world war ii 1931-1945 -...
TRANSCRIPT
World War II
1931-1945
Chapter 11
Build Up to War
The Origins of WWII Rise of Dictators
Why did dictators gain power?
• Resentment over the Treaty of
Versailles
• Great Depression- offered hope to
improve the economy
Mussolini & Italy
• Fascism- aggressive
nationalism, nation
is more important
than the individual
• Founded by Benito
Mussolini
– Blackshirts
– March on Rome
– Takes power in 1922
– Victor Emmanuel III
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini
• was an Italian politician,
journalist, and leader of
the National Fascist Party,
ruling the country as
Prime Minister from 1922
until his ousting in 1943
• Nicknames: Mussolini,
ll Duce (“the leader”),
Iron Prefect
Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
Stalin and Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR)
• Proletariat (wage
earner) and private
ownership called the
Bourgeoise
• After Bolshevik
Revolution- Communist
government in Russia
• Vladimir Lenin
• Joseph Stalin leader in
1926
Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili
• Joseph Stalin, was the de facto
leader of the Soviet Union from
the mid-1920s until his death in
1953
• Created a highly centralized
command economy,
launching a period of
industrialization and
collectivization that resulted in
the rapid transformation of the
USSR from an agrarian society
into an industrial power
Hitler & Germany
• Germany after WWI
– Resentment toward Allies
– Huge debt (reparations)
– Slow economy
– Many new political parties start
Hitler & Germany
• National Socialist German Worker’s
Party- Nazi Party- nationalist &
anticommunist
• Adolph Hitler
– Austrian
– Fought for Germany in WWI
– Joins & soon leads Nazi Party
Hitler & Germany
• 1923- Beer Hall Putsch- revolution in
Munich
• Hitler arrested
Hitler & Germany
• In jail writes Mein Kampf
– Calls for unification of all ethnic Germans
– Germans are “master race”- Aryanism
– Need Lebensraum- living space
– Jews are inferior & responsible for the
world’s problems
Hitler & Germany
• After prison, Hitler focuses on getting
Nazis elected
• 1932- largest party in Reichstag
(legislature)
• 1933- Hitler made Chancellor
Hitler & Germany
• With the death of German President Paul
von Hindenburg, Chancellor Adolf Hitler
becomes absolute dictator of Germany
under the title of Fuhrer, or "Leader."
• The German army took an oath of
allegiance to its new commander-in-
chief, and the last remnants of Germany's
democratic government were dismantled
to make way for Hitler's Third Reich.
Hitler & Germany
• Calls for new elections
• Nazis intimidate voters
– SA- Stormtroopers- Brown shirts
– SS- body guards
– Gestapo- part of SS- secret police
• Nazis control government
Japan
• Great Depression hurts Japan (must
import all raw materials- tariffs stop
growth)
• Military blames government
Japan
• 1931- Military invades
Manchuria (resource
rich region of China)
• Military overthrows
government
• Emperor Hirohito
• Prime Minister
– Prince Fumimaro Konoe
• Minister of War
– Hideki Tojo
Hideki Tojo
• Hideki Tōjō was a general
of the Imperial Japanese
Army, the leader of the
Taisei Yokusankai, and the
40th Prime Minister of
Japan during most of
World War II, from October
17, 1941 to July 22, 1944
Rape of Nanking
• The Nanking Massacre, also known as the
Rape of Nanking, was an episode of mass
murder and mass rape committed by
Japanese troops against Nanking (now
Nanjing) during the Second Sino-
Japanese War in 1937.
• The massacre occurred during a six-week
period starting December 13, 1937, the
day that the Japanese captured
Nanking, which was then the Chinese
capital
Rape of Nanking
Historians and witnesses have
estimated that 250,000 to
300,000 people were killed
The Axis Powers
• Italy & Germany sign
treaties
– Hitler calls it the
“Rome-Berlin Axis”
• Japanese joins
Germany
• Called Axis Powers
Axis Expansion
Appeasement
• Policy of many European leaders toward Hitler was appeasement- concessions for peace
• Why?- – WWI
– Thought Nazis would be peaceful after they got what they wanted
– Agreed with uniting Germans
Spanish Civil War
• 1936- Francisco Franco -
Fascist leader of rebellion
– Supported by Germans &
Italians
• National government
supported by USSR
• Fascist win
Austria
• 1937 Hitler announces the Anschluss
• Hitler invades and annexes Austria
The Munich Crisis
• 1938
• Germany wanted Sudetenland
– region of Czechoslovakia
– large German speaking population
• Franc & USSR promised to protect
Czechoslovakia.
– Great Britain promised to support France
The Munich Crisis
• GB, Fr, It, & Ger meet in Munich to talk
about crisis
• Fr & GB give Sudetenland to Germ
• Feel they have stopped war
• Br. Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain,
says we have “peace in our time.”
• Non-aggression Pact signed August 23,
1939
Thank you for your promise of peace.
Sucker!
Poland
• 1939
• Hitler wants to connect Germany to
East Prussia (Danzig)
• Threatens Poland
• Germany invades Poland on
September 1, 1939
• Fr & GB agree to protect Poland
Poland
• Hitler doesn’t want to fight GB, Fr &
USSR
• Signs Non-aggression pact with USSR
– Also split Poland
• Blitzkrieg (“Lightning War”)
• GB & Fr declare war on Ger
• Hitler orders German Air Force
(“Luftwaffe) to attack Britain
– Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain
• Hitler prepares to invade GB
• British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill,
promises to resist
Battle of Britain
• Hitler uses the Luftwaffe (air force) to bomb Britain
• Eventually, bombed Br. cities, especially London
• British fighter pilots (RAF) attacked bombers – Secret weapon- radar
• Hitler cancels plans after 4 months
Battle of Britain
• “Never in the field
of human conflict
was so much owed
by so many to so
few”
– Winston Churchill
Battle of Britain
Casualties and losses
British German
544 aircrew killed
422 aircrew
wounded
1,547 aircraft
destroyed
2,698 aircrew killed
967 captured
638 missing bodies
identified by British
authorities
1,887 aircraft
destroyed
The War Begins
Blitzkrieg
• Germ used Blitzkrieg to defeat Poland
quickly
• Used air power, fast armor &
mechanized infantry
• In April 1940, Ger invaded Norway &
Denmark
German troops in Warsaw
Fall of France
• Fr & GB prepare for war
• Fr relies on Maginot Line- series of forts
on Fr/Ger border
• 1940- Ger attack Belgium &
Netherlands, go around line
• Trap much of Fr army
Dunkirk
• Fr & GB retreat to Dunkirk, a town on
the English Channel
• Ger delay attacking
• Allows the “Miracle at Dunkirk”
– Make shift fleet evacuates many soldier to
GB
• Fr surrendered 3 weeks later
Battle of Dunkirk
• On the first day of the
evacuation, only 7,669
men were evacuated,
but by the ninth day a
total of 338,226 soldiers
had been rescued by
a hastily-assembled
fleet of over 800 boats
Operation Barbarossa
• Hitler turns attention to USSR
• Summer 1941- invades USSR
• By Fall 1941, almost to Moscow
• Stopped by Russian winter
America Enters the War
American Neutrality
American Isolationism
• US policy was isolationism
• Neutrality Acts- made it illegal to sell
arms to countries at war
FDR’s position
• Said US was neutral
• Knew US would have to get involved
• Wanted to help allies
Cash & Carry
• US only allowed nations at war to buy
arms on a “cash & carry” basis
Election of 1940
• Roosevelt decides to run for reelection
in 1940
• Would be his 3rd term
• Wins in a landslide
– Many didn’t want a change in uncertain
times
Edging Toward War
The Lend-Lease Act
• Allows US to lend arms to countries
“vital to the defense of the United
States”
• If GB stops Axis; the US won’t have to
• US should be “arsenal of democracy”
• L-L loaned arms to GB then USSR
The Atlantic Charter
• FDR & Churchill met in Newfoundland
• Decided what the post-war world
would be like
– Free trade
– Democracy
Japan Attacks the US
China
• Japan invaded China in 1937
• FDR gives China aide
• 1939, FDR starts an embargo against
Japan
• 1941- stopped oil exports to Japan
Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941
• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor naval
base in Hawaii
• Destroyed much of US Pacific fleet
Pearl Harbor
• FDR asks Congress for war
• Congress declares war on Japan
• Ger & It declare war on US
The Holocaust
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
Nuremberg Laws
• September 1935- Nuremburg laws
passed
– Took away citizenship, right to work, own
property, or marry non-Jews
Kristallnacht
• “Night of Broken Glass”
• Nazis smashed windows, looted shops,
destroyed synagogues
• Made Jews pay for damage
The Final Solution
What was the Final Solution?
• Final Solution- Nazi plan to efficiently
exterminate undesirables in Nazi
controlled territory
– Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Slavs,
Jehovah's Witness
• German goal was to cleanse
lebensraum of undesirables
Massacre outside Kiev
What was the Final Solution?
• Placed in 2 types of camp
– Concentration
– Extermination
Concentration Camps
• Able bodied prisoners
• Worked until they died
– Buchenwald
Extermination Camps
• Camps designed to kill efficiently
• Used gas, then cremated bodies
– Treblinka & Auschwitz
• About 6 million European Jews were
killed by the Nazis
This represents one day's collection at the peak of
the gassings, about twenty five thousand pairs.
Chapter 12
Mobilizing for War
The War-Time Economy
Converting the Economy
• US started converting the economy to
war production in 1940
• Allowed the US to contribute quickly
• US didn’t bid contracts, used cost-plus
Industry Converts
• Industries changed the products they
produced
• Car companies- tanks, planes, jeeps
Liberty Ships
• US needs a merchant fleet to get arms
to Europe
• Standard, mass production, ship of
WWII
Building the Army
Selective Service & Training Act
• 1940
• Passed after the fall of France
• First peace time draft in US
The G.I.
• G.I.- nickname of American soldier-
government issue
• Basic Training- generally considered
useless, but did promote unity
Segregation
• US military was segregated in WWII
• Very few Af. Am. unit were in combat
– Tuskegee Airmen- 99th Pursuit Squadron-
fighter pilots
– 716th Tank Battalion
Double V Campaign
• Many Af. Am. didn’t support the war
• Af. Am. leaders called for “Double V”
Campaign
– Beat the Axis
– Beat discrimination
Women in Armed Forces
• “Release a man for combat”
• Women generally did clerical work so
men could fight
• Woman’s Army Auxiliary Corps
(WAAC) & later Woman’s Army Corps
(WAC)
The Home Front
Changes in Society
Women at Work
• With men fighting, women worked in
factories
• Rosie the Riveter- symbolized women
in the workplace
African American Demands for
Work
• Factories hired women, but not Af. Am.
• A. Philip Randolph- planned a march
on Washington for Af. Am
• FDR responded with Executive Order
8802- no discrimination in war industries
Migration
• New war jobs caused people to move
for work- especially to Sunbelt (West &
South)
• Caused prejudice
– Detroit riots- Af. Am v Whites
– Zoot Suit Riots- LA, Hispanic youths v sailors
Japanese- American Relocation
• Japanese- Am moved from West
coast to interment camps
– Lost property & freedom
• Some Nisei (2nd generation Jap-am)
joined army
– 442nd Regimental Combat team
Daily Life in America
Rationing
• Demand for materials created
shortages
• Gov rationed items to make sure
military had what it needed
– Meat, sugar, rubber (tires) gas, silk,
Other Ways to Conserve
• Victory gardens- grow own veggies so
military has more
• Scrap drives- collect scrap metal for
war
• Fat drives- bacon grease, etc
Paying for War
• Raised taxes
• War bonds- (pay 18.25 in 10 years,
cash it in for 25.00)
“V” for Victory
• Life at home during the war was
difficult, but the US was united to win
the war.
Social Changes Caused by WWII
• More Americans move to the city
• Accelerated social change for African
Americans
• Roles & expectations for women
change
The War in Europe
North Africa & Italy
Strategy for Victory
• Allied Big Three- FDR, Churchill, Stalin
• Stalin wants a 2nd front
• Churchill wants to attack the edges
• US & GB decide to fight in North Africa
El Alamien
• GB needs Suez Canal to connect to empire
• German Afrika Corps try to take it – Ger general- Erwin Rommel- “the Desert
Fox”
• GB (Gen Bernard Montgomery) stop Ger advance at El Alamien – Turning point in North Africa
Tunisia
• US lands troops in Morocco (Gen
George Patton)- Nov 1942
• Heads east
• British in Egypt head west
• Eventually trap Afrika Corps in Tunisia
Casablanca Conference
• FDR & Churchill meet- Jan 1943
• The decide:
– Defeat Germ, then Japan
– Attack Italy next
– Invade France in 1944
– Unconditional Surrender
– Increase bombing
Sicily & Italy
• Next, US & GB invade Sicily, then Italy
– Land at Anzio- US takes heavy losses
• Mussolini overthrown, but Ger
continues the fight
• Allies fight up the “boot”
• Capture Rome on June 5, 1944
The Eastern Front
Stalingrad
• Spring 1942- Hitler wants Russia’s oil
• Needs to capture Stalingrad
• Ger capture city in Sept- no retreat
allowed
• Soviets counterattack, surround city
• Germans in city are trapped
Stalingrad
• Ger eventually
surrender
• Major turning point in
Europe, Ger is on the
defensive after
Stalingrad
– 91,000 Germans
surrender- 5000 come
home after the war
– Casualty stats
The Air War
Strategic Bombing
• Allies want to destroy
Germany’s ability to
wage war
• Bomb Ger industries
• GB- bomb at night
• US- bombs in day
• Eventually bomb
cities, not just industry
Was it effective?
• Historians disagree
• Bombing destroyed industry
– Ger productions increased
– Split up production, harder to destroy
• Ger forced to use valuable material to
stop bombers
• Allies gain air superiority
The Invasion of Europe
Tehran Conference
• FDR, Churchill, Stalin- Nov-Dec, 1943
• Stalin agrees have an offensive the
same time as the Invasion of France
• Also agrees to help with Japan after
Ger defeated
D-Day
• Invasion of France- code name D-Day
• Supreme Commander- Dwight David
Eisenhower
• Invasion happened at Normandy
– Largest naval invasion in history
• June 6, 1944
D-Day
• About 150,000 troops landed to fierce
resistance
• Some of the worst fighting was at
Omaha Beach (one Am. Landing
zone)
• By end of D-Day, all beaches are established
HEADING TO OMAHA BEACH
Battle of Normandy
• D-Day invasion successful, but Allies
have a hard time pushing inland
• Normandy hedgerows prevent
movement
• July- Allies break out- Germans in
retreat
The Defeat of Nazi Germany
Battle of the Bulge
• Closer the Allies got to Germany, more
the Germans fought
• Hitler plans a counter attack for
December 1944
Battle of the Bulge
• Attacks through the Ardennes Forrest (just like 1940)
• Weather (heavy snow, bitter cold and thick clouds) help Germans
• US paratroopers used to stop Germans – Hold at Bastogne, Belgium
• Dec 26- weather breaks, Germans advance stopped
Battle of the Bulge
• Largest battle on Western Front during
WWII
• Germans realize the war is lost
Yalta Conference
• FDR, Churchill, Stalin- Feb 1945
• Split Ger into 4 zones (US, GB, Fr. &
USSR)
• Berlin also split
• Stalin agrees to allow elections in
Eastern Europe
• Stalin agrees to enter war against Jap
V-E Day
• US & GB continue to push into
Germany- cross Rhine
• USSR also pushing into Germany
V-E Day
• April 1945- Soviets enter Berlin
• Hitler commits suicide
• Ger. Surrenders
• May 8, 1945- V-E Day (Victory in
Europe)
The War in the Pacific
Early Battles
Philippines
• Right after Pearl Harbor, Japan
attacked the Philippines
• Am & Filipinos outnumbered
• Am General Douglas McArthur
ordered to leave Philippines
– Promises “I shall return.”
Philippines
• Captured Am forced to march 60
miles without food or water
• Called Bataan Death March
• At least 10,000 prisoners died
The Bataan Death March
Coral Sea • Japan plans 2
attacks- May 1942 – Invade Australia
– Destroy Am fleet
• Am break Jap code- know the plan of attack
• Am fleet stops Jap fleet, Australia is saved
• First battle of carrier based planes
Midway
• Jap Admiral Yamamoto wants to force
Am fleet to fight- June 1942
• Plans to attack Midway Is.
• Am Admiral Chester Nimitz sets trap
• Am planes sink 4 Japanese carriers
Midway
• Midway is the turning point in the
Pacific
• Japan no longer attacks, goes onto
the defensive
Allies on the Offensive
American Strategy
• Am want a 2 pronged attack
– Navy (Nimitz) with Marine Corps through
central Pacific
– Army (McArthur) push through Solomon
Islands toward Philippines
Island Hopping
• Plan to only attack essential bases
• Leapfrog others and cut supplies
• Get close enough to launch bombers
at Japan
Return to the Philippines
• Oct 1944- Am
invade
Philippines
• McArthur
comes ashore
& proclaims “I
have returned”
Leyte Gulf
• Jap send carriers to attack invasion
fleet
• Largest naval battle in history
• Jap first use kamikaze- “divine wind”-
suicide pilots
• Much of Japanese fleet destroyed
Leyte Gulf
• Ground fighting continues in
Philippines until end of war
Defeat of Japan
Iwo Jima
• US wanted Iwo Jima as an emergancy
airbase
• Japanese defenders dug into caves
• 1/3 of all Marines killed in war died on
Iwo
Fire bombing Japan
• US turns to firebombing Jap cities
• Direct attacks on Jap civilians
• June 1945- Tokyo firebombed- 80,000
killed
Okinawa
• Japan shows no signs of surrender
• Only war to end war is invade Japan
• US needs a base for invasion
• Decide on Okinawa
Okinawa
• April 1945- land in Okinawa
• Japanese don’t defend beaches
– Dig tunnels and caves and wait
• Jap launch 2000 kamikaze attacks
• More than 12,000 Am killed in battle
The Manhattan Project • US has been working throughout war to
make an atomic bomb
• Manhattan Project- code name for
bomb research
• Successful test in July 1945 (New Mexico)
FDR’s Death
• FDR died April 12
• New President is Harry Truman
Hiroshima
• Should the US use the bomb?
– Truman says yes
• US give Japan an ultimatum- surrender
or suffer mass destruction
– Japan doesn’t respond
Hiroshima
• Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima,
Japan on August 6, 1945.
– 63% of city destroyed
– 80-120 thousand killed instantly
– Unknown amount killed by radiation,
burns, cancer
A boy was exposed to thermal rays about 1.5 miles from the
hypocenter. February 1946
Shin's tricycle
Shin-ichi was a three year old boy who
loved his tricycle. When the bomb was
dropped, he was playing with his best
friend, Kimiko. They died. They were
buried in the garden of Shin-ichi's house
together. In July 1985, 40 years later,
their parents decided to move them to
a proper grave.
Early in the morning, I began to dig open the
grave with Kimi's mother, who had come to
help. After digging for a while a rusty pipe
began to show. "Oh! It's the tricycle!" Before I
realized it I had started to sob. To tell you the
truth, I'd forgotten all about the tricycle. "Look!
There's something white," someone cried. I felt
like ice. Carefully we uncovered the bones
using chopsticks and brushes. There were a
number of tiny bones.
"Shin-ichi, Shin-ichi." "Kimiko." Everyone's eyes
were glued to the little white hands of the two
children. They were still holding hands....
Nagasaki
• August 9, 1945- USSR declares war on
Japan
• US drops 2nd bomb on Nagasaki
– 35-75 thousand killed
V-J Day
• August 15, 1945- Japan surrenders
Aftermath
Trying the Enemy
Nuremburg Trials
• Allies put Nazis on trial
• Charged with crimes against humanity
• National leaders are responsible for
war crimes
Stats on the war
Don’t write this down
War Deaths • US
– 400,000 military, 2000 civilian
• USSR – 11,000,000 military, 6,700,000 civilian
• Germany – 3,250,000 military, 2,350,000 civilian
• Japan – 1,740,00 military, 400,000 civilian
• China – 1,400,000 military, 8,000,000 civilian
• Poland – 110,000 military, 5,300,000 civilian
Who died?
• More deaths than any other war in
history
• More civilians died than soldiers.