World War I

A war to end all

wars…?

World War I- The Great War

Underlying Causes “MANIA”

Militarism Alliances Nationalism Imperialism Anarchy (international)

Militarism: Glorification of War & Military

Build up of large reserve armies

Mobilization - organize resources for

combat (triggers other nations

mobilizing)

Naval Expansion - William II (GR)

fires Bismarck and expands navy

– wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful)

– G.B. feels threatened, expands, develops

new battleship - Dreadnought

Alliances Defense Agreements Among Nations

Three Emperors’ League: (1881) Germany, Russia,

Austria-Hungary - doesn’t last b/c of A-H rivalry with

Russia in Balkans

Triple Alliance - (1882) Germany, Italy, Austria-

Hungary - attempt to isolate France

Triple Entente - (1907) France, Russia, G.B.

Entente: Friendly understanding

between nations

Nationalism Extreme Pride in One’s Nation or

Desire to Form a Nation

French Nationalists sought revenge

against Germany for loss of Alsace-

Lorraine

Slavic Nationalism - Pan-Slavism:

Unify all Slavic people under one

empire

Imperialism domination of one country by

another

Germany and France came close to war

over control of Morocco

Germany wanted to create Berlin to

Baghdad Railway - caused resentment

among British and Russians

– British feared interference with India and

reduce traffic thru Suez Canal

Anarchy

International Anarchy

Nations of Europe pursue policies

without regard for the wishes of

their neighbors

Crisis - No international

organization to monitor

Immediate Causes of WWI

Assassination of

Archduke Francis

Ferdinand of A-H

(June 28, 1914) by

Gavrilo Princip -

member of Serbian

nationalist group

“Black Hand”

Why the Assassination?

Ferdinand planned to give Slavs

of Bosnia-Herzegovina a voice in

the gov’t equal to that of Austro-

Hungarians

This threatened the movement for

a separate Slavic state

What Happens Next?

A-H hold Serbians responsible

A-H seeks assurance (backup) from

Germany in event of war

Germany issues “Blank Check” to

A-H

– William II gives full support to any

actions A-H might take against Serbia

Tensions Build!!

A-H issues ultimatum (set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences) to Serbia

Demands that Serbia allow A-H officials into country to suppress all subversive movements & conduct investigation

Gives Serbia 48 hours to agree or face war

Serbia does not agree to all parts

A-H declares war on Serbia! (July 28, 1914)

The Tangled Web of War

Declarations of War

Germany declares war on Russia (Aug

1, 1914)

Germany declares war on France

(Aug 3, 1914)

Great Britain still hoped to remain

neutral and not go to war, but…

Germany Invades Belgium!

Germany demands passage across Belgium

to fight France (*Part of Schlieffen Plan)

British protest demand made by Germany

upon neutral nation of Belgium

– 1839 Treaty signed by G.B., Russia, France &

Germany guaranteed Belgium’s neutrality

Germany invades

Belgium

G.B. demands they

withdraw

Germany responds

calling treaty,

“a scrap of paper”

G.B. declares war

on Germany (Aug

4, 1914)

*The Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s invasion of Belgium was part of this plan

Germany had enemies to East & West & did not want to fight a war on both fronts at the same time

Believed Russia would be slow to mobilize and that they could fight & defeat France (W. Front) first in 6 weeks & then fight Russia on Eastern Front

THE RACE TO THE SEA!

Expectations

Both sides thought the

war would be a quick

ordeal…

Kaiser told his soldiers,

“you’ll be home before

the leaves have fallen

from the trees.”

They underestimated the

role industrialization

would play in this war.

French troops marched off

shouting, “We’ll be home by Christmas”

United states in the War

Lusitania

Zimmerman Telegram

Life During the War

The British government wanted to encourage men to enlist for war.

They said the war would be safe, hardly any fighting, a good lark and over by Christmas.

They used advertising posters to encourage this idea!

A picture of soldiers going ‘Over the Top’

The reality of ‘going over the top’ was very different!

Soldiers were expected to carry all of their equipment with them at all times.

They were supposed to keep it clean and in good condition – they were British after all.

How the uniform and equipment changed after just three weeks in the trenches…

Posters always showed men ready and willing to fight.

They never showed the boredom of the trenches or actual fighting taking place.

Why do you think the government showed no fighting?

What hidden message is in this image?

No smiling and relaxed faces…

No clean uniforms…

Their equipment is scattered everywhere…

Boredom and sleep are obvious…

The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats.

These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

WARNING,

TRENCH FOOT

NASTINESS ON

THE NEXT SLIDE!

WWI Comes to an End

German Surrender

On the 11th Hour of the 11th Day of the 11th

Month the war comes to an end (November

11, 1918), as Germany accepts an

armistice.

Allies meet to discuss a treaty.

The Treaty of Versailles with

Germany

The Big Four-all had

different allied objectives

David Lloyd George-Great

Britain

Prime minister who wanted to expand Britain's

Colonial Empire, preserve its naval and

industrial supremacy and make Germany pay

for the war.

Georges Clemenceau

French Premier

Wanted to ensure

security against

future German

invasion

Weaken Germany by

imposing military

limitations, financial

payments, and

territorial losses.

Vittorio Orlando

Premier of Italy

Sought to enlarge

Italy's territory in

Europe and expand

its empire overseas

Woodrow Wilson

President of the

United States

Sought to provide a

just and lasting

peace and create a

better world by

implementing the

Fourteen Points*

*Fourteen Points-Wilson’s Plan

for a Lasting Peace

1. Open covenants (treaties) of peace openly arrived at.

2. Freedom of the seas

3. Removal of international trade barriers (such as tariffs).

4. Reduction of armaments

5. Impartial adjustment of colonial claims with regard for the interests of native peoples

Fourteen Points Cont.

6-13. Adjustment of European boundaries in

accordance with the principle of nationality, that

is, the right of any national group to self-

determination regarding its own government and

independent state.

14. Establishment of a League of Nations to

handle international disputes.

European nations approved of the 14 Points only

sparingly because of their nations interests.

Treaty of Versailles

Of Wilson’s Fourteen Points, only a few

were taken seriously.

One of them was the League of Nations,

What others were taken seriously?

Differing Views of the Treaty

Arguments Against: a harsh treaty that planted the seeds of WWII- The treaty transferred German-inhabited territory, seized all colonies of Germany, and compelled Germany to accept sole war guilt. It forced Germany to be unarmed while other nations remained armed, and it wounded German pride. By attacking the treaty the Nazi party gained support of the German people, achieved power, and brought on WWII.

Arguments For: A fair treaty

that was not enforced The treaty transferred German territory

chiefly on the basis of nationality, assigned German colonies as League of Nations mandates with the objective of eventual disarmament, and provided a League of Nations. The treaty alone cannot be blamed for the German people’s support of Nazism. Furthermore, if the military provisions of the treaty had been enforced, Nazi Germany would not have been able to wage war

Results of WWI-Social

A. almost 10 million soldiers were killed and over 20 million soldiers were wounded

B. Millions of civilians died as a result of the hostilities, famine and disease.

C. The world was left aflame with hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism.

D. debt and economic dislocation caused the depression of 1929.

Political

A. The U.S. emerged as a leading world power

B. 3 major European powers dethroned- Germans, Austria-Hungary, and Russia

C. New national states arose…Poland and Czechoslovakia

D. League of Nations established to solve international problems

Many European nations turned to dictatorship because of economic and political discontent– Russia, Italy, Germany.

Economic

A. total cost of the war was 350 billion

dollars. Led to heavy taxation of the

people of Europe.

B. International trade suffered because of

increased tariffs

C. Russia became communist, thus a new

economic system was introduced

League of Nations

Destruction

Famine

Russia

unemployment

1923 -

German

money so

worthless

they burn it

to keep

warm

Glamour The Charleston

Louis

Armstrong

- Jazz

Silent movies

Picasso - cubism

Rise of

fascism in

Italy -

Benito

Mussolini

Dictators between

the Wars

Stalin

Hitler

Mussolini

1930’s World-Wide Depression

Unemployment

& Food lines

“Walking over the League”

Hitler (Der

Führer) &

Nazis come

to power in

Germany

Nazi book burnings

Francisco Franco - fascist Spain

German annexation of Austria

Concentration

Camps

Established -

Dachau

Chamberlain and Daladier

Sudetenland

falls to Hitler

Anti-semitism

Kristallnacht -7500 businesses

destroyed

Nazi -

Soviet

Non-

Aggression

Pact

Molotov & Ribbentrop sign pact

World War II

The inevitable war

Part I

Axis Aggression

1) Invasion of Poland - German invasion of the Polish corridor finally led to a declaration of war by Britain & France

2) “Phony War” - France &

Britain stand by defensively while Germany conquers Poland, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands & Belgium……..

Invasion of Poland

Occupied Warsaw

3) Dunkirk - French & British

troops trapped by Germany’s

rapid advance through France are

evacuated to Britain

Blitzkrieg……...

Dunkirk after evacuation

France surrenders……

4) Vichy Regime - S. France which

became a fascist collaborating

“puppet government”

N. France occupied by Germany

Armistice

signed in

the same

train car...

6) Battle of Britain - Germany began a

massive bombing campaign to

demoralize the British

RAF successfully defended -

• radar!

British bomb shelter

America’s support role expands

7) Cash & carry - Allies could buy

war goods from the US to transport

in their own ships

Lend-Lease - Allies could buy war

goods from US on credit in

exchange for leases on military

base

The Atlantic Charter - Churchill and

Roosevelt agree on war

aims…August 1941

8) Germany invades Balkans - when

Mussolini unsuccessfully invades

Greece, Hitler has to divert

attention to the Balkans to help

Germany takes Hungary, Romania,

Yugoslavia, Bulgaria

9) North Africa - Italians and Germans

attack French & British holdings in

North Africa

Operation Barbarossa

Invasion of the Soviet Union- Hitler

needs raw materials - oil & grain

Three pronged German attack:

Leningrad Moscow Stalingrad

Stalin responds with scorched earth

policy

Leningrad

Moscow

Stalingrad

Germans invade Russia (contradiction of previous treaty)

Japanese in Asia - Japan moves to take

Dutch & French colonial holdings

US responds with trade embargo

against Japan

Pearl Harbor - Japanese bombers attacked US Pacific fleet based in Hawaii

sank battleships…but aircraft carriers were not at port!

Destroyed US battleships...

BELLIGERENTS ……... Axis: Germany

Italy

Japan

Allies: Great Britain

Soviet Union (Russia)

United States

govts in exile - “Free French”

The Axis Powers seem invincible!

World War II The Inevitable War

Part II

Allied Advance

Gradual gains for the

allies

1. The Bismarck - “unsinkable” new

German battleship

British sink it - ends German ability to

dominate the Atlantic with surface ships

The Battleship Bismarck

2. Battle of Stalingrad - prolonged

German offensive

Russians hold city against unbelievable odds

Russian counteroffensive encircles entire German 6th army & forces its surrender

Begins Russian offensive

Trapped German 6th army

3. German advance in North

Africa……..

Erwin

Rommel

- the Desert

Fox

Halted by British and

American Tanks in North

Africa…...

British

General

Bernard

Montgomery

“Monty”

British troops advance at 3. El Alamein

Germans & Italians surrender

in North Africa

4. Allied invasion of Italy

Allies launch invasion of Sicily

from North Africa

Mussolini is denounced and

arrested by Italian government

Italy announces declaration of war

against Germany

Mussolini & mistress

5. American Victories in the Pacific

Battle of Midway - Americans

sink Japanese aircraft carriers

Americans begin “island

leapfrogging”

Japanese “kamikazes” -

Battle of Midway

Kamikaze about to hit Intrepid

6. D-Day June 6, 1944

American led Allied forces launch a

surprise invasion of German-occupied

France at Normandy

paratroopers

Germans

expect

landing at

Calais

Transport ships ferried troops for the largest amphibious attack in history

high casualties

7. Allied Drive from West

Allied paratroopers land in the

Netherlands- largest ever

German counteroffensive in the

Ardennes

The Battle of the Bulge

8. Soviet Drive from East

Supported by industry beyond the Ural

Mountains

Soviets Drive towards Berlin

The Soviets reach Berlin FIRST

9. Yalta

Churchill Roosevelt Stalin

The Big Three agree that:

Germany would be divided.

Part of Poland would go to the

Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union would declare

war on Japan two to three

months after defeating Germany.

10. V-E DAY

Montgomery

presides over

German

Surrender

Germans sign unconditional surrender

War in Europe is over! (May 8, 1945)

11. Potsdam

New “Big Three”

Stalin (still there)

Clement Attlee

(replaced Churchill)

Harry Truman

(replaced Roosevelt)

Now to focus on the Pacific!

At Potsdam, the Big Three

finalized plans for

administration of Europe

Germany & Berlin to be divided

into four zones of occupation

administered by Big Three

countries plus France

free elections to be held later for

self -determination

12. Hiroshima/Nagasaki Little Boy and Fat Man

Devastation Innocents

Nagasaki

13. V-J Day Soviet Union declares war on

Japan day after Hiroshima bombing

Japanese won’t agree to unconditional surrender

2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki

unconditional surrender by the Japanese (Sept 2, 1945)

FEMINISM

INTERNATIONAL

ROLES CHANGE

–Why?

STATUS OF EQUALITY

WORLDWIDE SUFFRAGE

–http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffr

age

NEW FEMINISM

–NOW

–Equality

–Role Rejection

Definition of the Holocaust

Refers to the systematic murder of almost

6 million Jews by the Nazis.

Also included the murder of Gypsies,

Homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, The

Disabled, and other people.

Why did it happen?

Traditional anti-Jewish prejudice in Europe.

– Jews blamed for the betrayal and the death of Christ.

– Blamed for the Bubonic Plague and other bad things.

– This prejudice lead to the:

• Forcing Jews to live in ghettos.

• Forcing Jews to wear a yellow star for

identification.

• Violence being committed against Jews.

Why did it happen?

The situation in Germany during the 1930s.

– Great Depression leads to rise of Hitler.

– Hitler and the Nazis EXTREMELY anti-Jewish.

– Blame Jews for Germany’s lose in World War I and for the Great Depression. “Scapegoat.”

– Laws passed in Germany to strip Jewish people of their Civil Rights (Nuremberg Laws).

– Forced Jews into ghettos and wear the yellow Star of David.

– Laws passed to strip disabled people of their rights. Forced sterilizations. Murder of sick children.

Why did it happen?

World War II

– Leads to German conquest of large parts of

Eastern Europe with large numbers of Jews.

– Germans in control. With the help of locals,

put the“Final Solution” put into effect.

Role of ordinary men and women.

In Germany they first came for the Communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me - and by that time no one was left to speak up.