World War Two

Diplomatic Revolution Lebensraum – only Aryans are capable of building a

great civilization Bolshevik Russia = weak Russia, SO Russia is now open for

occupation through warfare Lebensraum would be carried out through violent occupation,

forced slave labor and extermination of “undesirables” “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1936)

Hitler’s ability to raise Germany from being one of the weakest countries in Europe to being one of the most powerful without resorting to warfare and simultaneously breaking down the Treaty of Versailles

Germany’s advantages Strong industrial base and capacity Awareness of GB’s and France’s fear of another world war Hitler’s belief that he could convince the rest of Europe that

Germany was not a threat to the balance of power Oct. 1933 Hitler withdraws Germany from League of Nations and

Geneva Disarmament Conference = Germany able to stand on their own

Diplomatic Revolution– Hitler begins to push the international “envelope” German Rearmament, March 9, 1935

New air force Military draft (100,000 to 550,000) GB, France and Italy warn Germany to halt rearmament

but not concrete action is ever taken INSTEAD they begin to adopt a …

Policy of appeasement June 18, 1935 Anglo-German Naval Pact – Germany navy

= 35% of British navy w/ equal number of submarines March 7, 1936 Occupation of Rhineland

Germans were “going into their own back garden” and GB felt no need to support France in any kind of defensive actions.

Germany and Italy grow closer October 1935: Mussolini invades Ethiopia

Hitler wasn’t the only European leader with dreams of expansion. GB and France oppose Mussolini’s actions he turns to Germany for support

July 1936-39: Civil War in Spain Both Germany and Italy support military dictator

Francisco Franco – perfect opportunity for them to test some of their new weapons

Rome-Berlin Axis on Oct. 1936 November 1936 – Anti-Comintern Pact

Germany and Japan come together to build a united effort against communism -> 1937 Japan invades China

March 1938 --- Anschluss (annexation) of Austria

Path to War in Europe September 1938: Munich Conference

British, French, Germans, Italians approve seizure of Czech Sudetenland!

Chamberlain reports “peace for our time”; Churchill slams House of Commons’ decision = “a disaster of the first magnitude”

November 9, 1938: Kristallnacht By March 1939: Germany military takes over

Czech lands of Bohemia & Moravia & creates puppet state of Slovakia; British public opinion turns against Germans

August 1939: Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact signed

September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland

Map 27.1

Technology of Warfare Maginot Line – Underground fortress Tanks

Particularly German Panzer and Tiger versions

Blitzkrieg (pg. 312, End of European Era)

Types of Naval Equipment: Submarines – continuing to advance Battleships – increasingly less useful Destroyers – submarine hunters Aircraft Carriers – essential in the Pacific

Technology of Warfare Light machine guns

Designed for use by one or two people at most New styles of aircraft & techniques of

attack German Luftwaffe (air force) Royal Air Force deals with “the Blitz” in the

Battle of Britain Mass bombings of military & civilian sites

Atomic bombs U.S. invented & owned = Nagasaki &

Hiroshima

The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,

NM

The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,

NM

Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

I am become death,

the shatterer of worlds!

I am become death,

the shatterer of worlds!

Major GeneralLesley R. Groves

Tinian Island, 1945Tinian Island, 1945

Little Boy Fat ManLittle Boy Fat Man

Enola Gay Crew

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

© 70,000 killed immediately.

© 48,000 buildings.

destroyed.© 100,000s died of

radiation poisoning & cancer later.

Bombing Hiroshima

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

©40,000 killed immediately.

©60,000 injured.©100,000s died of

radiation poisoning& cancer later.

Bombing of Nagasaki

Nazi Propaganda

US Propaganda

British Propaganda

Russian Propaganda

Who’s Who in WWII?Grand Alliance Leaders

United States – Franklin D. Roosevelt (Truman - end) Great Britain – Neville Chamberlain, Winston

Churchill France – Eduard Daldier (PM); Marshal Pétain and

Pierre Laval in Vichy France; Charles de Gaulle in GB Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin

Axis Leaders Italy – Benito Mussolini Germany – Adolf Hitler Japan – Emperor Hirohito & Prime Minister Tojo

War in Europe - Alliances

1939: Non-aggression pact b/w Soviet Union and Germany

1939: Non-aggression pact b/w Soviet Union and Japan

1939: Great Britain & Poland w/France 1940: Italy joins Germany vs. France 1941: U.S., France, Great Britain, Soviet

Union (Grand Alliance) vs. Axis Powers (Ger, It, Jap) The Soviet Union is invaded, June 1941, changing

sides

War in Europe• Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland• Sept. 3 – France & GB declare war• Sept. 28 – Germany and SU divide Poland

• Blitzkrieg and Panzer Divisions

• April 9, 1940 – Germany attacks Denmark & Norway• End of the “phony war” (pg. 312, End of European

Era)• May 10 - Germany attacks France, Belgium, &

Netherlands – Maginot doesn’t hold up

War in Europe - 1940• Trapped at Dunkirk (pg. 314, End of European

Era)• Nazis move through Ardennes forest, split Allied troops

• June 5 Germany attacks Southern France• June 10 Italy declares war on France• June 22 France surrenders

• 3/5 go to Germany- Nazi-occupied France• 2/5 go to Marshal Henri Petain = Vichy France =

authoritarian regime (Nazi puppet government)• Charles de Gaulle in GB

War in Europe - 1940• May 10, 1940 Winston Churchill elected PM• Aug. 1940 Luftwaffe invades GB

• Radar system• Ultra intelligence operation

• End of Sept. = Germany lost Battle of Britain (pg. 315-17, End of European Era)• Hitler focuses in Egypt & Suez Canal (think

Napoleon) but Italy inept• End of July, 1940 – prepare to invade SU

• Hungary, Bulgaria & Romania on board• Yugoslavia & Greece taken in April 1940

War in Europe - 1941• May, 1941 - Rudolph Hess crashes in

Scotland• June 22, 1941

• Launch attack along 1,800 mile front against SU• Took Ukraine, Leningrad• w/in 25 miles of Moscow, early winter, SU resistance

= German army halted (1st time in WWII)• Dec. 1941 – SU reinforcements from Siberia • Dec. 11 Germany declares war on US after

US declares war on Japan• Grand Alliance = unconditional surrender

Concentration Camps Concentration Camps

Different types existed Political Camps Labor Camps Death Camps Different Victims

Dec. 7, 1941 Night and Fog decree

Night and Fog SS Reichsführer Himmler issued the following

instructions to the Gestapo. "After lengthy consideration, it is the will of the Führer

that the measures taken against those who are guilty of offenses against the Reich or against the occupation forces in occupied areas should be altered. The Führer is of the opinion that in such cases penal servitude or even a hard labor sentence for life will be regarded as a sign of weakness. An effective and lasting deterrent can be achieved only by the death penalty or by taking measures which will leave the family and the population uncertain as to the fate of the offender. Deportation to Germany serves this purpose."

“The Final Solution” – Jan 20, 1942 – Wannsee Conference (pg. 330, End of European Era)

Warsaw Ghetto

Auschwitz

Anne Frank: 12 March 1945 at Bergen-Belsen

Mass Grave at Bergen-Belsen

War in Europe - 1942• Spring 1942 – Germans capture Crimea • Fall 1942, Afrika Korps under Rommel

break British defenses, but by May 1943 Germans and Italians surrender

• Nov., 42 – Feb., 43 Battle of Stalingrad (see pg. 795)• German Sixth Army destroyed• SU can’t be beat

• July 5-12, 1943 Battle of Kursk : beginning of end of Eastern Front

Battle of Stalingrad

Conference in Tehran Nov. 1943, Tehran, IRAN Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt – what will final

phase of WWII look like? Churchill – move from Africa and Italy to

indirectly attack Germany through Balkans Stalin & Roosevelt – open a second front in

France in spring 1944 North-South divide line through Germany Eastern Europe to be liberated by SU

War in Europe – 1944-45• June 6, 1944 Operation Overlord

• Battle of Normandy• amphibious assault lead by Dwight D. Eisenhower• the deception of Calais

• end Aug. 1944, Liberation of Paris • Dec. 16, 1944 - Battle of the Bulge

(German counteroffensive = Allied victory)

• March 1945 – Allied forces cross the Rhine

• end of April meet Russians at the Elbe

Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945 Western powers meet in Ukraine

Discuss future of Germany Stalin unsure of West’s intentions – wants buffer

zone btw. SU and West Roosevelt wants “self-determination” and free

elections; asks SU to aid USA against Japan Stalin agrees – receives warm-water ports,

Sakhalin & Kurile Islands; railroad rights in Manchuria

United Nations - meet in San Francisco, April ‘45

The End of WWII in Europe - 1945• April 28 Mussolini executed• April 30 Hitler commits suicide in Berlin• May 7 German commanders surrender

Potsdam Conference: July, 1945

Potsdam Conference: July, 1945

FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference. Stalin only original.

The United States has the A-bomb.

Allies agree Germany is to be divided into occupation zones

Truman demands free elections in the East

Stalin = free elections would be “anti-Soviet, and that [he] could not allow.”

P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin

The Cold War begins…

Path to War in Asia (skip) Crisis in Asia – revolt vs. Western supremacy

1905 Russo-Japanese War --- 1st Euro defeat! 1911 Chinese Revolution!!! --- Communists Sun Yat-

sen 1915 – Allies divided Turkey---REVOLT --1923 republic Revolts 1920s-30s --- 1949 Hindu India / Muslim

Pakistan 1931: Japan invades Manchuria vs. Chinese

(withdraws from League of Nations) – Chiang Kai-Shek tries appeasement

Japanese Empire 1933 = Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), Manchuria, and the Marshall, Caroline & Mariana Islands

Path to War in Asia (skip) Japan early 1930s = internal tensions

Pop. More than doubles btw. 1870 & 1937 Reliant on heavy industry for national

economy but protective tariffs of West = depression

Plan to seize Dutch East Indies & British Malaya 1935 begin building modern navy 1936 Japan = military dictatorship

November 1936 – Anti-Comintern Pact w/ Germany

War in the Pacific 1937 China vs. Japan

Japan declares war = Rape of Nanjing July 1941 occupation of Indochina = US trade

embargo Dec. 7 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor

May 7-8, 1942 Battle of the Midway April 12, 1945 Roosevelt dies August 6, 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima August 9, 1945 Bombing of Nagasaki August 14, 1945 Japan surrenders