World War IIWorld War II

OutlineOutline5 Failures of Collective 5 Failures of Collective

SecuritySecurityCourse of the WarCourse of the WarThe HomefrontThe HomefrontAxis-Occupied EuropeAxis-Occupied EuropeAllied ExperiencesAllied ExperiencesResistance?Resistance?War’s EndWar’s End

TermsTermsSpanish Civil WarSpanish Civil WarGeneral Francisco General Francisco

FrancoFrancoAnschluAnschlußßSudetenlandSudetenlandMunich ConferenceMunich ConferenceNazi-Soviet PactNazi-Soviet PactOperation BarbarossaOperation BarbarossaBlitzkriegBlitzkriegVichy FranceVichy FranceCharles de GaulleCharles de GaulleInternmentInternmentDisplaced PersonsDisplaced Persons

Five Failures of Collective SecurityFive Failures of Collective Security

1.1. Japanese takeover Manchuria (1931)Japanese takeover Manchuria (1931)2.2. Italy moves vs. Ethiopia (1935)Italy moves vs. Ethiopia (1935)

League sets up sanctionsLeague sets up sanctionsSanctions ineffectiveSanctions ineffective

3.3. Remilitarizing the Rhineland (1936)Remilitarizing the Rhineland (1936)4.4. The Spanish Civil War (1936-39)The Spanish Civil War (1936-39)

Spanish Popular FrontSpanish Popular FrontFalangists (General Franco)Falangists (General Franco)

Sacrifice of Czechoslovakia (1938)Sacrifice of Czechoslovakia (1938)Munich ConferenceMunich ConferenceChamberlain’s “Scrap of Paper”Chamberlain’s “Scrap of Paper”

Hitler and Mussolini in 1937

Appeasement (1938)Appeasement (1938)

What was the appeal of appeasement?What was the appeal of appeasement? The Austrian “AnschluThe Austrian “Anschluß” (March 1938)ß” (March 1938) The Sudetenland in CzechoslovakiaThe Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia

– British PM Neville Chamberlain’s shuttle British PM Neville Chamberlain’s shuttle diplomacy: Munich Conferencediplomacy: Munich Conference

– Belief that grievances of the Sudetan Germans Belief that grievances of the Sudetan Germans were real and that aims were limitedwere real and that aims were limited

Three EffectsThree Effects– Whetted Hitler’s appetite and confidenceWhetted Hitler’s appetite and confidence– Changed French and British public opinionChanged French and British public opinion– Led to Nazi-Soviet (Non-Aggresion) Pact Led to Nazi-Soviet (Non-Aggresion) Pact

(August 1939)(August 1939)

Neville Chamberlain, British PM

Fancisco Franco, Spanish Caudillo

Key Moments to 1943Key Moments to 1943

September 1939: Germany invades PolandSeptember 1939: Germany invades Poland Spring 1940: Germany overruns France, touching off Spring 1940: Germany overruns France, touching off

“Relief of Dunkirk”“Relief of Dunkirk”– Hitler allows some British and French troops to Hitler allows some British and French troops to

escapeescape August-September 1940: The Battle of BritainAugust-September 1940: The Battle of Britain

– Damaged myth of German invincibilityDamaged myth of German invincibility Spring 1941: Italians hit Albania & Greece, cause Spring 1941: Italians hit Albania & Greece, cause

delay in German Operation Barbarossadelay in German Operation Barbarossa June 1941: Germans invade USSR; bog down after June 1941: Germans invade USSR; bog down after

nearly 1,000-mile advancenearly 1,000-mile advance– ““Great Patriotic War” & “The Battle of the Great Patriotic War” & “The Battle of the

Machines”Machines” December 1941: Japan attacks USADecember 1941: Japan attacks USA

Germany at war

War in AsiaWar in Asia 7 December 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; 7 December 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor;

Axis powers declare war on USAxis powers declare war on US 8 December 1941: US declares war on Japan and 8 December 1941: US declares war on Japan and

Axis powersAxis powers Japanese argued that it was war of liberation Japanese argued that it was war of liberation

from European colonialismfrom European colonialism– Greater East Asia Co-prosperity SphereGreater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere

By early 1942: Japan secured much of China, By early 1942: Japan secured much of China, South and Southeast AsiaSouth and Southeast Asia

After Battle of Midway (west of Hawaiian islands) After Battle of Midway (west of Hawaiian islands) from May to June 1942: War begins to turn from May to June 1942: War begins to turn against Japaneseagainst Japanese

Island Hopping: Guadalcanal, New Guinea, Island Hopping: Guadalcanal, New Guinea, Tarawa, Iwo Jima, OkinawaTarawa, Iwo Jima, Okinawa

August 1945: Hiroshima & Nagasaki (vs. the August 1945: Hiroshima & Nagasaki (vs. the invasion of Japan)invasion of Japan)

War in the Pacific, 1941-War in the Pacific, 1941-19451945

Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941

Emperor Hirohito

Admiral Yamamoto, planner of Pearl Harbor attack

Axis-Occupied EuropeAxis-Occupied Europe Within Germany, Nazis try to keep impression of Within Germany, Nazis try to keep impression of

“normality”“normality” Range of relationships to Germany & GermansRange of relationships to Germany & Germans

– Racial ideas enforced, somewhat selectivelyRacial ideas enforced, somewhat selectively– Forced laborForced labor– PlunderPlunder

Daily life for those occupied Daily life for those occupied Resistance: The Free French & Charles de GaulleResistance: The Free French & Charles de Gaulle The example of Vichy FranceThe example of Vichy France

– Marshal PetainMarshal Petain– Admiral Darland and the MiliceAdmiral Darland and the Milice– Post-liberation treatment of collaboratorsPost-liberation treatment of collaborators

Joy of Victory,Joy of Victory,Bitterness of DefeatBitterness of Defeat

French RivalsFrench Rivals

Philippe Petain Charles de Gaulle

The Great Patriotic War in The Great Patriotic War in USSRUSSR

Massive deaths, including 16-20 million civilians Massive deaths, including 16-20 million civilians Sieges of Stalingrad and LeningradSieges of Stalingrad and Leningrad Home defensesHome defenses ““Battle of the Machines”: moving factories Battle of the Machines”: moving factories

eastwardeastward– Exit Moscow, Oct. 1941 = 500+ factories Exit Moscow, Oct. 1941 = 500+ factories

dismantled & moveddismantled & moved– Aircraft production up 40% in ’42-’43Aircraft production up 40% in ’42-’43– 2,000 tanks per month in 19432,000 tanks per month in 1943

Bitterness toward GermansBitterness toward Germans– Commisar orderCommisar order– Babi YarBabi Yar

Images of DefeatImages of Defeat

War’s End(s)War’s End(s)

Soviets push from the east, while British, Soviets push from the east, while British, Americans & (some) French come from Americans & (some) French come from south and westsouth and west

Hitler commits suicide in Berlin, 1 May Hitler commits suicide in Berlin, 1 May 19451945

8 May 1945: War in Europe ends with allies 8 May 1945: War in Europe ends with allies divided over futuredivided over future

War in Asia lasts into AugustWar in Asia lasts into August The BombThe Bomb: Hiroshima (6 August 1945) & : Hiroshima (6 August 1945) &

Nagasaki (9 August 1945)Nagasaki (9 August 1945)– Justified or not?Justified or not?

Negotiating a SettlementNegotiating a Settlement

Alliance a marriage of convenienceAlliance a marriage of convenience Series of meetings, beginning in 1941 with Series of meetings, beginning in 1941 with

establishment of Atlantic Charterestablishment of Atlantic Charter– Policy of Unconditional SurrenderPolicy of Unconditional Surrender

Tehran, 1943; Moscow, 1944; Yalta, 1945; Potsdam, Tehran, 1943; Moscow, 1944; Yalta, 1945; Potsdam, 19451945

Common desire: Pacify GermanyCommon desire: Pacify Germany– Set up Zones of InfluenceSet up Zones of Influence– Reparations, partly by dismantling industrial Reparations, partly by dismantling industrial

capacitycapacity– Soviets seized factories enthusiastically, but Soviets seized factories enthusiastically, but

western allies too.western allies too. Soviet Desire: No further invasions from the westSoviet Desire: No further invasions from the west Cooling in relations by Potsdam, largely because of Cooling in relations by Potsdam, largely because of

Soviet actions in EastSoviet actions in East