WORLD WAR I

The Great War

1914 - 1919

Section 1Marching Towards War

The Causes of WWINationalismDeep devotion to ones countryMilitarismGlorification of military powerKeeping a standing army always ready for warImperialismA strong nation seeks to dominate other countries

The Pursuit of PeaceBy 1914 Europe had enjoyed a century of relative peaceThe support of Pacifism opposition to all war1899 the first Universal Peace ConferenceHague Tribunal World Court to settle disputes between nations

Aggressive NationalismOne of the forces pushing Europe to the Brink

Especially strong in France & Germany

Nationalism in FranceLonged to regain its position as Europes leading power

Very bitter about their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War

Angry about German occupation of Lorraine and Alsace

Alsace and Lorraine

Rivalries Among European PowersEconomic Rivalries

Britain is threatened by Germanys rapid economic growth

Imperialism Causes RivalriesFrance and Germany compete for colonies i.e. Morocco

Militarism and the Arms Race

Militarism and the Arms RaceMilitarism is the glorification of the militaryThe Great Powers expanded their armies and naviesFierce competition in the arms raceMilitary leaders became important figures

A Tangle of AlliancesTwo huge alliances emerge as a result of treaties by 1914

The Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany

Austria Hungary

Ottomans sign treaty with Germans

The Triple Entente(Allied Powers)France

Britain

RussiaJapan grows close to Britain

Section 2Europe Plunges into WarThe great European disaster is well on its way. If so many seeds have been sown, surely the weeds will sprout up soon and surely so much stock piled gunpowder will explode. Peace BerthaApril 1913

Assassination at SarajevoBackground Info:Austria-Hungary annexes territoryBosnia and Herzegovina (1908)Bosnia was home to many SerbiansSerbians were furious at the takeoverIn 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand (A-H) announced he would visit Sarajevo the capital of BosniaNews of the visit angered many SerbiansUnity of Death/Black Hand (Serbian terrorists) vowed to take action

The Assassination of the Archduke

The Fatal ShotsThe archduke and his wife rode through Sarajevo in a open carFirst attempt bomb hurled at car was unsuccessfulFerdinand was killed by Gavrilo Princip after visiting a wounded soldier later that day

A Harsh UltimatumAustria sent Serbia an ultimatum - a final set of demandsEnd all anti-Austrian agitationPunish any Serbian official involved in the assassinationAustria must join the investigationSerbia only partly agreed July 28th 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia

From Capital to CapitalKaiser William II (Germany) promises support to AustriaNicolas II (Russia) supports SerbiaFrance pledges allegiance to Russia b/c of Franco-Prussian WarGermany declares war of France

How the Dominoes Fell

Problem of the Two-Front WarGerman officials did not want to fight a two front warEastern Front vs. RussiaWestern Front vs. FranceWhat to do??

The Schlieffen PlanGermany would have to defeat France quickly then fight RussiaGermany would have to march through Belgium 8/3/1914This causes Britain to declare war on GermanyGermanys defeat at the Battle of the Marne destroyed the Plan

Section 3 A Global Conflict

Key InformationNewspapers began to call it The Great War8.5 million French troops9 million British troops12 million Russian troops11 million German troops

WWI Strategy Total WarWhat is it?The channeling of a nations entire resources into a war effortHow does a government achieve total war?Institution of conscription the draftGovernments raised taxes and borrowed moneyGovernments rationed food, gasoline, & other materialsCivilians and soldiers can be considered to be part of the war effort

WWI Strategy Trench WarfareWarring armies burrowed into a vast system of trenchesRats, lice and heat became major problemsOver the top orders were given and soldiers would leave their trenches and rush toward enemy lines

In the Trenches

In the Trenches

Trench Foot Info..Many soldiers fighting in WWI suffered from trench foot This was an infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions. If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and result in amputation. 20,000+ men in the British Army were treated for trench foot in one year!!

Trench Foot

Trench Foot Info..The only remedy for trench foot was for the soldiers to dry their feet and change their socks several times a day. British soldiers were under orders to change their socks at least twice a day

Technology in Modern Warfare

World War I was very devastating due to new technologyPoison gasThe AirplaneMachine GunSubmarinesZeppelinsTanks

Poison GasTHE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN RACE From ape to ape

Poison Gas"Our men were swallowed up by the mysterious cloud. At the same time, I felt its effect on my breathing. It burned in my throat. I felt a pain in my chest and could barely breathe any longer. I spit up blood and became dizzy. I thought I was lost."

The AirplaneAirplanes were primitiveHad only 1- 2 seatsWith machine gunMostly used for reconnaissance Dog FightsAir combat between planes

Automatic Machine GunUsually 2-man teamsProvided a continuous stream of bulletsThis weapon was the main reason for the war settling into a STALEMATE

SubmarineGerman U-BoatsTo sink merchant shipsUnrestricted Submarine WarfareMade the oceans unsafe for allAllied response convoys Small groups of merchant ships protected by warships

Zeppelins

Gas filled balloons used by the Germans to bomb the English coastThey were able to carry a much heavier load than airplanes

The TankDeveloped to end Trench WarfareUsed a mounted machine gunRan by a 8 man crew

A Global ConflictA War Fought on Many FrontsOceansUnrestricted submarine warfareEuropeEastern and Southern EuropeAustraliaAustralia and New ZealandAsiaChina, India, and TurkeyColonies began to join the war Africa Colonies began to join the war

A Global WarMap of the World showing the Participants in World War I

Green: Allies (some entered the war or dropped out later)Orange: Central PowersGrey: Neutral Countries

Major

Conflicts

of the War

Battle of Somme RiverBritain vs. Germany5 month battle60,000 British casualties in one day1,000,000 dead by the end of the battle

Battle of VerdunFrance vs. Germany11 month battle400,000+ casualties on both sidesBattlefield with the highest density of dead per square yard

The Gallipoli Campaign

Aim of the Gallipoli CampaignAttack and defeat the Ottoman Empire via the DardanellesEstablish a supply line to Russia.

The Gallipoli CampaignEffort to take the region took place in 1915.Allies including Australia, New Zealand (ANZAC), British, and French forces battled Turkish troopsAnother bloody stalemate- 250,000 casualties on Allied side

Propaganda WarAim was to keep complete casualty figures and other discouraging information from the peoplePropaganda spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause

Propaganda Examples

Anti-German Propaganda

Rationing Propaganda

War-Bond Propaganda(World War II)

Propaganda for Women

Enlistment Propaganda

USA Political Cartoon

Impact on WomenWomen took over jobsManufactured weapons and suppliesNurses worked on the front linesHelped womens rights

Collapsing Morale By 1917 over 5.5 million Russian troops had been killed, injured or taken prisonerRevolution in Russia 1917 ended Russias involvement in the warTreaty of Brest-LitovskAllowed Germany to concentrate on the western front This opened the door for.

The U.S. Declares War!!!!Why?1. German sub attacks on ships carrying U.S. citizens2. May 1915 sinking of the Lusitania3. Cultural ties to allied forces4. The Zimmerman Note (1917)

The Zimmerman Note

Declaring War1917 President Wilson asks Congress to declare warTo make the world safe for Democracy1918 2 million fresh U.S. Troops joined the Allied Forces

Campaign to VictoryEarly 1918 Allies pushed the Germans back across France and BelgiumUprising among hungry city dwellers erupted in GermanyWilhelm II steps down 11/1918New German government sought an armistice agreement to end war11:00 am November 11th 1918

Section 4A Flawed Peace8.5 Million Deaths Double that amount were woundedFlu Pandemic spread across the globeFlu killed 20 million people

Financial LossesHomes, farms, factories and churches destroyedAllies felt Central Powers should make reparations or payments for war damageTotal cost is estimated at $338 billion

The Paris Peace ConferenceThe Big FourWoodrow Wilson-USAGeorges Clemenceau-FranceDavid Lloyd George-EnglandVittorio Orlando-Italy

The Paris Peace ConferenceAllied leaders had different ideasWilsons 14 Points1. Freedom of the Seas2. End of secret treaties3. Weapons Limitations4. End of tariffs and other economic barriers 5. Self-determination6. League of Nations

The Treaty of VersaillesJune 1919 outside ParisForced Germany to accept full blame for the war (War Guilt Clause)$30 billion in reparationsReturned Alsace & Lorraine to France Removed territory from western & eastern GermanyStripped Germanys overseas coloniesGermanys military severely reducedGermany signed reluctantly

The Treaty of VersaillesProblems with the TreatyAfrican and Asian territories were not granted independenceItaly and Japan gained less than what they had wanted War guilt clause left a bitterness in German people

The New Eastern EuropeNew nations emerged where Ottoman and Austrian empires stoodAustrian EmpireCzechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria and HungaryOttoman EmpirePalestine, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, and LebanonRussia lost land as wellFinland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia Poland established from Russia and Germany

Treaty of VersaillesMain Points of the TreatyEstablishment of the League of NationsBreak-up of Empires (Ottoman and A-H)Territorial Losses (Germany and Russia)Military Restrictions (Germany)War Guilt Clause (Germany)

The Ottoman EmpireAfter World War I

Before WWIAfter WWI

THE END