World War I:The Home frontAIM: Should the government AIM: Should the government assume greater power during times assume greater power during times of war?of war?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hS99-nIFQs

I. Why did U.S. Enter I. Why did U.S. Enter WWI?WWI?

American “Neutrality” Trading with Allies

British Blockade Lusitania Sussex Pledge Election of 1916

Wilson calls for “peace without victory” Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Wilson arms merchant ships Zimmerman Telegram

Background: Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” and intervention in Mexico Tampico Incident

Asks Congress to declare war on Germany in April, 1917 Wilson wanted to make "the world safe for democracy."

II. Mobilizing TroopsII. Mobilizing Troops Selective Service Act (1917) – authorized a Selective Service Act (1917) – authorized a

draft of all young men into the armed draft of all young men into the armed forces (conscription)forces (conscription)

Military Draft Act of 1917 – prohibited Military Draft Act of 1917 – prohibited prostitution and alcohol near training prostitution and alcohol near training camps – promote high moral and civic camps – promote high moral and civic purposespurposes

1818thth Amendment - Prohibition Amendment - Prohibition 2 million doughboys, (American 2 million doughboys, (American

Expeditionary Force) fought in Europe; Expeditionary Force) fought in Europe; 112,000 died.112,000 died.

III. Mobilizing Industry and III. Mobilizing Industry and EconomyEconomy

War Industries Board (Baruch) – created to stimulate War Industries Board (Baruch) – created to stimulate and direct industrial productionand direct industrial production

Food Administration (Hoover) – meatless Mondays, Food Administration (Hoover) – meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays; victory gardenswheatless Wednesdays; victory gardens

Daylight SavingsDaylight Savings National War Labor Policies Board – resolved labor National War Labor Policies Board – resolved labor

disputes; enacted eight-hour workdays, minimum disputes; enacted eight-hour workdays, minimum wages, collective bargainingwages, collective bargaining

Wages roseWages rose Women entered the workforceWomen entered the workforce

Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds

IV. Controlling Public IV. Controlling Public OpinionOpinion

Committee on Public Information (George Committee on Public Information (George Creel) – in charge of stirring up patriotic fervorCreel) – in charge of stirring up patriotic fervor

““Four-Minute Men” – gave brief pep talksFour-Minute Men” – gave brief pep talks posters, pamphlets, films, cartoons – brave posters, pamphlets, films, cartoons – brave

Americans, evil HunsAmericans, evil Huns Anti-German sentimentAnti-German sentiment

No German in high schools; no German music; No German in high schools; no German music; Germans were lynched; sauerkrautGermans were lynched; sauerkrautliberty liberty cabbagecabbage

Controlling Public OpinionControlling Public Opinion Espionage Act (1917), Trading with the Enemy Espionage Act (1917), Trading with the Enemy

Act (1917), Sedition Act (1918)Act (1917), Sedition Act (1918) Gave gov’t sweeping powers to punish any activity Gave gov’t sweeping powers to punish any activity

it considered “disloyal, profane, or abusive” to the it considered “disloyal, profane, or abusive” to the American flag or uniformAmerican flag or uniform

Could not interfere w/ draftCould not interfere w/ draft Blocked mailing privileges for disloyal publicationsBlocked mailing privileges for disloyal publications Limited civil libertiesLimited civil liberties

Schenk v. United States Schenk v. United States (1919) – Supreme (1919) – Supreme Court decided that free speech could be Court decided that free speech could be limited when such speech posed a “clear and limited when such speech posed a “clear and present danger” to the nation.present danger” to the nation.

V.V. Women and African Women and African AmericansAmericans

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights More women in the workforceMore women in the workforce After nearly a century of struggle, 19After nearly a century of struggle, 19thth

Amendment is ratified (1920)Amendment is ratified (1920) African AmericansAfrican Americans

Great Migration from south to north to find Great Migration from south to north to find workwork Race riotsRace riots Segregation remainedSegregation remained

VI. The End of the WarVI. The End of the War Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWilson’s Fourteen Points

Open diplomacy, freedom of seas, free Open diplomacy, freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of armaments, self-trade, reduction of armaments, self-determination, and League of Nationsdetermination, and League of Nations

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Punish Germany (War Guilt Clause); Punish Germany (War Guilt Clause);

establish League of Nations (Article X)establish League of Nations (Article X) US Senate does NOT ratifyUS Senate does NOT ratify

The Battle for RatificationThe Battle for RatificationWilson argues for Ratification

Republican Senators argue against ratification

- Believes League of Nations will prevent future wars

- Debilitated by stroke and unable to compromise w/ Senate Republicans

- Led by Henry Cabot Lodge- Feared League of Nations would

draw the United States into unnecessary wars.

- Believed Article X would undercut Congress’s power to declare war.

- Returned to G. Washington’s sentiment of avoiding entangling alliances.

VI. Return to “Normalcy” VI. Return to “Normalcy” U.S. retreats to isolationismU.S. retreats to isolationism Labor unrestLabor unrest Race riotsRace riots Red ScareRed Scare Immigrant quotas; NativismImmigrant quotas; Nativism