world’s second largest continent huge deserts, plateaus, savanna, and rain forest cover the...
TRANSCRIPT
World’s second largest
continent
Huge deserts, plateaus,
savanna, and rain forest cover the
continent
Introduction of the camel allows for
cross Saharan trade between
nomadic people and West African
people
Kush
Axum Ghana
Mali
Great Zimbabwe
Songhay
KUSH
• Located south of Egypt in modern-day Sudan• Flourished between 700 BC-300 AD• Egyptian influences were of paramount importance in the
development of this region– Had trade contacts with Egypt since Middle Kingdom– New Kingdom Egypt actually took over the region and turned it
into a satellite state
EGYPT AND KUSH
• New Kingdom would leave indelible mark on Kush– Sons of elite were sent
to Egypt for education– Egyptian temples, gods,
rituals, traditions, and writing system were transplanted into Kush
– Even buried their rulers in pyramids
GOLDEN AGE OF KUSH
• Kush was driven out of Egypt by the Assyrians– But its greatest days still
lay ahead• Golden Age of Kush was
between 300 BC and 100 AD– Keys to its success were:• Its location• Its land• Its energetic people
MEROE• In general, Kush was rich in minerals
but arid– Not well-suited for agriculture
• Exception was the area immediately around the capital of Meroe– Well-watered by Nile River and
heavy annual rainfall– Possessed a broad expanse of crop
and pasture land that fed the entire kingdom and produced a surplus for export
• Upriver from Egypt– Its best trade partner
• Along several caravan routes– To Red Sea and Arab cities
Meroe
CULTURE
• Culture flourished in Kush– Huge walls surrounded Meroe
engraved with military victories, famous rulers, and gods
– Huge stone pyramids• However, Kush abandoned
hieroglyphics around 300 BC– Developed their own alphabet• Not deciphered entirely yet• So we don’t yet know what they
wrote after this date
REASONS FOR DOWNFALL I• Limited agricultural land around
Meroe finally became exhausted as farmers overworked it in attempt to keep up with growing population– Began to dry up and become
part of the Sahara Desert• Best trading partners, the
Egyptians, were squeezed dry by the Romans and plunged into poverty– Business with Egypt suffered as
a result
REASONS FOR DOWNFALL II
• Trade with Arabs taken over by new peoples who had established themselves along the African coast of the Red Sea– In fact, one of these
new Red Sea powers, the Kingdom of Axum, conquered a weakened Kush around 350 AD• Golden Age of Kush
over forever
ORIGINS OF THE AXUMITES
• Around 600 BC, Arabs crossed the Red Sea and settled in the region that is now Ethiopia– Over time, they merged
with the native people who already lived there• Eventually produced
the hybrid nationality known as the Axumites (100 BC)
MERCHANTS
• Axumites were merchants above all else– Obtained rhinoceros horn,
ivory, and gold from African interior• Then shipped these
commodities to the rest of the world at fantastic prices• Merchants were active in
Red Sea region, the eastern Mediterranean, Rome, and maybe even India
POWER AND CULTURE
• Used wealth to increase political and military power of Axum– Conquered all the land
from Kush down to what is now South Africa
• Capital city, Axum, developed highly sophisticated culture– Stone castles– Massive engraved walls– Obelisks
CHRISTIANITY• Originally polytheistic– But King Ezana converted to
Christianity• 400 AD• Tore down old temples and
replaced them with churches• Conversion to Christianity originally
strengthened Axum’s trade contacts with Christian Middle East– But the spread of Islam throughout
Middle East and North Africa cut Axum off from rest of Christian world• Axum then began long decline
DECLINE of AXUM• Axumite Empire disappeared
by 900 AD– Survivors lost their power
and wealth but they clung to their Christian faith• Comforted them in the
long centuries of poverty and isolation that followed• Allowed them to survive
to become the ancestors of Africa’s oldest independent people, the Ethiopians
Prosperity of Islamic North Africa stimulated trade across
the Sahara Desert
Merchants sought West African kola nuts, gums,
cotton cloth, hides, slaves, and gold
Exchanged salt for these items
Merchants had to follow very specific routes across the
desert
This allowed local strongmen who controlled these valuable routes to tax all caravans that
came their way
These individuals often evolved into powerful rules who controlled impressive states
Also used learning and literacy they gained from Muslim merchants to create impressive administrative systems and sophisticated cultures
Soon after the creation of an Islamic world economy, a number of states developed along
the southern border of the Sahara Desert which monopolized key trade routes and
gained widespread fame for their wealth and power.
KINGDOM OF GHANA• King of Ghana controlled
the caravan routes between the salt mines and the gold mines
• Used profits from this geographic position to develop a powerful army and expand his territory
ISLAM AND GHANA
• Rulers of Ghana welcomed Muslim merchants and teachers– Used Muslim learning
for economic and administrative purposes
– But they did not convert to Islam until the last days of their civilization
END OF GHANA
• Prosperity of Ghana was based solely on its control of the Sijilmassa caravan route– Did not manufacture any products or even grow much of its own
food• Just bought these things with profits of its caravan route
monopoly• But Ghana lost control of caravan route to desert nomads (Berbers)– And it quickly broke apart and collapsed
KINGDOM OF MALI• Main trade route across Sahara
shifted westward after the collapse of Ghana– Provided the base for the rise of
Kingdom of Mali• Local chieftain Sundiata came to
control this new caravan route– Used huge profits gained from
this control to create a powerful army and extend his territories into the west• Thus creating the Kingdom of
Mali
Sundiata Keita
CULTURE OF MALI
• Mali developed a system of internal trade based on the production and sale of agricultural products– Had a more diversified
economy than Ghana had• Rulers of Mali converted to
Islam early in their history– Turned their capital of
Timbuktu into a famous center of Islamic learning and worship
MANSA MUSA
• King Mansa Musa made trip to Mecca in 1324– Accompanied by huge army
of retainers and servants– Gave away huge amounts of
gold to local rulers along his route in order to broadcast his wealth
– Also spent vast amounts for provisions for his entourage
• Trip also intensified Islamic influence in Mali
END OF MALI
• After the death of Mansa Musa, Mali was attacked by desert tribes (Berbers)– Took over Timbuktu and
northern part of kingdom• At the same time, local
strongmen in other parts of the kingdom exploited the general chaos, broke away, and set up independent states
• By the 1370s, the Kingdom of Mali had completely collapsed
GREAT ZIMBABWE
• Located in what is now the modern country of Zimbabwe– Named after ruins– Traded with China and
India• Ruins are still impressive– Massive stone walls– A stone fortress– Stone towers– Strange statues of birds
WHO BUILT IT?• Ruins first discovered
in 1871
THE REAL GREAT ZIMBABWE
• Had been capital of a large state in southeaster Africa
• Active in international trade
• May have been a religious center since the numerous bird statues may have represented their god of the sky
ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHE• Population reached 25,000 people– But this growth put
tremendous strain on fragile agricultural and grazing environment of the region• Which ultimately collapsed
due to over-farming and over-grazing
• With collapse of local environment, people began to leave the city– By 1600, the site was
completely abandoned
SUMMARY• Many more civilizations rose
and fell in other parts of Africa– All of which points to the
same thing:• Even though most of the
rest of the world didn’t know about it, Africans frequently developed sophisticated and prosperous civilizations long before Europeans arrived on the continent with their allegedly gift of civilization