World War I.The First Total War

World War I.The First Total War

Chapter 25Chapter 25

Four Main Causes of W.W.I.

Four Main Causes of W.W.I.

• Militarism• Alliances• Imperialism• Nationalism

• Militarism• Alliances• Imperialism• Nationalism

Immediate Cause of WarImmediate Cause of War

• June 28, 1914-Arch. Dke Ferdinand and Wife-shot

• Serbian Officials-did it• Austria-asks German help• Kaiser Willhelm-blank check• July 28, 1914-Austria declares war on Serbia

• June 28, 1914-Arch. Dke Ferdinand and Wife-shot

• Serbian Officials-did it• Austria-asks German help• Kaiser Willhelm-blank check• July 28, 1914-Austria declares war on Serbia

The AlliesThe Allies

• Britain, France and Russia (1914)– Italy (1915)– Unites States (1917)– Russia out (1918)

• Britain, France and Russia (1914)– Italy (1915)– Unites States (1917)– Russia out (1918)

The Central PowersThe Central Powers

• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Italy• Turkey• Bulgaria• Formerly the Triple Alliance

• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Italy• Turkey• Bulgaria• Formerly the Triple Alliance

The Western FrontThe Western Front

• Schlieffen Plan• War of Attrition

– Defeat France– Hold off Russia– Why it fails– Russia-mobilizes– French win Battle of the Marne

• Schlieffen Plan• War of Attrition

– Defeat France– Hold off Russia– Why it fails– Russia-mobilizes– French win Battle of the Marne

The Western FrontThe Western Front

• Western Europe-France• Bloody battles• Trench warfare• Old idea-new technology• Machine guns, tanks, planes• Entire generations killed off

• Western Europe-France• Bloody battles• Trench warfare• Old idea-new technology• Machine guns, tanks, planes• Entire generations killed off

Illusions and Stalemate

Illusions and Stalemate

• Europe enthusiastic about war– Exciting– Over quickly– Civil War

• Europe enthusiastic about war– Exciting– Over quickly– Civil War

The Great SlaughterThe Great Slaughter

• 1916-1917• Trench Warfare• Brutal• Confusion• Total War-affects lives of everyone

• Economy• Gov’t

• 1916-1917• Trench Warfare• Brutal• Confusion• Total War-affects lives of everyone

• Economy• Gov’t

A New WarA New War

• Planes• Tanks

– New models– Not useful– W.W. II

• Planes• Tanks

– New models– Not useful– W.W. II

Imperialism in AfricaImperialism in Africa

• Egypt-cotton-1860’s• 1860’s French build Suez Canal

• Egypt goes into debt• Sells canal to British• Britain takes control -1969• Egypt under British control

• Egypt-cotton-1860’s• 1860’s French build Suez Canal

• Egypt goes into debt• Sells canal to British• Britain takes control -1969• Egypt under British control

Total WarTotal War

• War-everyone• Conscription-draft• Government control of economy

– Price– Supply– Wages

• War-everyone• Conscription-draft• Government control of economy

– Price– Supply– Wages

Protest against WarProtest against War

• Germany• Ireland-Easter Rebellion-1916• Liberals and Socialists• Propaganda

• Germany• Ireland-Easter Rebellion-1916• Liberals and Socialists• Propaganda

Germany’s WarGermany’s War

• Limit war materials• Food

– 1916-1,350 calories– 1917-1,000 calories– 750,000 German’s starve to death– Labor necc. For war

• Limit war materials• Food

– 1916-1,350 calories– 1917-1,000 calories– 750,000 German’s starve to death– Labor necc. For war

Italy MovesItaly Moves

• Allies promise Italy Land• Treaty of London-1915• Italy joins allies

• Allies promise Italy Land• Treaty of London-1915• Italy joins allies

American InvolvementAmerican Involvement

• Britain-naval blockade on Germany

• Germany sinks British ships• Luisitania-1915-118 Americans on board

• Germany-America never get involved

• April 1917-America involved

• Britain-naval blockade on Germany

• Germany sinks British ships• Luisitania-1915-118 Americans on board

• Germany-America never get involved

• April 1917-America involved

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

• 1905 Revolution• Brings little change• W.W. I magnifies Russia’s problems

• 1914-16-2 million Russ. Killed

• 4-6 mill. wounded

• 1905 Revolution• Brings little change• W.W. I magnifies Russia’s problems

• 1914-16-2 million Russ. Killed

• 4-6 mill. wounded

Bloody SundayBloody Sunday

• 1905-Peasants and workers more rights

• Father Gapon-march on Czar Nicholas II

• 1,000 killed• Czar issues “October Manifesto”

• 1905-Peasants and workers more rights

• Father Gapon-march on Czar Nicholas II

• 1,000 killed• Czar issues “October Manifesto”

DumaDuma

• New Gov’t• No power• Czar still in power• Sets up Russ Rev 1917

• New Gov’t• No power• Czar still in power• Sets up Russ Rev 1917

Russia and W.W. I.Russia and W.W. I.

• Good Start• 1915 Russians dying quickly• People fed up• Want change• Nicholas leaves for war• Leaves Alexandra at home

• Good Start• 1915 Russians dying quickly• People fed up• Want change• Nicholas leaves for war• Leaves Alexandra at home

RasputinRasputin

• Mad monk• Cure Sick son• Mystifies Russia

• Mad monk• Cure Sick son• Mystifies Russia

RasputinRasputin

• Assassinated Dec. 1916– Shot– Stabbed– Drowned– drugged

• Damage done

• Assassinated Dec. 1916– Shot– Stabbed– Drowned– drugged

• Damage done

March RevolutionMarch Revolution

• 1917-women-bread shortage• Frustrated• “Peace” and “Bread”• March on Petrograd-capital• Duma ordered to end it• Soldiers join protest against Duma

• end is near

• 1917-women-bread shortage• Frustrated• “Peace” and “Bread”• March on Petrograd-capital• Duma ordered to end it• Soldiers join protest against Duma

• end is near

MensheviksMensheviks

• Russian Social Democrats• Break in two• Mensheviks and Bolsheviks• Mensheviks• Modeled after Germany• Larger group

• Russian Social Democrats• Break in two• Mensheviks and Bolsheviks• Mensheviks• Modeled after Germany• Larger group

BolsheviksBolsheviks

• Smaller part of Soc. Dem• V.I. Lenin-leader• Violent revolution• “destroy Capitalism”• Directly into socialist Communist ideas

• Lenin promises “Peace, land and bread”

• Smaller part of Soc. Dem• V.I. Lenin-leader• Violent revolution• “destroy Capitalism”• Directly into socialist Communist ideas

• Lenin promises “Peace, land and bread”

Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution

• July 1917-Lenin returns• German-armored car• Bolsheviks march on Petrograd• Overthrow Duma• Bolsheviks now in control• Lenin in control• Withdraw WW I.• Change name to Communists

• July 1917-Lenin returns• German-armored car• Bolsheviks march on Petrograd• Overthrow Duma• Bolsheviks now in control• Lenin in control• Withdraw WW I.• Change name to Communists

Leon Trotsky 1879-1940Leon Trotsky 1879-1940

• Dynamic speaker• Motivates revolution• Keep it simple

– Power to Soviets– Land to peasants– Pull out of war

• Dynamic speaker• Motivates revolution• Keep it simple

– Power to Soviets– Land to peasants– Pull out of war

Lenin takes actionLenin takes action

• Promises peace• Not want to give up land• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk• Germany-Soviet• Soviets give up

– Eastern Poland– Finland– Lenin-we will get it all back– Once Europe joins the Revolution

• Promises peace• Not want to give up land• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk• Germany-Soviet• Soviets give up

– Eastern Poland– Finland– Lenin-we will get it all back– Once Europe joins the Revolution

Russian Civil WarRussian Civil War

• Reds v. Whites• Whites-various groups• Hate Reds• Whites Disorganized

• Reds v. Whites• Whites-various groups• Hate Reds• Whites Disorganized

Red TerrorRed Terror

• Lenin-loses election• embarrassed• Installs dictatorship• Force his ideals on people• Secret police• Gov’t control of industry and farms

• Lenin-loses election• embarrassed• Installs dictatorship• Force his ideals on people• Secret police• Gov’t control of industry and farms

Red TerrorRed Terror

• Red Army-Communists• White Army-opposition• Attempt to kill Lenin• Creates “Red Terror”• Thousands of Lenin’s enemies killed

• Red Army-Communists• White Army-opposition• Attempt to kill Lenin• Creates “Red Terror”• Thousands of Lenin’s enemies killed

End of a DynastyEnd of a Dynasty

• 1918-Czar and his family• Killed• Anastasia• Legend

• 1918-Czar and his family• Killed• Anastasia• Legend

Back at the WarBack at the War

• Germany Run down-1918• U.S. now involved• Germany must give up

• Germany Run down-1918• U.S. now involved• Germany must give up

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

• Italy, Britain, France & U.S.• Pres. Wilson• Hero• Answers-maintain world peace• 14 Points

• Italy, Britain, France & U.S.• Pres. Wilson• Hero• Answers-maintain world peace• 14 Points

War Guilt ClauseWar Guilt Clause

• Germany had to pay• Prevent further war

– No way to pay debt

• Britain-against freedom of the seas

• Nobody listening

• Germany had to pay• Prevent further war

– No way to pay debt

• Britain-against freedom of the seas

• Nobody listening

League of NationsLeague of Nations

• Wilson wants it• Senate ® rejects treaty

– Avoid foreign involvements– League is doomed– No authority – Can not prevent war

• Wilson wants it• Senate ® rejects treaty

– Avoid foreign involvements– League is doomed– No authority – Can not prevent war

Impact of WarImpact of War

• Europe in chaos• Germany no intention of paying debt

• Hope of 20th C. Destroyed • “Lost Generation”• Only knows war

• Europe in chaos• Germany no intention of paying debt

• Hope of 20th C. Destroyed • “Lost Generation”• Only knows war

Lenin’s New WorldLenin’s New World

• Lead to Comm. Revolutions throughout Europe

• Lead to Comm. Revolutions throughout Europe