Wrapping Up Biological Basis of Behavior AP Psychology Friday’s Test

• 100 multiple choice questions taken online o ≈ 70 from Biological Basis of Behavior (Modules 4-6) o ≈ 20 from Research Methods and Statistics (Module 3) o ≈ 10 from History and Approaches (Modules 1 & 2)

• 1 Free Response Question worth 40-50 points (depending on the rubric)

• You do NOT need to worry about the section on Consciousness. We will cover that when we get to that unit further on in the course.

• For the genetics and evolution sections, focus on the questions that were asked on the reading guide. I will limit that section to 10-15 questions on the test and will make sure that they come from the reading that was assigned.

DUE on Friday when you come in for the test

• Notebooks (I’m grading pages 33-66) • Concept Cards (please make sure they are numbered and in order to make them easier to grade) • Extra Credit Projects

Our Next Unit:

• Developmental Psychology • Sensation and Perception • States of Consciousness

************************************************************************************* Brain Plasticity

• Keep in mind that (1) severed neurons usually do not ___________________ and (2) some brain functions seem ___________________ to specific areas.

• However the brain’s neural tissue can ___________________ in response to damage. • DEFINITION: The brain’s ability to ____________, especially during childhood, by reorganizing

after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. • The brain is very ______________, figuring out ways to compensate for injury. The

_________________ one is when the injury occurs, the more functioning can be regained • Certain functions can take over a damaged part of the brain to _________________ that part

for a new function. Typically, the new function is ______________ to its original purpose, only it is now used with another sense that has taken over that process.

o ____________ takes over the ___________________ function from vision that has been lost

o __________________-induced theory aims to rewire brains and improve the dexterity of a brain-damaged child or an adult stroke victim

o _______________________ – gunshot wound to the left-hemisphere resulted in lost speech but she has since partly recovered her speaking ability

Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas • Paul Broca observed that brain damage to the left

hemisphere in ___________ patients resulted in expressive aphasia, or the loss of the ability to __________.

o In 1861, he performed an autopsy on the brain of a patient, nicknamed _______, who had lost the capacity to speak although his mouth and vocal cords weren’t damaged and he could still ____________________ language.

o Tan’s brain showed deterioration of part of the frontal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere, as did the brains of several similar areas.

• Conclusion: the left hemisphere is typically specialized for language processing • Carl Wernicke (1874) discovered an area of the left temporal lobe that, when damaged in stroke

patients, resulted in receptive aphasia, or the inability to _______________________ speech. o Speech is typically fluent but is empty of content, incoherent, or does not make any

sense. Split-Brain Patients

• Roger Sperry demonstrated that the two hemispheres of the brain can operate _____________________ of each other.

• Split-brain patients had their _________________________ (nerve fibers that connect the hemispheres) severed to control their ____________________ seizures.

o They can describe objects without deficit if presented in the right visual field which is processed on the left, more verbal, side of the brain, but they have great difficulty drawing the image.

o If the image is presented in the left field visual field which is processed on the right, more visual, side of the brain, the person can draw or choose an object, but they cannot explain it verbally.

• This is called contralateral processing. Contralateral Control

• The __________ hemisphere gets sensory messages and controls the motor function of the ___________ half of the body.

• The _________ hemisphere gets sensory messages and controls the motor function of the __________ half of the body.

Brain lateralization (aka Hemispheric Specialization)

• Definition: The use of one region of the brain more than the other for certain functions • Through the work of Roger Sperry (1913-1994) and Michael Gazzaniga (1939 – present), it was

revealed that the left and right hemispheres do not perform _____________ the same functions. o Left hemisphere is specialized for verbal, mathematical, and ___________________

functions. o Right hemisphere is specialized for ______________, musical, and ________________

functions such as identifying faces and recognizing emotional facial expressions.

• For years in popular culture, the terms left-brained and right-brained have come to refer to ____________________ types, with an assumption that some people use the right side of their brain more, while some use the left side more.

• Scientist Carl Zimmer wrote in the Discovery magazine that “No matter how lateralized the brain can get, though, the two sides ____________________________________”

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