wound healing
TRANSCRIPT
WOUNDMyths & facts of
Care Graphics & Research:;
Mansoor Khan (M.B.B.S)
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar.
WOUN
D
Discontinuity of the skin, mucous membrane or tissue caused by physical,
chemical or biological insult”“
Changing trends in the classifcation…?
ACUTE Recent wound which has yet to progress through the sequential stages of healing
CHRONIC Wound that has arrested in one of the wound healing stages usually inflammatory phase
Acute vs Chronic Wounds
SIMPLE WOUND those wounds which are readily managed by local wound care /contraction, direct closure, skin grafting, local tissure rearrangment.
COMPLEX WOUND these are large wounds requiring tissue distant from wound site i.e. regional, distal transposition or microvascular composite tissue transfer
PROBLEM WOUND Those wounds which fails to achieve closure with the above methods or recurres due to local or systemic causes.
Clinical History, examination & investigations….?
Mechanism of trauma,
duration, pain, discharge .
Co-morbidities (DM, HTN e.t.c.),
radiotherapy
Location, size, depth, exposed structures, level
of contamination, necrosis, level of
exudation, granulation,
Visitrak Grid
Visitrak Grid
Standardized serial digital photography
Portable Digitizer for Wound Monitoring
Full blood count, serum albumen,
blood glucose level and HbA1c,
CRP and ESR, ABPI,
Transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcPO2)
Causative factors of problem wounds….?
PROBLEM WOUND
Bacterial
Infection
Ischemia
Age
Accelerated senescence, diminished production of growth factors, collagen, matrix, decreased ability to survive hypoxic stress, Aging is irreversible: optimization of the systemic parameters & supplementation is the solution
AGE
Damage to the small vessels in the wound leads
to hypoxia of the wound relative to the normal tissue (25mmHg vs
40mmHg), this hypoxia becomes chronic due to peri-wound fibrosis in
problem wounds.
ISCHEMIA
Reduction of edema
ISCHEMIA
Offloading: Reduction of pressure reduces ischemia.
ISCHEMIA
Reduction of peripheral vascular resistance
ISCHEMIA
Warmth: Vasodilates the vessels
ISCHEMIA
ISCHEMIA
Hydration: Improves circulation
ISCHEMIA
Bacterial inoculum & virality, presence of foreign bodies, determines the severity of the wound
Bacteria: Set up free radicles environment, secrets toxins & proteases----bystander damage
BACTERIA
Indications for antibiotics: Venous stasis ulcers, lymphangitis, cellulitis, critical colonization of the
wound, infection (straw color oozing, pain),
BACTERIA
Never forget to use topical antibiotics ‘cuase peri-wound fibrosis restricts the the delivery of systemic antibiotics
Management (debridement)….?
Debridement : without debridement wound is exposed to cytotoxic stressors & competes with the bacteria for scarce oxygen & nutrition resources, debridement reduces the bioburden and help ensure healing
Post-debridement
Eschar : should be excised: Many surgeons still consider it as a biological dressing & believes in healing under eschar. Proteinaceous eschar acts as meal for bacteria.
Enzymatic wound debridement
Autolytic debridement: through the action of the leukocytes i.e. hydrocollides
Pressurized water jet machamical debrider (VersaJet)
Adjuvents in management….?
NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY
Tremendous adjuvent for wound closure Mechanism: relieves edema, removes deletrious enzymes, exudates, bacterial load, cyclical compression & relaxation stimulates mechanotransductive pathway of growth factors.
Precautions: the sponge should not be placed on normal skin, use of optimal negative pressure of 125mmHg
Indications: lymphatic leak, venous stasis ulcers, diabetic wounds, sternal wounds, orthopedic wounds, abdominal wounds
Contraindications: malignancy, ischemic wounds, inadequately debrided & badly infected wounds, exposed vessels, patients on anticoagulants
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
100% oxygen at 2-3 ATA raises the dissolved oxygen level from 0.3% to 7% in plasma which increases 4-5 times oxygen delivery to the wound
DRESSINGS
Goals: to clean the wound, creat moist healing environment to facilitate cell migration & prevent dessication
Paradigm shift: from moist to dry dressing to moist dressing.
Hydrogel/films/composite dressings: ;used for light exudating wounds
Hydrocollides are used for moderate quantities of exudation.
Alginates/foams/NPWT: usefull for heavy exudation.
CHOICE OF DRESSING IS BASED ON QUANTITY OF EXUDATE
GauzeAdvantages: Traditional first choice used for moist to dry dressing, low material expense, easily availble, excellent as surgical bandage for uncomplicated.
Dis advantages: moist to dry dressings are traumatizing as gauze is non-selective debrider causing significant bystander damage, leaves behind fine microfibers which are irritants and source of infection.
Impregnated gauze with petrolium, iodinated compounds for moist dressing is available having comparable results with the modern dressings.
Semiocclusive DressingsUnpermeable to fluids to keep moist environment, permit of gas molecules.To cover freshly closed incisions, skin graft donor site. Should not be used for contaminated wounds .
Hydrogel dressing: Autolytic debridement by rehydrating the wound and facilitat healing. Used in wound with small amount of eschar and predisposed to dessication, infected wounds, require secondary dressing on top of it.
Foam dressingHighly absorptive and acts like a wick making it useful in highly exudative wounds.
Alginates useful in wounds with significant exudated fluids, they can absorb fluids 20 times their dry weight, not to be used on nonexudative wounds as they will dry up the wound. If used for dry wound they should be hydrated with saline prior to application
Pyodine iodine & Chlorhexadine damages the normal cells,
fibroblasts and growth factors as well, so newer antimicrobial
agents containing dressings are favoured i.e. silver and
cadexomer iodine
Antimicrobial dressingsMost benefical agent is Silver, broad spectrum antimicrobial agent including VRE, MRSA.
Cadexomer iodineSlow release iodine for cosistent bactericidal levels without the wound cell damaging effects seen with pyodine-iodine products
Management of simple & complex wounds….??
Thorough wound wash Debridement of the necrosed
margins, conservatively on the face,Layered closure to obliteration the
dead spaceNo skin stiches untill skin margins
are <2mm apart by applying intradermal sutures
Use of fine monofilament sutures with carefull handling of the skin margins.
Timely removal of the sutures, and application of the scar
modification measurements ensures a fine scare…..
Elective surgery patients are advised to refrain from strenous activity for at least 6 weeks
Management of problem wound…?
Decreases angiogenesis, collagen deposition, cellular proliferation, prone to infectionPatients should receive Vit-A (25000IU/day PO or 200000 IU topically TDS)Goal should be to maintain a clean wound with minimal bacterial colonization
Irradiated woundsProgressive endarteritis obliterans, microvascular damag, fibrotic changes leading to ischemia, prone to infection.Needs very carefull debridement, antimicrobial moist dressing while promoting autolysis are ideal for these wounds. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and growth factors are also useful adjuvents. Usually needs flap coverage.
Pressure soresPatients are usually malnourished and nutritional uplift is necessory in these patients along with the administration of growth hormones or anabolic steroids (oxandrolone) to counteract the catabolic s state of the patients
Pressure soresThey needs thorough multiple sessions of debridements and ultimately fasciocutaneous or musculocutaneous flape coverage. Frustrating part is its high recurrence rates.
Film drssings are ideal for stage I & II to keep the moist environment. While for stage III & IV more absorptive dressings (hydrogel, hydrocollides, foams and alginates) are required depending on the exudatation level.
Pressure soresThe spasm of the patients should be relieved non-surgically (benzodiazipins, dantrolen e.t.c.) or surgically. Use of pressure relieving devices are helpful in healing and preventing recurrence.
Diabetic woundsCombination of microangiopathic, neuropathic and pressure necrosis ulcers. Thorough serial debridement , glucose control, pressure offloading, revascularization, nerve decompression combination is required.
Venous stasis ulcersCompression therapy is the main stay of theapy i.e. graduated compression stockings (30-40mmHg pressure), contraindicated when ABPI is <0.7 and shloud be used with causion in 0.7-0.9.
Supplementary dressing depending upon the amount of exudate is used. When edema subsides then the wounds are closed & compression therapy contiued post-op for several weeks.
Ulcers resistant to compression therapy should undergo venous insufficiency studies. The superficial/perforators insufficiency is the idication for vascular surgery.