RTR TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE

We are listing some of the very common topics based on different situations in RTR Transmission.Its nearly impossible to cover all the situations but discussing some of the common topics.In case, if question comes out of the topics discussed below. It is recommended for a candidateto attend the question in examination by using standard phrases and standardtransmission technique.There are also few small situations which are discussed inbetween of the topics listed below.

Disclaimer:The topic covered below is for RTR Transmission exams andmost of the situations arevery different from the Real life transmission on-board an aircraft.These notes are just to set a format in your mind and for standard practice for RTR transmission examinations.In any case Author is not Responsible for any such details given in this blog ifquoted with any authority.And also it will not serve as a legaldocument.Non of the charts, maps and other drawingsgiven in this blog is for practicalpurpose.All drawings, charts, maps are given as a sample forunderstanding. However, these notes are prepared after theself-study done by author from different governmentand non-government documents, books and other reading materials. In any case readers are recommended to read content at there own risk. Situations of RTR Transmission 1.Position Report 2.RVSMa.Aircraft unable RVSM, in contact with ATC.b.Aircraft flying on deviated track, no contact with ATCc.Aircraft unable RVSM, re-established contact with ATC.d.Non-RVSM approved aircraft, for RVSM Level. 3.Radio communication failure 4.Joining or crossing ATS Routes 5.AIRPROX on different situations 6.Traffic on reciprocal tracks, crossing each other climb or descend/ lateral separation/ longitudinal separation. 7.a.Weather deviation (In contact with ATC) b. Weather deviation (no contact with ATC) 8.Wind shear report 9.Vehicle on Taxiway 10.Request to change ATS Route (Altering Route) 11.Urgency 12.Distress a. Cabin decompression b. Engine on fire c. Aircraft entered in prohibited area. 13.Visual Approach 14.Standard Instrument Departures (SID`s charts) 15.Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STAR`s charts) 16. Holdings Over Fix or w.r.t. Fix.

1.Position Report

Example-

figure 1.1 -by ICA

Transmission Format

Station called kings-way controlStation calling(with station freq.) Air India 131 on 118.1Spoken word POSITIONReporting point time ANR 1100 (Give fix name and then present time over that fix)Flight level FL330EST. Next Reporting Point EST. Blue Whale 1115Reporting Point Ensuing PM Next

Example-

figure 1.2 -by ICA

Transmission- kings way control on 118.1 Air India 131 POSITION ANR 1100 FL 330 Est. Blue Whale 1115 BWN Next

* Distance should be reported with respect to VOR AND DME by using word " TO" and " FROM"

Example-

figure 1.3 - by ICA

* Use word " ABEAM" when aircraft has Nav-Aid at 090 degrees to its RIGHT or LEFT side.

* If aircraft is overhead of any FIX (VOR, DR etc...). Use only " Name of FIX" and give " PRESENT TIME" over that fix, it`s better not to use word " OVERHEAD" in such case.

Example-

Transmission - AI-131 POSITION DPN 1100 FL320

2.RVSM (ReducedVerticalSeparationMinimums)

RVSM Airspace is from FL290 to FL410

Requirements to Fly RVSM -

# Airspace should be approved as RVSM airspace# Aircraft should be certified to Fly RVSM# pilot should be approved to FLY RVSM

Following Equipment should be fully serviceable-

# Two Primary Altimeter Settings# Automatic Altitude Keeping Device# Altitude Alerting Device# Transponder with MODE- C

Separation in RVSM

# Aircraft in same direction, separation is of 2000 feet# Aircraft in opposite direction, separation is of 1000 feet

Situation (a)Aircraft becomes Non-compliant to RVSM, due any of the mandatoryequipment failure. In contact with ATC

Example-

Transmission -[chennai control VT-RGT, Unable RVSM due equipment. POSITION, 60 DME Distance from MMV P628 FL310 Required FL270]

Important:In the above given example, a pilot cannot request FL 280.Because its a east bound flight. please read" Semi-circular Rule "for more details.

Golden Words:Do not forget to use hypothetical data whenever required,but if it is given. Then use the data given in your question paper.In the above given examplethere is no data given for DME, AIRWAYetc.

Transmission -

Pilot -chennai control VT-RGT unable RVSM due equipment. POSITION, 60 DME Distance from MMV P628 FL310 REQUEST FL270

Chennai control-VT-RGT Descend to FL270

Pilot-Leaving FL310 for FL270, VT-RGT

Situation (b.)Aircraft Unable to continue RVSM, Lost Contact with ATC.

If aircraft unable to continue RVSM and Lost contact with ATC.First make right or left turn by 90 degrees and continue flyingtill 15 nm. Once you are at 15 nm make a turn parallel to the assign ATSRoute and climb or descend by 500 feet. SWITCH ON all exterior lights.

" transmission for this situation is given below this figure"

Transmission Format

1. Pan-pan pan-pan pan-pan2. All aircraft All aircraft3. In the vicinity of (DME DISTANCE, NAME OF FIX AND ROUTE)4. Aircraft identification 5. Type of aircraft6. Unable RVSM due (EQUIPMENT, SEVERE TURBULENCE etc.)7. Position of aircraft (DME DISTANCE, FIX AND ROUTE)8. Flight level9. What action you are taking (TURNING RIGHT/LEFT BY 90 DEGREES - FOR 15 NM - WILL FLY FL+500 OR FL-500 FEET ON DEVIATED TRACK)

10. All exterior lights switched ON11. Keep a look out

figure 1.6 -by ICA

Example-Transmission-Pilot- pan-pan pan-pan pan-panAll aircraft All aircraftIn the vicinity of P628 VT-RGT AIRBUS,Unable RVSM due EQUIPMENT50 DME Distance from MMVP628 FL310 Turning Right by 90 degreesfor 15 nm, will fly FL315 on Deviated Track.All Exterior Lights Switched ONKeep a Look Out

IN THE ABOVE TRANSMISSION:VT-RGT is an aircraft registration no. P628 is Hypothetical AIRWAY MMV is a fix (hypothetically) Do not forget to transmit- type of Aircraft

* How to transmit while changing a Flight Levels on Cruise ? Transmit- 1. while leaving a Level 2. passing a Level 3. Reaching a Level

Situation (c.)Aircraft on Deviated track, an ATC contact Re-established.

figure 1.7 -by ICA

TransmissiionPilot-Chennai control VT-RGT when 50 DMEdistance from MMV P628*. Lost contact with you,were unable RVSM due equipment.Present position 15 nm deviated trackcrossing radial 140, 80 DME from MMV FL315Request to Resume Normal Navigation (RNN) ANDFL 270

Chennai control-VT-RGT, Clear to RNN. Clear to descend FL270

Pilot-Returning to P628*,Leaving FL315 for FL 270, VT-RGT*(P628 is an Airway)

Situation (d.)Non RVSM approved aircraft for RVSM level

Transmission-Pilot-Mumbai control VT-RJP, FL270 required FL310. Negative RVSM

Mumbai control-VT-RJP climb to FL310

Pilot-Leaving FL270 for FL310 Negative RVSM, VT-RJP

Pilot-Mumbai control, VT-RJP maintainingFL310 Negative RVSM

Situation (e.)Aircraft becomes non-compliant to RVSM, due severe turbulence. Failsto get ATC clearance.

figure 1.8 -by ICA

Transmission-Pilot- pan-pan pan-pan pan-pan all aircraft all aircraft In the vicinity of P628 VT-RGT Airbus P628 FL310Turning right by 90 degrees for 15 nm due weather/ thunderstorm will fly FL315 on deviated track all exterior lights switched ON keep a look-out

3.Radio Communication Failure(RCF) In case of Radio communication failure-

1. Try to contact on alternate frequency2. If above fails, try to contact appropriate ground station3. If the above fails, try to contact with aircraft flying in vicinity on appropriate frequency.4. If the above fails, transmit you message on the frequency at which you transmitted earlier at the first place.

MAKE THIS TRANSMISSION AS-"BLIND TRANSMISSION" AND REPEAT IT TWICE.

The concept is given below-

Figure 1.9 -by ICA

In this given situation, an Airbus with Registration no. VT-LMCinitially cleared for FL160 for the separation from other traffic, later itis suppose to climb for En-route on FL220 (two two zero) butunable to contact theFacility due to Radio communication failure. As per RCF procedure, pilot estimates the first reporting pointi.e. between DPN and IKABA at FL160. lets us say,Pilotestimates-IKABA @ 1210. Now as per RCF procedure, aircraft willleave FL160 for its en-routeclimb exactly after 20 (two zero) minutesfrom the first estimate (IKABA).It will leave FL160 for FL220 @ 1230 [1210 + 0020 minutes]. Keep this inmind that this is a Broadcast.

Transmission for the above given situation -Transmission-Pilot-Delhi Approach VT-LMC on 118.1 AirbusTransmitting BlindFL160, Est IKABA 1210 JJP 1225 GUDUM 1245will leave FL160 1230 for FL220will transmit again at 1210 " I SAY AGAIN " Delhi Approach VT-LMC on 118.1 AirbusTransmitting BlindFL160, Est IKABA 1210 JJP 1225 GUDUM 1245will leave FL160 1230 for FL220will transmit again at 1210

(* keep broadcasting on each and every reporting point, give full compliance until examiner asks you to attend next question)

Pilot-Delhi Approach VT-LMC on 118.1transmitting blind PositionJJP 1225 Est. GUDUM 1245IDOLA next.will transmit again at 1230 " I SAY AGAIN"Delhi Approach VT-LMCtransmitting blind PositionJJP 1225 Est. GUDUM 1245IDOLA next.will transmit again at 1230

Pilot-Delhi Approach VT-LMCon 118.1 transmitting blindleaving FL160 for FL220will transmit again reaching FL220 " I SAY AGAIN"Delhi Approach VT-LMCon 118.1 transmitting blindleaving FL160 for FL220will transmit again reaching FL220

4.Joining or crossing ATS Routes

Transmission Format1. Station called2. Station calling3. Type of aircraft4. Weather conditions (IMC or VMC)5. Position, level6. Est. of joining point7. Level of joining point8. Route9. Landing aerodrome after joining10. T.A.S.11. Request joining clearance or Crossing clearance

Example-

Situation- Aircraft Identity: VT-RJP Type of aircraft: ATR Route: Jodhpur to Delhi Refer chart no. 1.(download charts from link given above) FL210

Transmission-Pilot-DELHI CONTROL VT-RJP ATRIMC POSITION R085 60DME DISTANCEFROM JJO FL210 EST. UKBAB 1215FL210 W13N LANDING DELHITAS 310 KNOTSREQUEST JOINING CLEARANCE

Situation- Aircraft Identity: VT-RJP Type of aircraft: Boeing Route: VABP - VAUD via Pratapgarh FL220 Refer chart no. 1.

1. At 60 nm from VABP, Nagpur changes you to Next ATC unit. obtain crossing clearance.

Transmission-ASSUMEPRESENTTIME: 0440Pilot-AHEMDABAD CONTROL VT-RJP ON 134.2BOEING IMC POSITION R285 60DME DISTANCEFROM BPL FL220 A474 EST. PRA 0500LANDING UDAIPUR TAS 340 KNOTSREQUEST CROSSING CLEARANCE

5.Airprox

Word "AIRPROX" derived from Aircraft Proximity.The situation classified by the level of Risks:1. Risk of Collision -when there is a serious risk of collision has existed.2. Safety not assured-when the safety of aircraft have been compromised.3. No risk of collision-when there is no risk of collision has existed.4. Risk not determined-when there is insufficient information available to determine the risk involved, or in conclusion or conflicting evidence precluded such determination.

figure 2.0 -by ICA

Transmission Format

Type of Incidence-Varanasi control " Airprox" Risk of collisionAI-131 Airbus Radial 290, 90 DME DistanceTO BBN R594 TAS480K FL330 MaintainingFlying conditions-IMC/VMCTime of Incidence-At Time 0315Details-An Indian Air-force (IAF) fighter aircraftcrossed flightpath by 3nm ahead in descendingphase from left to right sighted10 o` clock

Example-Given: Aircraft Registration: VT-PXQ Type of Aircraft: AIRBUSRoute: VABP-VEJS, A791Flight Level: 350 Refer Chart No. 2(download charts from link given above)

Situation:You reached JAJB at 1815. An IAF Fighter aircraft crosses your flight path from Left to Right in climbing phase approx. 3NM ahead. Transmit your message

Transmission:NAGPUR CONTROL " AIRPROX " RISK OF COLLISIONVT-PXQ AIRBUS JJB1815 A791 TAS 360K FL350 IMC.AT 1814 AN IAF FIGHTER AIRCRAFT CROSSED FLIGHTPATH 3NM AHEAD IN CLIMBINGPHASE. SIGHTED 12 O`CLOCK.

6.Traffic on Reciprocal track

figure 2.1 -by ICA

# Clearance of climb or descent to other FL will be given by ATC after Est. time to cross + 10 minutes.# If traffic is in sight - TRANSMIT-" Traffic in sight (AI-131), we cleared the traffic" after that request climb/descend, so there is no need to wait for 10 minutes after Est. time to cross because clearing of traffic is confirmed.

figure 2.2 -by ICA

7.Weather deviation

figure 2.3 -by ICA

Situation (a.)Aircraft in contact with ATC

case of weather deviation from ATS Route:

Format of Transmission-Pilot:NAGPUR CONTROL VT-LMCAIRBUS "WEATHER DEVIATION REQUIRED"TO RIGHT BY 15 NM DUE BAD WEATHERDURATION 10 MINUTES.

Nagpur control:VT-LMC 15NM DEVIATION TO RIGHT

Pilot:TURNING (DEVIATION) RIGHT, VT-LMC[DO NOT REQUEST DEVIATION IN DEGREES, REQUEST IN DISTANCE (NM).YOU CAN REQUEST FOR APPROPRIATE DISTANCE TO CLEAR OFF THE WEATHER]Always Remember :Always avoid diversion to the direction where there is anotherATS Route is passing. Request/choose the opposite side in such case.There is a diversionpreference while crossing thunderstorm to your right hand side or left hand side(starboard or port) which depends upon hemisphere where you are flying. This is not animportant situation considered in Transmission exam up till date. But it is a very importantfactor in Real life Transmission. Refer meteorology for more details on this.

Situation:weather deviation denied by ATC.Transmission-Pilot:NAGPUR CONTROL VT-LMC WEATHER DEVIATIONREQUIRED 60 DME DISTANCE TO NNP FL330 REQ DEVIATIONTO RIGHT BY 15NM DUE BAD WEATHER DURATION 10 MINUTES

Nagpur control:VT-LMC UNABLE TO APPROVE DEVIATION RIGHTDUE TRAFFIC SPICE-JET 191. AIRBUS. 25NM TO YOUR RIGHTFL330 REQUEST INTENTION.

Pilot:FOR THE SAFTEY OF AIRCRAFT PASSENGER (PAX)DEVIATING RIGHT CONTACTING TRAFFIC

--------------------------------- NO FUTHUR REPLY FROM Nagpur Control

Pilot:SPICE JET 191, VT-LMC AIRBUS 60 DME DISTANCETO NNPG450 FL330 DEVIATING TORIGHT BY 15NM(or less as long asyou clear wx safely)TO AVOID WEATHER DURATION 10 MINUTESALL EXTERIOR LIGHTS SWITCHED ONKEEP A LOOK OUTSpiceJet-191:VT-LMC WILL KEEP A LOOK OUT, SPICE JET-191

Situation (b.)Aircraft is not in contact with ATC

figure 2.4 -by ICA

When there is no contact with ATC, and weather deviation is necessary.1. if flying easterly direction- While Turning Right, fly off the ATS assigned routeand climb by 300 feet at 10nm from ATS route. No need to climb if youaretaking diversion within 10 nm.

2. if flying easterly direction - While Turning left, fly off the ATS assigned route and descend by 300 feet at 10nm from ATS route. No need to descend if you are taking diversion within 10nm.

3.if flying wasterly direction - While Turning right, fly off the ATS assigned route and descend by 300 feet at 10nm from ATS route. No need to descend if you are taking diversion within 10nm.

4.if flying wasterly direction - While Turning left, fly off the ATS assigned route and climb by 300 feet at 10nm from ATS route. No need to climb if you are taking diversion within 10nm.

Transmission- Format for weather diversion if not in contact with ATCPilot:PAN-PAN PAN-PAN PAN-PANALL AIRCRAFT ALL AIRCRAFTIN THE VICINITY OF 70 DME DISTANCE NNPG450 FL330. TURNING RIGHT BY 15NMDUE BAD WEATHERAT 10NM WILL CLIMB TO FL333 AND MAINTAINON DEVIATED TRACKALL EXTERIOR LIGHTS SWITCHED ONKEEP A LOOK OUT.

* climb or descend by 300 feet if you are diverting within 10nm. if diversion distance is not given in question. better to take diversion within 10nm so that there is no need to transmit unnecessary and it will savelot of time.

8.Wind ShearReport Transmission Format for wind shear report-1. Station called2. Station calling3. "WIND SHEAR REPORT"4. Time5. Intensity6. Height7. Location

Example-1Pilot:Delhi Twr VT-RJHwindshear reporttime: 0915 Intensity ModerateHeight 700 FeetIn approach path

*Wind shear warning given by ATC to other aircraft:Delhi Twr:VT-RJO wind shear warningreported by arriving Boeing at time 0915intensity moderate in approach pathrunway 27 height 700 feet

9.Vehicle on Taxiway

figure 2.5 -by ICA

Informing ATC - Vehicle passes in front of youPilot:Delhi Ground VT-NOJ on Taxiway B (bravo) approachingintersection taxiway B-CA green car on taxiway C (charlie), from left to right.

10.Request to change ATS Route (Altering Route)

Given Situation: Aircraft Identity VT-LMC Route: VABB-VIDP, W13N FL300 Refer chart no. 1.(download charts from link given above)

-Over DOTIP, you decided to change your route from APANO and proceedto delhi via indore.

Transmission-Pilot:MUMBAI CONTROL VT-LMCPOSITION DOTIP 1115FL300, WILL ALTER COURSE FROMAPANO AND PROCEED VIA W10 FL310IID W10, BPL W20N FL300ESTIMATE APANO 1130BODAR 1145 IID 1200Golden Words:In this above given transmission. we changed ourFlight Level from FL300 to FL310 and again changed from FL310to FL300. It is because we are changing our direction at those pointsso applied changes according to the " semi-circular" Rule. please readsemi-circular rule for more details.

11.UrgencyThe situation which do not require immediate assistance/attention: can be defined as" a condition concerning the safety of an aircraft or othervehicle, or of some person on boardor within sight which do not require immediate assistance"

These situation cannot be defined and it is Pilot who decides the severityof situation and transmits message as an Urgency call.

If there is an Urgency Situation, Transmit you message to the station with " PAN-PAN" call, Repeated Three Time

Transmission FormatPan-Pan Pan-Pan Pan-PanStation called -Station calling (on frequency)Type of aircraft-Nature of emergency-Position-Intention-Useful information- (Total person on board=passengeron board + crew+yourself, -Fuel on board or endurance in Hour/Minutes)

12.Distress

The situation which require immediate assistance/attention: can be defined as" a condition of beingthreatened by serious and/or imminent danger and of requiringimmediateassistance"

These situation cannot be defined and it is Pilot who decides the severityof situation and transmits message as an Urgency call.

some of the situation given below should be treated as Distress situation:1. Cabin Pressure reduces.2. Aircraft structural damage.3. Aircraft enters in prohibited area.4. Engine on fire ...etc

If there is a Distress Situation, Transmit you message to the station with " MAY-DAY" call, Repeated Three Time

Transmission FormatMay-Day May-Day May-DayStation called -Station calling (on frequency)Type of aircraft-Nature of emergency-Position-Intention-Useful information- (Total person on board=passengeron board + crew+yourself, -Fuel on board or endurance in Hour/Minutes)Important : In case of distress/urgency, transmit your message on the frequencywhich is in use instead of emergency freq. 121.5mhz. switch to 121.5mhz only if asked by Station.

Situation (a):Cabin DecompressionAircraft Ident.: VT-LMC Type of aircraft:Challenger- you are 70nm to NNP(fix of nagpur) that cabin pressure reduces, take necessaryaction as you decide to continue flight to kolkata.

Transmission- Cabin DecompressionPilot:May-DayMay-DayMay-DayNAGPUR CONTROL VT-LMC ON 123.9CHALLENGEREXPERIENCING DECOMPRESSIONPOSITION 70 DME DISTANCE TO NNP FL330REQUEST IMMEDIATE DESCEND TO FL90WILL CONTINUE FLIGHT TO KOLKATAPASSENGER ON-BOARD 053FUEL 1TON

Nagpur control-VT-LMC ROGER YOUR MAY-DAYDESCEND TO FL90

Pilot-LEAVING FL330 FOR FL90, VT-LMC

Situation (b): Engine on fireAircraft Reg.: VT-LMC Type of Aircraft: Airbus Route: VIDP-VABB FL340

- That you are 80nm to VIJP, your left engine catches fire, you decided to land at VIJP

Transmission-Engine on firePilot:May-DayMay-DayMay-DayDELHI CONTROL VT-LMC ON 123.9 AIRBIUSENGINE NO. 1 ON FIRE POSITION 80DME DISTANCETO JJP FL340 WILL MAKE FORCE LANDINGAT JAIPUREST. JAIPUR IN 10 MINUTESREQUEST DESCEND LEVELSPERSON ON BOARD 105ENDURANCE 3 HOURS 45 MINUTES

Situation (c): Aircraft Entered on Prohibited Area* If you enter in prohibited area, transmit "MAY-DAY" (three times) and come outfrom the shortest way and land at the nearest aerodrome as soon as practical.

13.Visual ApproachFor visual approach-* Aircraft should runway in sight.* The pilot should ensure that he will be close to complete visual approach without loosing sight of runway.* The pilot should ensure that he will be able to complete visual approach without encountering IMC* If in case pilot looses sight of the runway, he should discontinue visual approach.

Example-Transmission-Pilot-MUMBAI TOWER VT-LMC ON 118.1AIRBUS FL50 FROM MUMBAI RWY IN SIGHTREQUEST VISUAL APPROACH

Mumbai tower-VT-LMC CLEARED FOR VISUAL APPROACHDESCEND TO CIRCUIT ALTITUDE REPORT DOWNWINDLEFT HAND CIRCUIT RWY27 QNH 1010

Pilot-CLEARED FOR VISUAL APPROACHLEAVING FL50 FOR CIRCUIT ALTITUDEWILL REPORT DOWNWIND LEFT HANDCIRCUIT RWY27 QNH 1010

Mumbai tower-THAT IS CORRECT

Pilot-VT-LMC(do not forget to acknowledge)

Pilot-MUMBAI TOWER VT-LMC REPORTING DOWNWIND

Mumbai tower-MUMBAI TOWER

Pilot-MUMBAI TOWER VT-LMCREPORTING BASE

Mumbai tower-MUMBAI TOWER

Pilot-MUMBAI TOWER, VT-LMCREPORTING FINAL

Mumbai tower-CLEAR TO LAND WIND CALM

Pilot-CLEAR TO LAND

Example-Discontinuing visual approachTransmission-Pilot-MUMBAI TOWER, VT-LMCDISCONTINUING/ABANDONINGVISUAL APPROACH DUE RUNWAYNOT IN SIGHT. POSITION DOWNWIND CIRCUIT ALTITUDE.REQUEST INSTRUCTIONS.

Mumbai tower-VT-LMC TURN RIGHT BY 90 DEGREES CLIMB TO FL 50REACHING FL50 RETURN TO BBB EXPECT ILS APPROACHRUNWAY 27

Pilot-TURNING RIGHT BY 90 DEGREES RETURN TO BBB UPONREACHING FL50EXPECT ILS APPROACH RUNWAY 27

Bonus situation:while taxing on taxiway youexperienced hotTyreindication, take action.Transmission-Pilot-DELHI TWR AI-131 GETTING HOT TYREINDICATION POSITION TAXIWAYMIKE STOPPING AIRCRAFTSLOWLY REQUEST FIRE TRUCK SERVICES FOR VISUAL CHECK.

14.Standard Instrument Departure (SID`s)

Read the chart carefully before you start exercise. Read the highlighted fields.you can copy and save these charts.

chart-1

SID 1.1 VIDP DELHI RWY27/28 (sample copy)

Example- Route: ALI 1E RWY 28(refer chart given above for route- SID 1.1)Transmission-Pilot-DELHI TWR VT-RMC ON 118.15 DME DISTANCE (DPN) TURNING LEFT TRACK 175

Delhi Twr-ROGER

Pilot-DELHI TWR VT-RMC ON TRACK 175 TO INTERCEPTR355 SKA TO MABER

Delhi Twr- VT-RMCROGER, CONTACT DELHI APPROACH ON 127.9

Pilot-SWITCHING TO DELHI APPROACH ON 127.9

Pilot-DELHI APPROACH ON 127.9 VT-RMC ESTABLISHED ON R355 SKA TO MABER

Delhi App.-ROGER

Pilot-DELHI TWR VT-RMC TURNING LEFT TO INTERCEPT R283 ALITO ALIGARH

Delhi App.-ROGER

Pilot-DELHI APPROACH VT-RMC ESTABLISHED ON R283 ALI TO ALIGARHPASSING FL70 REQUEST FURTHER CLIMB TO FL270

GOLDEN WORDS:Do not Read-back the transmission from the chart or the given clearance, use standardphraseology after reading the instructions from charts.As you can see in above transmission, the transmission is in standard form.you will surly wont get any marks if it is a read back from the chart or clearance.Dont forget to transmit if you intercept any Radial and after you established on that Radial.Instructions will be given on chart or if not given, it will be given by examiner after youRequest for ATC clearance.

How to obtain ATC clearance ? for chart given above:- suppose your route is DELHI TO LUCKHNOW

Transmission- for ATC clearancePilot-Delhi Tower, VT-RMC ON 118.1 REQUEST ATC CLEARANCE(clearance will be given by examiner, after that give compliance to that clearance)

Don`t change your frequency from tower/in use freq. to next facility until asked bytower/in use freq. no matter in what control area you are flying. But you can requestto switch freq. to next facility if control area is indicated as per given chart, else continue with same freq. in use to givefurthercompliance.

Example- Route: PUMOT 1A RWY28 (Refer chart given above for route- SID 1.1)Transmission-Pilot-DELHI TWR VT-RMC ON 118.1 5DME DISTANCE (DPN)TURNING LEFT TRACK 175 TO SOMAX

Delhi Twr-ROGER, DELHI TOWER

Pilot-DELHI TWR VT-RMC ON TRACK 175 DEGREES TO SOMAX

Delhi Twr-ROGER

Pilot-DELHI TOWER VT-RMC CROSSING R233 DPNTURNING LEFT TO INTERCEPT R299 ALI

Delhi Twr-ROGER

Pilot-DELHI TWR VT-RMC ESTABLISHED ON R299 ALI TO RADOM

Delhi Twr-DELHI TOWER

Pilot-DELHI TWR VT-RMC 61.5 DME DISTANCE ALI TURNING TO ESTABLISH R260 SSB

Delhi Twr-VT-RMC ROGER, DELHI TWR

Pilot-DELHI TWR VT-RMC ESTABLISH ON R260 (SSB) 112.4 DME DISTANCETO SSB FOR PUMOT

15.Standard Terminal Arrival Route(s) (STAR`s)

Read the chart carefully before you start exercise. Read the highlighted fields.you can copy and save these charts.

chart-

STAR 1.2 VOMM CHENNAI VOR RUNWAY 07 (sample copy)

Example- Position: W20 R-342 IAF 14D(Refer chart given above for route- STAR 1.2)Transmission-Pilot-CHENNAI TOWER VT-LMC R342 W20 14DME MMV LEAVINGFL50 FOR 4000 TURNING RIGHT FOR 12 DME ARC ILS APPROACHRWY07

Chennai Twr-ROGER

Pilot-CHENNAI TOWER VT-LMC COMMENCING 12 DME ARCCROSSING R318 LEAVING 4000 FOR 2300

Chennai Twr-CHENNAI TOWER

Pilot-CHENNAI TOWER VT-LMC CROSSING LEAD RADIAL 258TURNING LEFT TO INTERCEPT LOCALIZER

Chennai Twr-CHENNAI TOWER

Pilot-CHENNAI TOWER VT-LMC ESTABLISHED ON LOCALIZER REQUESTLANDING CLEARANCE

Chennai Twr-VT-LMC, CONTINUE APPROACH

Pilot-CONTINUE APPROACH, VT-LMC

Chennai Twr-VT-LMC, RUNWAY NOT CLEAR. CONTINUE APPROACH

Pilot-CONTINUE APPROACH, VT-LMC

Pilot-CHENNAI TOWER VT-LMC CROSSING OUTER MARKERREQUEST LANDING CLEARANCE

Chennai Twr-VT-LMC CLEAR TO LAND WIND CALM

Pilot-CLEAR TO LAND

GOLDEN WORDS: DO NOT FORGET TO REPORT WHILECROSSING MANDATORY RADIAL FOR REPORTING, WHILECHANGING LEVEL, AFTER ESTABLISHED ON ARCANDWHILE CROSSING LEAD RADIAL. IF LANDING CLEARANCEIS NOT OBTAINED. GET IT BEFORE ORON OUTER-MARKER.DO NOT LAND IF YOU DO NOT HAVE CLEARANCE, INTHAT CASECOMMENCE MISS-APPROACH ANDREAD THE MISS APPROACH PROCEDUREGIVEN INABOVE CHART. GIVE COMPLIANCE WITH MISS APPROACHPROCEDURE.

16.HOLDINGS OVER FIX / w.r.t. FIXHolding can be done over VOR, NDB & G.P.S. WAY POINT

holding instructions may be given by ATC or if not given by ATC it should be followed by instructionsgiven in charts or AIP etc.Holding clearance if given by ATC contains following elements-

1. Name of fix2. Directions of inbound leg from the fix.3. Radials / bearings that define the inbound leg.4. Turn direction (if non-standard)5. Leg length ( if non-standard. if not given; fly standard-each leg for one minute with standard rate of turn )6. Expect further clearance time (EFC)7. Any applicable notes

Holding entries: (Good to know : Not applicable for RTR TRANSMISSION)

1. Direct2. Parallel3. Tear Drop

Begin slowing your airspeed not less than 3 minutes before holding fix.MHS:200: KIAS MHA-6000 ft msl230: KIAS 6001-14000 ft msl265: KIAS 14001- msl and Above

The 5 T`s Pilot should remember1. Turn2. Time3. Twist (OBS)4. Throttle5. Talk (Radio Communication)

Report Format:1. Station calling2. is Established3. Holding altitude4. Time (ex: 1340Z )

Required Reports:1. Time and altitude when reaching a fix2. Time leaving a holding fix

*Holding can be done OVER the fix or at some DME w.r.t. FIX*Holding instruction may be given on chart or it might be asked by ATC to hold at any pointwith complete instructions.

CHART 1.3 HOLDING PATTERN

ATC holding Instructions and Transmission for Holding atPOINT (a.) given in chartExample- Position: RWY 07 while commencing miss-approach when- Aircraft fails to land. Read the miss approach procedure and follow the instructions.Transmit according to instructions.[ Refer chart-STAR 1.3 point (a.) ]Transmission-Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC UNABLE TO LAND(give reason: why unable to land)RWY 07 COMMENCING MISS-APPROACH Twr-CHENNAI TWR

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC AT 2300 FEET RUNWAY HEADINGTURNING LEFT FOR MMV VOR HOLDING R269 AT 3000 FEETEST. MMV 1350Z(TIME)

Twr-CHENNAI TWR

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC AT MMV 1350Z 3000 FEETFOR VOR HOLDING R269

Twr-CHENNAI TWR

Pilot-CHENNAI TOWER VT-LMCON OUTBOUND LEG HOLDING MMV 3000 FEET

Twr-CONTINUE HOLDING[ REPORT WHILE TURNING TO ESTABLISH OR AFTER ESTABLISHEDON INBOUND LEG ]

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC TURNING INBOUND R269 HOLDING

Twr-CONTINUE HOLDING

[ REPORT ONLY FOR FIRST HOLD AT INBOUND AND OUTBOUNDLATER REPORT ONLY AT INBOUND OR OVER THE FIX OR 30-40SECONDS BEFORE THE TIME, IF TIME FOR HOLD IS GIVEN BY ATC]

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC INBOUND CONTINUE HOLDING

Twr-CHENNAI TWR

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC MMV 1355ZCONTINUE HOLDING

Twr-CHENNAI TWR

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC MMV 1359Z( you will reach over the fix and report with time after each holdThat takes standard time 1 min on each leg and total hold is for 4 min.only applicable for standard holding )

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC INBOUND MMV R269 CONTINUE HOLDING

Twr-CHENNAI TWR

continue hold until advised further by ATC..................

ATC holding Instructions and Transmission for Holding atPOINT (b.) given in chart

Example- Position: RWY 07 after miss-approach when- Aircraft fails to land. ATC may give following Instructions to holdat initial approach fix-IAF W22 R-091 AT 20D (20 DME)[ Refer chart-STAR 1.3 point (b.) ]Transmission-Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC UNABLE TO LAND RWY07. WILL CLIMB 2300 FEET RUNWAY HEADING

Chennai Twr-VT-LMC PROCEED DIRECT TO IAF W22 AT 4000 ANDHOLD R091 20 DME MMV HOLD AT FL65 TIME 3 MINUTES.( check the minimum holding altitude in chart it`s MHA FL65, that means aircraftcannot hold below the MHA but if instructed by ATC to hold below MHAit should be followed instead of MHA given in chart )

(ATC MAY GIVE YOU THE LENGHT OF LEG IN NM`s TOHOLD AND TO AVOIDMORE NO OF TURNS AS WELLAS DIRECTION TO MAKE TURN IN HOLDING IN CASE OFNON-STANDARDHOLDING.IF NO SUCH INSTRUCTION IS GIVEN THEN FOLLOW THE CHARTAND IF NOT GIVEN ON CHART THEN FOLLOW THE STANDARD TURNTO RIGHT HAND SIDE AND KEEP LEG LENGHT FOR 1 MINUTEON EACH LEG)

Pilot-VT-LMC PROCEED DIRECT TO IAF W22 AT 4000 ANDHOLD R091 20 DME MMV HOLD AT FL60 TIME 3 MINUTES.

(GIVE COMPLIANCE TO GIVEN INSTRUCTIONS)

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC AT IAF 20D MMV FOR VOR HOLDINGR091 AT FL60 1350Z

Chennai Twr-CONTINUE HOLDING

Pilot- CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC ON OUTBOUND R091MMV HOLDINGChennai Twr-CONTINUE HOLDING

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR AI-131 TURNING FOR INBOUND HOLDING20 DME MMV

Chennai Twr-CONTINUE HOLD

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC HOLDING 091, 20DME MMV( no further inbound/outbound reported after one inbound and one out bound report,now report should be over the fix or on inbound leg just before reaching over the fix )

Chennai Twr-CONTINUE HOLD EXPECT VOR ILS 07 STANDBY FOR FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS

Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC CONTINUE HOLDING R091 20 DME MMVREQ FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS TO LAND RWY 07 VOR ILS.

Don`t forget to Transmit time while leaving the hold

ATC MAY ASK YOU TO HOLD ATPOINT (C.)INDICATED ON CHART.INSTRUCTIONS MAY BE AS FOLLOWS -

CHENNAI TWR-VT-LMC FLY DIRECT TO IAF DCT TIRUPATIAT FL 50 AND HOLD ON R-318 16 DME MMV HOLDING TO RIGHT(right hand pattern)EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE AT 1350Z

In instructions given in transmission, time for hold and length of holding legis not given. So keep holding time as standard i.e. for 1 minute on each leg.

ELECTRONICS IN AVIATION COMMUNICATION - WPC RTRThis section is focused on viva/theory applicable for Electronics In Aviation Communication:

ohm`s law:ohm`s law states that the current flowing through an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the EMF and inversely proportional to its resistance at a constant temperature.

I = E / R

where, I = current (unit -ampere), E = EMF(unit- Volt) and R = resistance (unit- ohm)

Power: The product of current and EMF is known as Power. watt is the unit of power.

1 kilowatt is power consumed in one hour.

W = IE

Battery:connecting a *primary cells (1.5 v) in series or parallel combination forms battery.*primary cells cannot be recharged

Volt:The S.I.* unit of EMF. The Difference of potential that would carry one ampere of current against one ohm resistance.

*SI UNITS: Systme International d'Units(INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS)

Ampere:It is a unit of current. one ampere of current represents one coulomb of electric charge moving past a specific point in one second.

EMF:The rate at which energy is drawn from the source when unit current flows through the circuit measured in unit, Volts.

" e.m.f is not a force in classic physics sense because it is measured in Volts & not in Newton "

* For aircraft requiring a battery of 12v, 6 cells are connected in series. When the cells are connected in parallel, the voltage of the battery remains the same as the single cell. however, the amount of current that can be drawn from the battery will multiply depending upon number of cells in parallel.

Resistance:The force that oppose the flow of electron current in a conductor. unit of resistance is ohm.When resistance are connected in series, the total resistance of the circuit is equal to Total Resistance, Rt = r1 + r2 + r3

When more than one resistance are connected in parallel (in circuit ), the total resistance of the circuit is equal to : Total Resistance: 1/R = 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3

Capacitance/capacitor:It is a passive electronic component that stores energy in a form of an electrostatic field. unit of capacitance is farad. * The insulating material used on capacitor plates calledDi-Electric

C = Q/V

where, C = capacitance in farad Q = charge in coulomb V = voltage (potential difference)

Eddy Current:An electric current induced within the body of a conductor when conductor either moves through a non-uniform magnetic magnetic field or in the region where there is a change in magnetic flux. It is sometimes called Foucault current. Eddy current cause heat and electromagnetic force in current. Eddy current is superficial phenomenon.

About EMF, Open & Close Circuit of Cells

"In cell, The EMF is close circuit & voltage at the terminal of cell that isneither charging nor discharging is called the open circuit voltage and equalsthe emf of the cell"

Kirchhoff`s law

Kirchhoff`s first law:The algebraic sum of current in network of conductors meeting at a point is zero. (figure 1.)

In figure 1. given above, i1 + i4 = i2 + i3 (according to Kirchhoff circuit law)

Kirchhoff`s second law:The directed sum of the electronic potential differences (voltage) around any close circuit is zero.(figure 2.)

In figure 2. given above, V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 = 0

Formula to calculate electric fan RPM:H.P. = (TN)/5252

where,H.P. - horse powerT= torqueN= speed (RPM)

Transformers

Transformers is a device used in A.C. circuit either to step up or step down the voltage. It works on the principle of mutual induction.

facts:* A.C. supply is 50 to 60 times per second and is called 50 hz/ 60 hz A.C.

*In order to reduce the size of transformers/chokes etc in an aircraft. the A.C. supply is 400hz.

Generators/motors

"a machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is calledGeneratorswhereas,a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is calledMotors"

A.C. GENERATOR- a generator designed to produce A.C. current is called A.C.generatorsor analternator

D.C.GENERATOR- a generator producing D.C. energy is called D.C. generators. Both type (A.C. & D.C.) of generators operated by inducing an A.C. voltage with the help of commutator the A.C. energy can be converted in to D.C.

CHOKE

A choke is a coil of insulated wire often wound on a magnetic core, used as a passive inductor which blocks higher frequency A.C. in an electric circuit while allowing to pass low frequency and direct current by having an impedance largely determined by reactance.

IN SIMPLE WORDS: " CHOKE " MEANS BLOCKING.

Uses:Chokes are used in Radio Circuits are divided into two class -1. Designed to use with power and audio frequency.2. For Radio frequency.