world war ii - simpson a.p.u.s.hsimpsonapush.weebly.com/uploads/8/5/8/0/85805006/wwii.pdf · •...
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World War II
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Prelude to war: Policy of neutrality
• 1920s America embraced isolationism, disarmament
• Neutrality Acts-US would not get involved in any foreign war
• Nye Committee-Munitions companies and loans forced WWI
• Washington Naval Conference-Limits on navies
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Debt
• European countries owed US $16 billion-want forgiven
• Dawes Plan-US business loaned Germany money
• Stabilized Europe Kellog-Briand Pact (politically)
• Eventually replaced by Young Plan, ended by depression
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Italy, Germany, Japan expansionist policies
• World did little to nothing-Appeasement
• Munich Conference• Russia Not invited
• Quarantine speech-• Roosevelt wants to isolate
aggressor nations• Stimson Doctrine-No recognizing
territorial gains by force• American public refuses
(Isolationism)
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Outbreak of War
• Non-Aggression Pact• Germany invades Poland 1939-WWII
begins• Neutrality Act 1939
• Selling of weapons to Allies on cash and carry basis
• US economy began to improve• Arsenal of Democracy Speech-US
would help Allies
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Appeasement Consequences• Axis countries win big early
• FDR orders construction of Two Ocean Navy, air force
• Destroyer Bases Deal-US began giving aid to Britain
• Election of 1940 Roosevelt wins, now able to become more engaged
• Lend-Lease Act-Provide military aid to any country deemed vital to American defense-Economic declaration-of War against Axis
• Neutrality Patrol-US would locate U-boats, engage?
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Seuss
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Roosevelt's International Policies
• Roosevelt proposes 4 basic freedoms for the world
• Speech, Worship, from want, from fear
• Good Neighbor Policy-Stop Invading Latin America
• Havana Conference- (1940) US will share responsibility with Latin American countries to enforce Monroe Doctrine
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Setting the terms
• Atlantic Charter-When Allies win the war, no territorial changes
• Creation of UN after the war
• Free trade, reduction of poverty, Disarmament of aggressors
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Pearl Harbor• Embargo on Japan-Seen as a
declaration of War by Japanese• Pearl Harbor-Huge Japanese
success, followed by a string of victories (Wake, Philippines, Singapore)
• Germany and Italy declare war on US
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The Home Front during the War
• Selective service Act expands to all men 18-65• Double V campaign- (AA)Civil Rights at home,
victory abroad• War labor Board-Maintain standard of living
• Limits strikes• Office of Price Administration-Rationing of
goods• Families received coupons• Controls prices and wages-Employee sponsored
healthcare• Taxes were increased-First time many had to
pay taxes
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Disney Propaganda12
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Total War
• All aspects of society supported the war how they could
• Women served in WACs and WAVES• All Women worked in factories (Rosie
the Riveter)
• Civil Rights movement• War Production Board-Regulate
use of raw materials• 1943 US producing 2x as all countries
combined
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Urban migration, demographic changes• Migration toward California and -other
Sunbelt states• Bracero Program-Need for farm laborers
led to issuing short term work permits to Mexico
• Zoot Suit Riots-Attack on young Mexican-Americans
• Massive migration of AA to Northern cities (Detroit Race Riots)Civil Rights During the war
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Civil Rights Gained
• Philip Randolph-Father of Civil Rights movement
• Equal access to defense jobs• Desegregation of armed
forces (Truman does after war)
• End segregation in federal agencies
• Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC)
• NAACP grows by 10x
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Civil Rights Limited• Prejudice against Japanese Americans after Pearl Harbor• Seen as “the enemy” • February 19, 1942 Roosevelt issued an executive order calling for the
interment of Japanese Americans because they were considered a threat to this country
• Japanese were shipped to relocation camps • Thought that they might be spies• Some sons fought on American front lines• Japanese Internment-Order 9066
– More than 110,000 relocated and questioned, 0 were convicted or further detained
• Korematsu v. US-Interment is legal but have to be released once loyalty was established
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Special Fighting Forces• Tuskegee Airmen
• formation of an all African-American pursuit squadron based in Tuskegee, Alabama
• 442nd Regiment Combat team• Highly decorated Japanese Unit• More than 10,000 form Hawaii• Most decorated Unit in American
History• Navajo Code Talkers
• Used Native language to send messages
• Front lines
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The war• Roosevelt declares Germany first strategy, no separate peace
• Had to focus on Japan first {Doolittle Raid)
• Battle of Midway-Turning Point in the Pacific• Island hoping to Japan, Bombing Japanese cities
• Japanese resort to kamikaze tactics• Battle of Stalingrad-Turning point in Europe• Battle of El Alamein-Turing Point in Africa
• Operation Torch-US invades Africa, moves up through Italy
• Allies use convoys to win battle of Atlantic• Casablanca Conference (1943)-Allies will only accept unconditional
surrender, no separate peace.
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US in Europe
• Around the Clock Bombing of Germany
• Tehran Conference- (1943) Agrees to open up Second Front
• Disagreement over Eastern Europe
• D-Day-"Operation Overlord” • Establishes a second Front
• Battle of the Bulge-Germany's last offensive
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Conclusion
• Yalta Conference (1945)-Setting up postwar world
• Conference is considered the start of the Cold War
• VE Day-Germany surrenders unconditionally-Cold War Begins
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Victory in the Pacific
• Japanese Retreat – Guadalcanal turned the tides against the Japanese
• Iwo Jima was captured in March of 1945 after a moth of fighting (760 miles from Tokyo)
• Of the 22,060 Japanese soldiers entrenched on the island, 21,844 died either from fighting or by ritual suicide.
• Only 216 were captured during the battle. • The 36-day (Iwo Jima) assault resulted in more than 26,000
American casualties, including 6,800 dead.
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Okinawa
• From April-June • one of the bloodiest land battles of the war• Japanese lost over 100,000 troops• US casualties were over 62,000 with 12,000 troops killed or
missing
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Japan’s Surrender
• Only place left to go was to Japan• Potentially cost ½ million US lives if we invaded• Other solution – use of a new weapon:• The Atomic Bomb
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Atomic Bomb• Manhattan Project
– General Leslie Groves and chief scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer
• 1st test was in a New Mexico desert in July 1945
• Truman told them that if they did not surrender, they could expect “rain of ruin from the air”
• Truman dropped 2 bombs– Hiroshima – August 6 (80,000 people died)– Nagasaki – August 9 (70,000 people died)
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Japanese Surrender
• General Douglas MacArthur• September 2, 1945• The war had officially ended