Paris Peace Settlement

1919

Sunday, 2 February 14

Syllabus

• the roles and differing goals of Clemenceau, Lloyd George and Wilson in creating the Treaty of Versailles

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• “Total war”• 65 million mobilised.• Historians estimate that

up to 10 million men died and around 21 million were wounded.

Toll of WWI

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Toll of WWI

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Toll of WWICasualties of the Allied countries:

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Toll of WWICasualties of the Allied countries:

◦Britain: 750,000 killed, 1,500,000 wounded◦France: 1,400,000 killed, 2,500,000 wounded◦Belgium: 50,000 killed◦Italy: 600,000 killed◦Russia: 1,700,000 killed◦USA: 116,000 killed

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Casualties of the Central Powers

•Germany: 2,000,000 killed•Austria-Hungary: 1,200,000killed

•Turkey: 325,000 killed•Bulgaria: 100,000 killed

Toll of WWI

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• Vast areas of north-eastern Europe were destroyed• The homes of 750,000 French people were destroyed along with infrastructure

• Roads, coal mines, telegraph poles had all been destroyed, which hindered economic restoration

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•The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919 (exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand)

•Consisted of 440 Articles

•The treaty was greeted with shock and disbelief in Germany.

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Versailles Conference

• Delegates from 32 countries were invited to participate in talks held at the Palace of Versailles

• The conference was controlled by the “Big Three” and took months of, often bitter, negotiations

Allied delegates in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles witness the German delegation's acceptance of the terms of the Treaty Of Versailles

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The “Big Three”

George  Clemenceau,  France-­‐  France  had  been  devastated  and  2/3  soldiers  had  been  injured  or  Killed-­‐  Germany  should  be  harshly  punished  and  pay  for  the  war

Woodrow  Wilson,  USA

-­‐    Believed  in  peaceful  coopera?on  among  na?ons  and  the  right  to  self-­‐determina?on

David  Lloyd  George,  Great  Britain

-­‐  Was  usually  in  the  middle  ground  between  Clemenceau  and  Wilson-­‐  Germany  should  be  punished  but  not  harshly  to  prevent  a  new  war

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The Tiger

• Georges Clemenceau of France argued that Germany should be split up and weakened to the point that it could never start a war again.

• Clemenceau insisted upon the complete humiliation of Germany, requiring German disarmament and severe reparations; France also won back Alsace-Lorraine. He was unhappy with the final treaty and believed it was not harsh enough

• He believed that Woodrow Wilson was too idealistic

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!Sunday, 2 February 14

The PeacemakerUS President Woodrow Wilson (14 Points) -he wanted a “just peace” that would ensurewar could not ever occur on this scale again

1) no more secret treaties2) countries must seek to reduce their weapons and their armed forces 3) national self-determination should allow people of the same nationality to govern themselves and one nationality should not have the power to govern another 4) all countries should belong to the League of Nations.

However, Wilson’s desire for the US to take a leading role internationally was unpopular at home as most politicians supported an isolationist position - US never ratified the treaty

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The middle manBritish PM, David Lloyd George, had two views on how Germany should be treated.

His government was facing elections and Lloyd George's public image reflected the punitive public mood. "Hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany Pay" were common slogans and Lloyd George publicly backed these views.However, privately he was concerned about what the effects of a harsh treaty would be. In the context of the 1917 Russian revolution, he feared the spread of Bolshevism in Germany.

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Sunday, 2 February 14

Germany is going to pay. We will get everything you can squeeze out of a lemon, and a bit more. The Germans should hand over everything they own.

From a speech in 1918 by Sir Eric Geddes, a British politician standing for election as an MP.

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Sunday, 2 February 14

ToV

• June 1919• Treaty with Germany• Was signed in the Palace of Versailles• Germany not allowed to take part in negotiations -

presented with terms - became known as the diktat or dictated peace

• Germany had to agree to accept full responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War (the hated Clause 231 or the “War Guilt Clause”)

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Territorial LossesThe Saar (highly industrialised, Saar coal fields) administered by the League of Nations for 15 years

• The creation of an independent Polish state• West Prussia and Posen (rich farmlands) were given to

Poland• Alsace-Lorraine was given back to France• Danzig was appointed as an international city• Plebiscites in Upper Silesia, West Prussia and Schleswig• Germany lost colonies and investments • Loss of 13% land mass, 12.5% of its population,100%

overseas colonies• Joining of German and Austria forbidden

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Territorial Losses

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New map of Europe

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Military

• Regular army limited to 100,000 military personnel 

• No tanks or heavy artillery• No airforce• Navy restricted to six battleships, no

submarines (15,000 sailors)• End of compulsory enlistment into the armed

forces• Rhineland to be occupied for 15 years by the

allied military forces

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Economic

Germany to pay £6,600 million (132 billion gold marks)• Reparations where to be paid in regular instalments,

some in gold and some in goods• The Allies struggled to get payments from Germany

from 1921 to 1923• Dawes Commission 1924• France occupied the Ruhr in 1923• Germany completed the reparations payments in 2010,

(£60 million)60million

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Political

• WWI ended the House of Hohenzollern with the forced abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Economic burden of the treaty affected the new government, led by the Social Democrats (SPD)

• Gave rise to the Dolchstosslegende (stab in the back theory)

• The politicians who signed the treaty became known as the “November Criminals”

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A 1924 right-wing German political cartoon showing Philipp Scheidemann, the German Social Democratic politician who proclaimed the Weimar Republic and was its second Chancellor, and Matthias Erzberger, an anti-war politician from the Centre Party, who ended WWI by signing the armistice with the Allies, as stabbing the German Army in the back

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• Controversial German historian Fritz Fischer wrote of the stab in the back:

But even after the defeat of 1918, many Germans, and especially those who had played leading parts in political and economic life up to 1918, preserved...a political and historical image of themselves which was coloured by illusions. Because the German army on the western front had held to the last hour an unbroken defensive front outside the frontiers of the Reich, and had marched home in order, these people failed to understand that Germany had been defeated. Thus the idea took root and spread that the cause of the collapse of Germany was not her own policy or exhaustion in the face of an enemy army made stronger than her own by active American intervention, but a 'stab in the back' behind the front. The accusation was [eventually] levelled . . . against the Weimar democracy which had been forced to accept the 'dictated Treaty of Versailles' owing to 'treachery at home'. This view . . . had been propagated by the German Army Council and the press...since November, 1918. TheEvangelische Kirchenzeitung, for example, wrote on October 20 -­ before the November revolution: 'Collapse behind the front ­ not collapse of our heroic front, that is the shattering phenomenon of these last days . . . . The home has not held out.'

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German Response• Germany had hoped for a treaty more in line with Wilson's

Fourteen Points• Hated having to take responsibility for the start of the First

World War• Resented that it was forced to sign the treaty without any

negotiations of the terms• Disagreed with the reparations and especially the territorial

losses• Angered by the exclusion from the principle of self-

determination• The German population was angered by the treaty and wanted

to see it revoked - Hitler used this to great effect

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German magazine Simpliccimus on June 3, 1919. The principal judges and executioners were (from left to right) the American president Wilson, the French president Clemenceau and the British Prime Minister Lloyd George

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Sunday, 2 February 14

Historiography

Historian (British-Canadian) Martin Kitchen argues that the impression the country was crippled by the reparations was a myth. He further states that, instead of a weak Germany, the reverse was true; that Germany was strong enough to win substantial concessions and a reduced reparation amount.

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A.J.P. Taylor, in The History of the First World War, 1963:

Though the Germans accepted the treaty in the formal sense of agreeing to sign it, none took the signature seriously. The treaty seemed to them to be wicked, unfair, dictation, a slave treaty. All Germans intended to repudiate it at some time in the future, if it did not fall to pieces of its own absurdity.

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Douglas Newton, in Germany 1914-1945, 1990:

Whether Germany was treated justly or unjustly by the victors at the Peace Conference is not a question of fact but of moral judgment. Some argue that, if the Versailles Treaty was harsh, so too would have been any framed by a victorious Germany, as in the case of Brest-Litovsk. Others argue that any peace which fell short of the ideals of reconciliation was unjust because of the high ideals for which Allied statesmen had claimed to be fighting . . . What is beyond question is that the process of peacemaking or rather the absence of any genuine peace negotiations . . . made all of Germany believe that the [Weimar] Republic had been treated shabbily.

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German historian Detlev Peukert

Opinions range from the traditional verdict that the national budget and economy were intolerably squeezed to the opposite view that the burden was scarcely larger than present-day aid to developing countries. For once, the truth really seems to lie somewhere between these positions. It is certainly true that the flexibility of the German economy, already constrained by the low post-war level of economic activity in any case, was further restricted by the need to pay reparations. On the other hand, the actual payments that had to made were perfectly manageable. Reparations were not, therefore, an utterly intolerable burden, especially since any clear-sighted politician could reckon that after a few years of uninterrupted payment and reduced international tension there was a reasonable chance that the overall size of the debt would be cut down

Peukert argued that the reasons for German economic problems in the early 1920s were not reparations, but rather the legacy of World War I

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“The British economic historian Niall Ferguson in his 1998 book The Pity of War argued that Germany could have paid reparations had there been the political will. Ferguson began his argument by noting that all of the belligerent countries in World War I had endured significant economic losses, not just Germany, and that in 1920–21, German net national product grew at 17%.”

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Sources

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm

http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/clemenceau.htm

http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7//wwi/versailles.html

http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/media_nm.php?MediaId=1620

http://ibguides.com/history/notes/terms-of-the-paris-peace-treaties-1919-20-versailles-st-

germain-trianon-neuilly-sevres-lausanne-1923Sunday, 2 February 14