wpo-08 wcdma site survey
TRANSCRIPT
7/27/2019 Wpo-08 Wcdma Site Survey
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Content
Overview
Site Survey and Design Basics
WCDMA Site Survey
Focus of Site Survey and Design
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Overview
Principles and methods for site survey of WCDMAradio network is basically the same as 2G system.
Due to the self-interference feature of WCDMA
system, reasonable site address planning is
extraordinarily important for a wonderful networkperformance.
WCDMA site survey need to concern the station
sharing with 2G system and interference separation
issues.
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Position of Site Survey and Design in
Network Planning Process
investigation
Analysis
Simulation
modeling
Survey
Requirement
analysis
Scale
estimation
Site survey and
design
Transmitting
model test
Transmittingmodel
correction
Output planning report
Network
simulation
Network planning process
Detailed
planning
Network simulation is the
guide and verification for
site survey;
Site survey is the actual
implementation of site
topology structure in
network simulation.
Both of them take the
other as reference,
through repeated
verification, until the
preset aim of networkplanning is fulfilled.
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Content
Overview
Site Survey and Design Basics
WCDMA Site Survey
Focus of Site Survey and Design
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Basic Principle for Site Address Selection
Site address selection for BS:Determine first thebackbone site, and then the local site. Complete first
the coverage for network structure, and then
coverage for specific scenarios.
Try to meet the ideal position specified by cellular
mesh in radio network communication theory. The
deviation should be alternative as much as possible
around 1/4 of the BS coverage radius for the cell
division and network development in the future.
This is a basic principle for network planning, and its
aim is to determine the overall structure of the
network.
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Method for Site Address Selection
Screening in accordance with coverage andcapacity requirement
Screening in accordance with the geographical
environment around
Screening in accordance with the radio environmentof the site address
Screening based on existing resources
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Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
Site address must be selected for primary coveragearea.
Site address must be selected for streets in central
urban area.
BS deployment position must have clear coverageaim.
BS deployment position should be as much as
possible close to the traffic concentration point.
After site selection for “primary” area is completed,perform the large-area continuous coverage for
“secondary” areas.
Expand from the “searching circle” that made up of
key stations.
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Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
Coverage: According the specific condition, to achieve multi-form coverage through “point”, “line”, and “area”. BS addressselection need to concern firstly the coverage for key areas,hot areas, high traffic density areas, and important roads andtransportation lines.
Quality:
Switching:ensure the success rate of switching. Cell respiration:to avoid the use of cell respiration.
Load:make full consideration to load margin, generallymargin of 40%~ 60% should be kept.
Capacity: At the early planning stage, capacity has been
fully considered to avoid frequent expansions. Simplified capacity expansion:expansion without station
increase, smooth expansion.
Indoor coverage:indoor coverage need to be fully considered,and it should equal with that of outdoor coverage
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Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
The guiding principle for planning strategy is toensure effective coverage and fully absorb traffics.
Its premise is to divide area levels reasonably.
Area level is determined by geographical
environment and traffic distribution.
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Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
“area” is the area that continuously connected ---with a certain traffic (service) requirement, and we
call it “area” coverage.
Meet the requirement of mass people= satisfaction straightly rises
= income straightly rises
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Reasonable
distribution
Unreasonable
distribution
Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
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Screening in accordance with the
geographical environment around
Free space Signal fades 20 dB/ 10 times
the distance
Reflection
If phase of the reflection wave
is reverse, there will be offsetfunctions to the direct wave,which reduced the receivingpower
Signal fades 30-40 dB/ 10
times the distance, 10 dB /2times the distance
Diffraction
Direct wave is blocked
With additional loss
diffraction
Partial reflection
B
A
d
D
Free space
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Screening in accordance with the
geographical environment around
Basic mechanism:Diffraction Computation method:Statistics
Building/vehicle
penetration loss
?
?
?area Dense urban urban
subur
b
rura
l
vehi
cleBuilding
penetrationloss
18~25 15~20 10~15 10 6
Typical value for building penetration loss
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Screening in accordance with the radio
environment
To avoid site address selection near stronginterference sources like mass-power radio station,
radar, satellite ground station, etc.
When sharing address with different system, enough
vertical separation space need to be ensured; for
example, address sharing with GSM1800Mhz
To avoid site address selection near national
security departments.
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Screening based on existing resources
Different BS types can be selected according the resource
condition Macro station
For large/medium traffic areas, it will be divided into indoor and outdoor patterns, which is of power processingcapability
Micro station
For small traffic areas, it is of small volume and flexibleinstallation.
Baseband pool
Provide only baseband processing function, used inconjunction with RRU
RRU Radio remote unit, generally connected with donor station
(macro station or baseband pool) through fiber. Donor station provides baseband function, while RRU completethe radio function. It is of small volume and flexibleinstallation.
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……
RRU
RRU
RRU
RRU
RRU
RRU……
……
……
……
……
fiber fiber
feeder
Screening based on existing resources
Macro station for local coverage, the left capacity is expanded through
RRU. Convert the “concentrated” capacity to “spreaded” coverage. Distributed coverage
As RRU is of small volume and flexible installation, it can bypassthe equipment room
Bottlenecks caused by resource, unnecessary to rebuild new
equipment room. Directly connect to donor station (baseband pool or macro station)
through fiber, whose processing capability is generally stronger than micro stations
Through flexible network distribution, the blind coverage arearesulted from building blocks in dense urban area can be solved.
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Items need to avoid while site address
selection
While planning WCDMA network, circle distributionof BS must be avoided, as it can easily cause pilot
frequency pollution.
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RFD
Items need to avoid while site address
selection
There should be no blocking around the station
Short-distance blocking has very big effect to the BS
coverage. Shadow will appear on the back of the blocker tocause blind coverage point; while reflection signal from
front of the blocker will cause unnecessary interference to
the system. Generally, there should be no buildings who
are 5m higher than local building in 100m scope around the
station, and no larger high buildings in the 200m scope.
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Items need to avoid while site address
selection
While planning WCDMA network, avoid large-traffic“objects” at remote end of the station.
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While planning WCDMA network, avoid thecircumstance of high-low station, as it may easily
cause “station cover station” issues, and thus
appear cross-district coverage.
BS
BS coverage area
Neighbor BS
R1 R2
Items need to avoid while site address
selection
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Experience Summary for Site Address
Selection
BS address selection should firstly consider the coverage for key
areas, hot areas, dense traffic areas, and important roads andtransportation lines.
Reasonably set antenna height, downtilt and direction angle, so as toreduce pilot frequency pollution, control the scope of switching area,and avoid the mutual interference among different systems.
Avoid frequently-switched area being located in key areas, hot areas,
and dense traffic areas. Avoid the too large soft handover rate and hard network interference
control caused by too dense stations.
Keep the antenna height in a same area basically the same, andavoid the circumstance of stations being too high.
Balance inter-cell traffics.
Enhance network coverage through serialized BS supplementation.
Optimize the network through test after network is built.
Network performance of WCDMA is closely related to the BS planningand distribution. A fine network planning can largely reduce thedifficulty and strength in future network optimization.
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Signal source Selection
Macro station micro station BBU+RRU
Urban Suburb Sea
Indoor
Airport
Tunnel Stadium Railway
Highway
Bridge
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Station model design
BS sector
configurati
on
Adaptive principle Typical area
Omni
station
For the relatively flat terrain, low traffic area Rural area
Single-
sector/dou
ble-sector
For areas with clear coverage requirement and
dense traffic
Highway, indoor
coverage, etc
Triple-
sector
Frequently used configuration, to solve the wide
coverage requirement for mass traffic area
Dense urban,
common urban,
suburb, etcOTSR For low traffic, but wide coverage areas
For areas with terrible radio environment, and
where distributed coverage is required
Rural, dense
buildings, etc
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Content
Overview
Site Survey and Design Basics
WCDMA Site Survey
Focus of Site Survey and Design
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BS Information Survey
Main tasks for BS information survey Tools for BS information survey
Required data for BS information survey
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Main tasks for BS information survey
Obtain necessary data for radio planning andsimulation
Understand geographical environment of the site
Understand radio environment of the site
Understand station building condition of the site Master traffic distribution in the planning area
Provide candidate station for the planning area
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Tools for BS information survey
Collect data through Laser rangefinder The use of laser rangefinder is to obtain the BS
antenna height. Antenna height is the distance from
antenna to ground. In urban area, antenna is usually
built on the ceiling of the building, thus we need to
measure height of the building and height from
antenna to the building ceiling to get the height of
the antenna. When antenna is placed on floor tower,
its height can be directly measured.
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Tools for BS information survey
Characteristic of laser rangefinder__Leica DISTO Classic5:
Range:from 0.2m to 200m, with measurementaccuracy of 3mm.
Inside telescope:can be used for the measurement of long-distance and accurate target.
Inside bubble:Simplify horizontal measurement
Calculation: Auxiliary measurement with Pythagorean
law, which expanded the scope of use. Tracking measurement, positioning, and determine the
max and min value.
Has store function.
Multi-functional base, measurement can be performedfrom plane and corner.
With backlight lighting, measurement can be performed
in dark room or dim-light place. Small volume, light weight, and easy operation. With
power-saving design, one group of battery can supportmore than 10000 times measurement. Laser indicationcan be used to mark the measurement point.
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Tools for BS information survey
Functions of laser rangefinder
store
measurement
distance
Continuous measurement
Pythagorean law
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Tools for BS information survey
GPS refers to the Global Positioning System completely built in
1994. It is made up of space constellation, ground control, anduser equipment.
GPS has 25 satellites at present, which are running around onsix elliptical orbit more than 20 000 Km away from the earth.
Receiver captures and locks satellite signal through phase
tracking, collects the satellite ephemeris, measures pseudo-range, positions and calculates longitude, latitude, and altitudeat the position of the receiver. Captures of 3 satellites canperform 2D positioning, and satellites of more than 4 canperform 3D positioning. The more satellites captured, thehigher will be the positioning accuracy.
Through GPS we can find out the location information of a BS,and display it on simulation electronic map and mapinfo two-dimensional vector map. GPS can also help to get the BSaltitude information, which will be extraordinary data for largeundulating-terrain areas like mountainous area, hills, etc.
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Tools for BS information survey
Eight pictures for the ambient environment, starting
from the right north, each picture taken in the angle
of 45o
Multiple pictures of ceiling, taken separately based
on the size of the ceiling.
One picture for the appearance of a candidate
building in the site to be selected.
For pictures not taken or with unsatisfactory effect,
try again.
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Tools for BS information survey
Compass
In radio network survey, the use of compass is to get
the direction angle for BS sector.
Some compasses have the function of measure the
donwtilt angle of the antenna. In engineering practice,
as it is impossible to ensure the holder being straight,the measurement of downtilt angle is extraordinarily
important.
Indicate the photographing direction.
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Tools for BS information survey
Open a compass and place it flatly. The zero line of the
compass must be in line with the pointer with a dot (as shown
in the red circle ), and the pointer must direct to north
(Magnetic North).
Note:Some compasses have their white needle pointing to
north while some others have their black needle pointing to
north. The end of the pointer with a dot should be the reference.Do not use a compass around the strong magnetic field, and
do not put a compass on a metal platform (including an iron
tower) or near a metal target, because these factors may affect
the positioning precision of the compass.
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Tools for BS information survey
Measuring the downtilt angle of antenna through
compass: Open the compass, place its straight side
on the back plane of the installed antenna, and
adjust the gradienter with the manipulator behind the
compass until the gradienter is in the level status. In
this case, the scale degree (internal dial) indicatedby the white dot beside the gradienter is the downtilt
angle of the antenna.
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Tools for BS information survey
YBT250 frequency-clearance test
It has been a common sense that all kinds of signals in thespace can have interference to mobile networks. Theseinterferences make call quality reduce, and cause servicedropping. With the low connection rate, quality of the wholenetwork will be affected.
Frequency resource occupation by the dedicated old radio
system, improper network configuration by different operators,setting problem for transmitting machine, cell overlapping,environment, electromagnetic compatibility, and deliberateinterference are all the factors to generate interference toradios of mobile network communication.
In the network planning, there are two phases in which the
frequency-clearance test should be made: propagation modeltest phase and base-station survey phase. Through such atest, you can test whether the 3 G band has been occupied,which is favorable to the accuracy of the propagation modeltest and the solution of the problem of band use throughcoordination with related units before the commissioning of anetwork.
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Required data for BS information survey
First, get objective information of the BS, which are BS name,
longitude & latitude, ceiling height, and altitude.
BS number :Service area abbreviation from two parts+
sequence number ;
BS name:BS name is place name+ building name. In
urban area, street name is used for place name; while for
village and town, it will be named after the village and town.
longitude & latitude: Get longitude & latitude information
through GPS;
Ceiling height:the relative height from the ceiling with
antenna to ground, which can be measured by rangefinder. Altitude:GPS will be used to record the altitude (absolute
height) of the BS address.
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Required data for BS information survey
According the actual survey result, make suggestions to
network planning. Suggested station type:Investigation staff determines the
cellular type (macro cellular, micro cellular) and station type(Omni, directional) according to the survey result.
Suggested antenna parameters:gain, horizontal lobe and
vertical lobe of the selected antenna; directional angle anddowntilt angle of the antenna;
Suggested antenna height:distance from antenna positionto ground; necessity of height increasing, and the heightincreasing method, for example, length of the holder, lengthof the pull tower, height of the higher frame, height of the
floor tower, etc. Suggested separation method and separation distance:
Separation method:horizontal separation, verticalseparation;the unit for separation distance is meter.
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Required data for BS information survey
After the survey, the survey result need to be found
out, and survey suggestion need to be given.
BS with the shortest distance:record distance and
directional angle; BS in the scope of 2Km need to be
recorded for dense urban areas; 3-5Km for common
urban areas; 5-10Km for rural and suburban areas; If there is no NS in these scopes, just record the
nearest one.
Describe the reason of selecting the BS, and clearly
identify objects in the coverage area.
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Required data for BS information survey
BS environment description:take pictures of the environmentwith digital camera every 45°of the directional angle, andmake text descriptions at the same time, totally 8 1024*768
environment pictures. Text must match the pictures. Focus onwhether there is blocking in the surrounding environment andthe relative BS height to the surrounding. Building density inthe coverage area, height difference from the BS, direction andwidth of the roads, and the direction, distance and height of theblocking building.
0
° 45°
275
°
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Site display in mapinfo
Site display in simulation
Required data for BS information survey
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Site address sharing is helpful for fast
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Site address sharing is helpful for fast
network building and cost reducingTraditional network building has
tremendous dependence to equipmentroom resources
Equipment room resource is an necessary
condition for site address resources
enough site address resource is an
important ensuring to fine coverage
Equipment room becomes the bottleneck of
fast network building
Equipment room resource becomes harder
and harder to obtain
Places suitable for site addresses have been
the competition for various operators
Experiences from commercial bureau and
test bureau indicate that, process of the project
is often limited by the process of obtaining
equipment rooms
Large amount of equipment resource leads to the
increase of network building cost
Rent for equipment room:30 000~50 000/year (rent for
ceiling not included)
Facilities (Air conditioning, power supply ) construction
expenses:about 10 000~30 000
Make full use of 2G site address resource in
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Combination of requirement and actual
condition, comprehensive balance.
Sharing of
equipment
room/shelter3G
BS
Sharing of
transmission
bat
ter
y
po
we
r
AC
2G
BS
co
ntr
ol
Sharing
of iron
tower
Sharing
of feeder
window
Sharing of equipment room/shelter
Sharing of power supply/battery
Sharing of transmission
Sharing of iron tower
Sharing of space
Sharing of control system
Sharing of feeder window
Sharing of grounding
Sharing of cable frame
Make full use of 2G site address resource in
3G construction
Make full use of 2G site address resource in
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Make full use of 2G site address resource in
3G construction
For space of equipment room, following items need to be
concerned: 1. According to the planning requirement, initially select out
the sites that might perform shared address construction.Meanwhile, consider the capacity expansion requirement in thefuture, and get an initial understanding of the capacity planningfor each station.
2.Perform equipment room resource survey to the siteaddress that might perform address sharing, so as to get thedetailed available space resources of the above stations. Thesurvey of equipment room resource might not only limited to itsavailable space resources, but also relate to thecomprehensive situations of its power system, antenna feeder system, and so on.
3.Collect technical parameters of the equipment that might beused as the initial basis for equipment room space and to judgeif the other conditions can meet the requirement. For 3Gstation, due to its small volume, big capacity, it can be installedaside the wall and easily maintained, which can better suit therequirement for various equipment room conditions.
Make full use of 2G site address resource in
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Make full use of 2G site address resource in
3G construction
4.Make a using strategy for equipment room. Equipment
room with enough space can be directly listed as the candidatesite address. Those who can meet requirement after simpletransformation can be listed as candidate site address. For theequipment room who cannot meet space requirement, but itssite address is urged by service distribution and networkplanning, we can consider various BS networking solution,such as outdoor BS, remote radio, etc.
5.Consider both outdoor coverage and indoor coverage.Some sites may spontaneously meet the BS equipment roomrequirement for both outdoor coverage and indoor coverage.Thus there will be another choice to reduce equipment roominvestment, since equipment is of enough capacity andcapability.
6.For weighing or equipment room: The entry of 3Gequipment and facilities increased the weighing requirement.Firstly, battery increased, and facilities of power supply alsoincreased. The calculation for weighing need to consider various factors, including capacity expansion.
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equipment
room/shelter sharing
3G
BS
Sharing
of
transmi
ssionb
at
te
ry
p
o
w
er
A
C
2G
BS
c
o
nt
ro
l
共铁塔
Sharing offeederwindow
Advantages:
1) equipment room/shelter sharing is the basis for sharing other facilities
2) Shelter takes a large percentagein the facility investment, thus shelter sharing can largely reduce the cost
3) Equipment renting is very timeand effort-consuming, which is of big
effect to the engineering processEquipment sharing can largely speedup the engineering process
Cautions for equipment/shelter sharing:
1) whether there is available space
for equipment room/shelter 2) whether there are specific
weighing requirement
3) Take into consideration thetemperature, humidity, earthquakeprotection, etc.
2G 3G equipment room/shelter sharing
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共机房/方舱
3G基站
共传输
蓄
电池
电
源
空
调
2G
基站
监
控 共铁塔
共馈线窗
2G 3G power/battery sharing
Considerations for power/battery
sharing: 1) AC:power cable, air switch,
power facilities, etc. Transformation
need to be performed if loading
capacity is too low.
2)DC:No power cabinet is generally
needed for site sharing, only a newpower module will be fine.
3) Add new battery group according
to power-down time requirements and
equipment power loss. equipment
room/shelter sharing
3G
BS
Sharing
of
transmi
ssion A
C
2G
BS
共铁塔
Sharing offeederwindow
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2G 3G power/battery sharing
1.For AC power facility, a characteristic of 3G BS is to have larger full-loadpower than that of GSM. While site address sharing, larger load capacityrequirement are raised for the original power equipment. For those equipmentroom whose original power facilities cannot meet requirement, transformationneed to be performed, and power cable, air switch, and facilities might also beinvolved.
2.For DC power facility, capacity expansion might be needed for the originalpower facilities. While capacity expansion, The operational power requirementof 3G BS, and requirement of battery at the worst conditions need to beconsidered.
3.Battery configuration: for site address usually with batteries, the capacitydistribution of battery need to be considered. When all the battery power isshared by GSM BS and WCDMA BS, due to the relatively larger power of 3GBS, the power-down time of GSM BS will be affected. For the circumstancewhen powers of +24V and-48V coexisting in GSM BS and WCDMA BS,battery need to be independently configured. At this moment, battery capacityfor WCDMA BS need to be independently considered.
4.During the engineering of shared-site address construction, as 3G and 2Gequipment might not be manufactured by one factory, parameters of theequipment might be different. Therefore, these factors must be considered,and capacity expansion need to be performed to existing power equipment if necessary.
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2G 3G Transmission
For each Node B, estimate the required 3G
transmission bandwidth according to the traffic of 2G,
and determine the sharing combined with the
existing transmission margin.
After collecting all the Node B site addresses and
capacity, combined with transmission of the existingnetwork, planning for the shared part and newly-built
part can be made. At the early stage of 3G network
building, as traffic is not large, we can consider to
use as much as possible the existing transmissionnetwork.
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Sharing of iron
3G antenna
2G antenna
Sharing of feeder
window
Sharing of cable
frame
Sharing of feeder window and
cable frame
Sharing of
conrol
Sharing of AC
Sharing of other facilities
Sharing of other facilities
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Sharing of other facilities
Grounding system: for WCDMA BS, the grounding requirement is the
same as GSM, that is to say, the grounding impedance should be lessthan 5 Ohm. Therefore, the fulfilled groundings in the original GSMcan be directly used. As to indoor, outdoor, and prepare-to-usedconditions, we need to consider if there is still available grounding inthe original one. In the actual practice, we also need to pay attentionthe grounding method, so as to avoid the bad groundings due to theuse for quite a long period.
Iron tower and holding: When antenna is installed on the iron tower or the higher frame on the top of building, no new equipment need to beadded as iron tower and higher frame can be shared most of thecases. Considering the separation between 2G and 3G antennas, andthe planed height for 3G antenna, if the relative separation condition isnot fulfilled, holding or new higher frame will need to be added.
Antenna feeder system: for the circumstance of small ceilingenvironment, repeated antenna and antenna holding construction, wewill share the antenna, and use antennas that support both 2G and3G at the same time for a better construction efficiency.
3G BS distribution Station-sharing
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3G BS distribution—— Station-sharing
construction by using 2G resources
2G is usually limited by capacity in
dense urban/common urban area. Itsstation density is larger than 3G, whichcan be selected by3G.
Perform reasonable network topologydesign on the basis of 2G according tothe cell coverage radius of 3G network,and select the most suitable 2G stations
for 3G network construction. As the existing 2G station might not fully
comply with the cellular systemstructure, there will be more 3G stationsthan the number from scale estimation.
Station sharing might cause number increasing for the actual 3G stations.
Does this mean the cost will also be increased?
Newly planed 3G station
Existing 2G station that planed for 3G
Existing 2G station that not planed for 3G
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Network coverage example for ××city Through 2G network investigation, in order to make full use of 2G
resources, station number for ××city is as follows:
After actual investigation, if weperform station distribution based onthe early estimated 723-station radius,450 old stations can be used, and273 new stations need to be built.——too many new stations, siteaddresses hard to obtain.
If we use 863 stations, only about 45new stations need to be built. Assumethe investment for new station is 40%,for facilities is 60%, and the cost of the two solution will be respectively:
Cost for 723 stations:723*0.4+273*0.6=453 Cost for 863 stations:863*0.4+
45*0.6=372.2 The latter construction costs about
83% of the former
Station sharing as much as possible,
to reduce the networking CAPEX
while meeting the requirement of
fast network building!
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Current Radio Environment
Rapid progress has been made to the mobile
communication in China in the recent 20 years. Butmobile communication was operated by the country inquite a long period, with single standard, co-existenceand interference issues are not prominent.
When WCDMA is starting for commercial use in China,
many forms cellular communication systems (GSM、DCS、CDMA、PHS、BWA) already exist, andcompetition among multiple operators already formed.Moreover, there are also large amount of satellite groundstations, timing GPS receiving equipments, microwave
transmission equipments, and all these makeinterference become very promiment.
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Type of interference
Inner-system interference is the interference from
interference source to receiver
Theoretically, there are four types of interference
Interference by added noise
Interference from intermodulation
Interference from block
Interference from neighbor channel
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Requirement for mutual interference
interference(dB)Vertical
distance(m)
Horizontal distance
(ideal)(m)
CDMA800 20 0.3 0.8
CDMA1.9G 84 4 200
CDMA1.9Gplu
s filter 50 0.6 4
GSM900 20 0.3 0.8
DCS1800 20 0.15 0.4
TD 40 0.31 1.3
Space separation is the mostly used solution for mutual
interference
Solution of the mutual interference between
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Solution of the mutual interference between
WCDMA and GSM
Separation must be met. There is only 20cm been required for 2/3
G equipment, and it is easy on engineering.
After sharing tower built, there will easily be antennas of differentfrequency band on the same pulling tower. For this circumstance,
different marks need to be made for the smooth implementation of the
future engineering RF optimization.
Horizontal separation Vertical separation
C f S ifi S i
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Coverage for Specific Scenarios
Take high floor residential area for example
Features: high floor, building is mainly with fixture
and concrete, which is of large penetration loss.
Transmission environment for radio signal is quite
band, and blind coverage point will be easily
occurred.
Focus: Residents are sensitive to signal radiation,
camouflage and beautification of antenna is crucial.
Idea: Distributed three-dimension coverage
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