,200 died (128 Americans)-1,200 died (128 Americans)

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III. III. U.S. Declares WarU.S. Declares War::

b. Sinking of the b. Sinking of the SussexSussex (March 24, 1916) (March 24, 1916) -French passenger liner sunk by a U-boat -French passenger liner sunk by a U-boat -the Germans agreed to the -the Germans agreed to the Sussex Sussex PledgePledge (promised to warn ships before (promised to warn ships before attacking) attacking)

-kept the U.S. out of the war-kept the U.S. out of the war

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III. III. U.S. Declares WarU.S. Declares War::

Election of 1916Election of 1916 – – Pres. Wilson ran under the Pres. Wilson ran under the slogan “slogan “He kept us out of warHe kept us out of war” and was re-” and was re-electedelected

Feb. 1, 1917Feb. 1, 1917: : Germany resumed u.s.wGermany resumed u.s.w

Feb. 3, 1917Feb. 3, 1917: Wilson ended Am. neutrality by : Wilson ended Am. neutrality by arming merchant ships – “arming merchant ships – “armed neutralityarmed neutrality””

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III. III. U.S. Declares WarU.S. Declares War::2)2) Zimmerman Note / TelegramZimmerman Note / Telegram – – German German

foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, made a foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, made a secret offer to Mexicosecret offer to Mexico

-if they would attack the U.S., then they would -if they would attack the U.S., then they would be given back the lost territory in TX, AZ, and be given back the lost territory in TX, AZ, and NMNM

-the note was intercepted by the British-the note was intercepted by the British -neither Wilson nor Mexico took the note -neither Wilson nor Mexico took the note

seriouslyseriously -however, the American public called for war -however, the American public called for war

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III. III. U.S. Declares WarU.S. Declares War::

3)3) Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia – – March 1917, March 1917, Czar Czar Nicholas IINicholas II was overthrown and replaced by a was overthrown and replaced by a republican (democratic) gov’t republican (democratic) gov’t

-since a czar was no longer in power, the U.S. -since a czar was no longer in power, the U.S. viewed Russia as an acceptable allyviewed Russia as an acceptable ally

-this was the last stumbling block to a full Am. -this was the last stumbling block to a full Am. commitment to the Alliescommitment to the Allies

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III. III. U.S. Declares WarU.S. Declares War::

Pres. Wilson asked Pres. Wilson asked Congress to declare Congress to declare war on Germany war on Germany saying…saying…

“ “The world must be The world must be made safe for made safe for democracy.”democracy.”

War was declared on War was declared on April 6, 1917April 6, 1917

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IV. IV. On the HomefrontOn the Homefront::

Selective Service ActSelective Service Act (May 1917) – required (May 1917) – required all men, 21-30 years old, to register for the draft all men, 21-30 years old, to register for the draft

-ages later changed to 18-45-ages later changed to 18-45

-24 million registered and 3 million drafted by -24 million registered and 3 million drafted by lotterylottery

-2 million volunteered (5 million total troops)-2 million volunteered (5 million total troops)

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IV. IV. On the HomefrontOn the Homefront::

11,000 women volunteered: nurses, clerks, and 11,000 women volunteered: nurses, clerks, and drivers drivers

-also worked in factories, auto mechanics, traffic -also worked in factories, auto mechanics, traffic cops, etc. (jobs only men used to do)cops, etc. (jobs only men used to do)

300,000 African Am.’s volunteered or were 300,000 African Am.’s volunteered or were drafted (mostly manual labor – segregated units)drafted (mostly manual labor – segregated units)

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IV. IV. On the HomefrontOn the Homefront::

War Industries BoardWar Industries Board – led by Bernard Baruch – led by Bernard Baruch

-regulated how natural resources were used and -regulated how natural resources were used and told factory owners what to maketold factory owners what to make

-ex: iron and steel industries used to make guns -ex: iron and steel industries used to make guns and later tanks and later tanks

-factories worked around the clock which -factories worked around the clock which created more jobscreated more jobs

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IV. IV. On the HomefrontOn the Homefront::

War Labor BoardWar Labor Board – settled labor disputes to – settled labor disputes to prevent strikes during the warprevent strikes during the war

Food Adm.Food Adm. – led by Herbert Hoover – led by Herbert Hoover -conserved food and set crop prices -conserved food and set crop prices -also encouraged “meatless Tuesdays” and -also encouraged “meatless Tuesdays” and “wheatless Wednesdays” “wheatless Wednesdays” -“victory gardens” were also planted-“victory gardens” were also planted

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IV. IV. On the HomefrontOn the Homefront::

Fuel Adm.Fuel Adm. – urged citizens to conserve coal and – urged citizens to conserve coal and fuel fuel

-“heatless Mondays” -“heatless Mondays”

-est. day-light saving time to save an hours use -est. day-light saving time to save an hours use of lighting and heat each dayof lighting and heat each day

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IV. IV. On the HomefrontOn the Homefront::

Financing the warFinancing the war – two ways to pay for war: – two ways to pay for war:

1)1) Taxes were raisedTaxes were raised

2)2) Liberty Bonds were sold – loans by the Am. Liberty Bonds were sold – loans by the Am. people to the gov’t – paid back with interestpeople to the gov’t – paid back with interest

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IV. IV. On the HomefrontOn the Homefront::

Laws Passed to Enforce LoyaltyLaws Passed to Enforce Loyalty::

1) 1) Sedition ActSedition Act – prohibited any speech that was – prohibited any speech that was “disloyal, profane, or abusive” about the gov’t, “disloyal, profane, or abusive” about the gov’t, flag, Constitution, or armed forces – very flag, Constitution, or armed forces – very controversial controversial

2) 2) Espionage ActEspionage Act – punished anyone found guilty – punished anyone found guilty of helping the enemy, hindering recruitment, or of helping the enemy, hindering recruitment, or inciting revoltsinciting revolts

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IV. IV. On the HomefrontOn the Homefront::

Both acts were upheld in the Supreme Court case Both acts were upheld in the Supreme Court case Schenck v. U.S.Schenck v. U.S. (1919) (1919)

-ruled freedom of speech could be limited in certain -ruled freedom of speech could be limited in certain situations, or whenever there was a “clear and situations, or whenever there was a “clear and present danger” to public safety or national securitypresent danger” to public safety or national security

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V. V. Americans on the European Americans on the European FrontFront::

American Expeditionary ForcesAmerican Expeditionary Forces (AEF) – led by (AEF) – led by Gen. Gen. John J. PershingJohn J. Pershing

-arrived in Paris on June 14, 1917 – provided -arrived in Paris on June 14, 1917 – provided reinforcements to British and French troops reinforcements to British and French troops

-U.S. soldiers nicknamed -U.S. soldiers nicknamed doughboysdoughboys

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V. V. Americans on the European Americans on the European FrontFront::

The first job of the doughboys was to help The first job of the doughboys was to help England attack the German u-boats England attack the German u-boats

-Americans thought they would only provide -Americans thought they would only provide naval assistance at firstnaval assistance at first

Convoy systemConvoy system – began in May 1917 – began in May 1917

-group of unarmed merchant ships surrounded -group of unarmed merchant ships surrounded by armed naval ships by armed naval ships

-reduced number of ships sunk-reduced number of ships sunk

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V. V. Americans on the European Americans on the European FrontFront::

The The Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution (communist revolution (communist revolution in Russia – Oct. 1917) changed the involvement in Russia – Oct. 1917) changed the involvement of Am. soldiersof Am. soldiers

-led by -led by Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin -Russia signed a treaty with Germany in March -Russia signed a treaty with Germany in March

1918 to drop out of the war1918 to drop out of the war -allowed Germany to send all troops to the -allowed Germany to send all troops to the

Western FrontWestern Front -forced U.S. to send in more foot soldiers to help -forced U.S. to send in more foot soldiers to help

AlliesAllies

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V. V. Americans on the European Americans on the European FrontFront::

Battle of Chateau-ThierryBattle of Chateau-Thierry (June 1918) – major (June 1918) – major turning point in the war turning point in the war

-U.S. helped French save Paris and began to -U.S. helped French save Paris and began to push German lines back towards Germanypush German lines back towards Germany

Battle of Argonne ForestBattle of Argonne Forest (Sept.-Nov. 1918) -last (Sept.-Nov. 1918) -last critical battle of the war – 47 day battle -1.2 critical battle of the war – 47 day battle -1.2 million Allied troops began to push German lines million Allied troops began to push German lines back and eventually broke throughback and eventually broke through

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V. V. Americans on the European Americans on the European FrontFront::

The hero of Argonne was The hero of Argonne was Alvin C. YorkAlvin C. York:: -grew up in the mountains of TN-grew up in the mountains of TN -applied to be classified as a -applied to be classified as a conscientious conscientious

objectorobjector (refuses to serve in military because of (refuses to serve in military because of religious beliefs) – application denied religious beliefs) – application denied

-killed 25 Germans and captured 132 others-killed 25 Germans and captured 132 others -said he killed those Germans to “save lives” - -said he killed those Germans to “save lives” -

most decorated soldier of WWImost decorated soldier of WWI

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VI. VI. PostwarPostwar::

An An armisticearmistice (cease fire) was signed on (cease fire) was signed on Nov. Nov. 1111, 1918 (11, 1918 (11thth hour, 11 hour, 11thth day, 11 day, 11thth month) month)

WWI CasualtiesWWI Casualties::

-Russia – -Russia – 99 million -Germany – million -Germany – 77 million million

-France – -France – 66 million -A-H – million -A-H – 77 million million

-England – -England – 44 million million

-U.S. – -U.S. – 364,000364,000

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WWI’s Impact on U.S.WWI’s Impact on U.S.::

-lost -lost 116,000116,000 young men young men

-created a distrust of -created a distrust of foreignersforeigners

-created -created newnew opportunities for opportunities for womenwomen and Afr. and Afr. Am’s.Am’s.

-higher -higher wageswages

-booming -booming economyeconomy – richest nation in world – richest nation in world

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Pres. Wilson’s Plan for PeacePres. Wilson’s Plan for Peace::

-to prevent future world -to prevent future world warswars he outlined his goals he outlined his goals in his “in his “FourteenFourteen Points Points” speech before ” speech before CongressCongress – included: – included:

1)1) Ban on secret treaties / Ban on secret treaties / alliancesalliances

2)2) Freedom of the Freedom of the seasseas

3)3) Reduction of Reduction of armsarms

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4)4) self-self-determinationdetermination, or power to make , or power to make decisions about one’s own future, for all A-H’s decisions about one’s own future, for all A-H’s ethnicethnic groups groups

5)5) League of League of NationsNations – international org. that – international org. that would help keep world would help keep world peacepeace and maintain and maintain orderorder

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ParisParis Peace Conference Peace Conference (Jan. 1919) – (Jan. 1919) – attended by the “Big attended by the “Big 44” (leaders of the 4 major ” (leaders of the 4 major Allied powers):Allied powers):

1)1) Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson (U.S.) (U.S.)

2)2) David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George (G.B.) (G.B.)

3)3) George ClemenceauGeorge Clemenceau (France) (France)

4)4) Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando (Italy) (Italy)

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-remember: -remember: RussiaRussia had dropped out of the war in had dropped out of the war in 1917 and 1917 and ItalyItaly joined Allies in 1915 joined Allies in 1915

--GoalsGoals – – WilsonWilson concerned about world peace – concerned about world peace – brought 14 brought 14 PointsPoints with him – the other with him – the other 33 leaders leaders wanted to punish wanted to punish GermanyGermany (esp. France) (esp. France)

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--Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles – officially ended – officially ended WWIWWI – – compromise – included:compromise – included:

1)1) War War GuiltGuilt Clause Clause – forced – forced GermanyGermany to take to take the blame for starting the war (big the blame for starting the war (big mistakemistake!)!)

2)2) Germany stripped of all Germany stripped of all coloniescolonies

3)3) Germany forced to pay Germany forced to pay reparationsreparations (payment (payment for damages) to Allies - $for damages) to Allies - $3333 billion total billion total

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4)4) League of League of NationsNations created created5)5) Created Created newnew countries based on self- countries based on self-

determination:determination: -Poland -Austria-Poland -Austria -Finland -Estonia-Finland -Estonia -Czechoslovakia -Latvia-Czechoslovakia -Latvia -Yugoslavia -Lithuania-Yugoslavia -Lithuania -Hungary-Hungary

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Germany Germany refusedrefused to sign treaty at first (too to sign treaty at first (too hardhard on them) – they eventually did sign it on on them) – they eventually did sign it on June June 2828, 1919, 1919

RepublicansRepublicans in Congress were upset that they in Congress were upset that they were were notnot represented in Versailles (Wilson was represented in Versailles (Wilson was a a DemDem.).)-so they -so they refusedrefused to approve the treaty – to approve the treaty – nevernever joined League of Nations (very weak without joined League of Nations (very weak without U.SU.S.).)