world war i and ii. the progressives expand democracy/decrease poverty settlement houses 4...
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World War I and II
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The ProgressivesExpand democracy/decrease poverty
Settlement houses4 amendments
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16th – income tax – 191317th – direct election of U.S. senators -1913
18th – the dry law - 191919th – women get the right to vote - 1920
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Woodrow Wilson – a Progressive
Elected President in 1912 and
1914Austria-Hungary/GermanySerbia/Russia/FranceGermany – neutral Belgium
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U.S. remains neutral 1914-1917
War- result of the kind of entangling alliances which the U.S. tried to avoid
Proclamation of neutralityAllies-Britain,France,Russia,Italy
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The Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary
The U.S. – traded with both, but the Allies were given better trade agreements
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By 1917 – ready to fight the war
Germany – the submarineUnrestricted warfare Allied propagandaHelp fight this “war to end all wars”
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WWI – the Great War – a total war
The President’s powers were expanded
Produce as many items for war as possible
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The government raised taxes
The Selective Service Acts
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A stalemate on landNew machinery – the submarine, tanks, airplanes
ConvoysThe Eastern Front in Russia - defeats
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The Western Front in France – trench war
General John J. Pershing2 million Germany surrendered unconditionally – Nov 11,1918
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Treaty of Versailles, 1919Fourteen Points: - no secret treaties - freedom of the seas - freedom of international trade
- reduction of armaments
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- settlement of all colonial claims fairly for everyone involved
- self-determination - establishing the League of Nations
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The League of Nations – most important
NegotiationsThe Senate – back to a neutral position
Did not ratify the treaty
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After WWI – 18th and 19th amendment
Anti-Saloon League/Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Half the states banned alcoholLess alcohol to conserve grain
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18th – Prohibition1933 – the 21st amendment – control of alcohol usage back to the states
Women still had no right to vote
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No equal opportunities in education, politics, business or the professions
SuffragettesSusan B. AnthonyLectured, organized, educated
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In some states women could vote
By 1920 – the 19th amendment ratified
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Interwar Period1918-1939Age of NormalcyReturn to isolationismRestrictions on immigration in 1920’s
Economy/jobs
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The Roaring 20’s/The Jazz Age
Good for the middle-classProsperityBelief: grow wealthy/have much leisure time
Buying on credit
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The Depression 1929-1939Economy was not functioningProduction had risenHigh tariffs – foreign countries did not buy U.S. goods
Low wages – Americans could not buy the goods either
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New machinery Speculation in the stock market
Black Tuesday, Oct 29, 1929
By 1932, over 12 million people (1/4) out of work
5,000 banks failed
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Franklin Delano RooseveltHelp the “forgotten men”OptimisticGovernor of NYWon by a landslideWorst year of the Depression
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The three R’s: - relief, recovery, reformRelief measures to stop suffering by providing:
- direct money payments or jobs
- mortgage loans
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Recovery by providing aid to farmers, business owners, workers
Many jobs in building roads, highways, public buildings, dams, parks
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Reform – to avoid another Depression
Regulated businesses and banks, protected bank depositors, investors, consumers, the aged, children, the unemployed
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New DealControversialRestored confidence/improved economy
5 million employed through gov programmes
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Different ends to the Depression
Germany – National Socialists (Nazis)
Italy – Benito MussoliniSigns of another war by the mid-1930’s
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Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936 and 1937
No sale of war goods, no loans, no Americans sailing on the fighting ships
Freedom of the seas
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Japan invaded China in 1937Sept 1, 1939Germany, Italy, Japan – the Axis
France, England, the Soviet Union, the U.S. – the Allied countries
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1939 – buy war goods from the U.S. (pay cash and pick up the goods)
1940 – Americans began to favour intervention
The Selective Service Act of 1940
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1941 – England – lend-leaseShipments of war materials to Japan stopped
Sunday, Dec 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor
The day “which will in infamy”
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Dec 8 – declared war on JapanA few days later – Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.
First focus on Germany, then Japan
the Soviets - counteroffensive
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Sept 1943 – Italy surrendered unconditionally
The Soviets asked for a second front
June 1944 – D-Day invasion at Normandy, France
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General Dwight D. (Ike)Eisenhower
May 1945 – Germany surrendered unconditionally
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JapanLess successfulJapan – the Philippines, Malay States, Dutch East Indies
May and June 1942 – Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway
General Douglas A. McArthur
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Harry S. TrumanAugust 6 1945 – Hiroshima – 70,000
August 9 – Nagasaki August 10 – Japan surrendered
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Effects of the warIndustrial centres and military targets bombed
Economies – provide goods to fight the war
Gov – borrowed billions of $s
Everyone went to work
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First steps in support of civil rights
No discrimination on the basis of “race, creed, colour or national origin”
22 mil people died, 34 mil wounded