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organizing text (2)exceptions and alternatives

• exeept (for)Everyone chose a new book, exeept for Helen, who was still reading her old one.Except for Helen, who was still reading her old one, everyone chose a new book.

• Apart from can be used to mean the same as except for.Everyone chose a new book, apart from Helen, who was still reading her old one.

It can also mean in addition to.Apart from the dent in the front bumper, the car had scratches ali along one side.

• Instead (of) means that one thing replaces another.I decided not to take the bus, but walked instead.I decided not to take the bus. Instead, I walked.Instead of taking the bus, I decided to walk.

• Alternatively is a more formai way of starting a sentence, meaning ar.You could take the bus. Alternatively, you could walk.

sequences

• Writers often signal that they are going to make a list of points.There are a number of ways in which this can be done.There are several ways of looking at this matter

• First of ali, secondly, thirdlyetc; next; finally are often used to num ber points in a sequence.First of alf, there is the issue of cosiSecondly . Next, .. Finally, ...

• Words such aspoint, issue, problem, advantage can also be numbered.The first problem facing the government is .

• In an argument, there isoften a conclusion, which can be introduced by in conelusion.In cone/usion, we could say that .

summarizing

• To sum up can be used to introduce a summarizing comment at the end of an argument.To sum up, it seems elear that .

• And sa forth, and 50 on and etc. are expressions used to saythere are further points we do notmention.Growth is also influenced by weather, water supply, position, and sa forth.

Note that such phrases can imply that the writer has a lot more to say,but does notwish to go into detail.Ete is an abbreviation from Latin et cetera.

Note also that ete as an abbreviation either hasa fuli stop at the end (etc.), or this is omitted (etc).It cannot be written e-+.-t:.

making assertions

• Utterly and simply emphasize an adjective. Utterly tends to be usedwith negative adjectives.Simply can be used with positive or negative adjectives.This is simply wonderful' It is simply / utterly wrong to argue this.

• Utter and sheer are used with nouns to emphasize the size or amount. Utter tends to be used withnegative nouns. Sheer can be used with positive or negative nouns.Quite honestly, I think this is utter nonsense!Tania's performance was sheer delightlIt was sheer madness to buy 50 many shares'

 

• Merely is stronger than only / just and is used in a similar way, to make what follows seemunimportant or smalI.The Earth is merelya tiny unimportant speck in the Universe.

Mere is used before nouns, with the same meaning as above.The Earth is a mere speck in the Universe.

• Literally is used to emphasize that what has been said is not an exaggeration but is really true.There are Iiterally thousands of people without homes.

See intensifiers, comment and viewpoint adverbs Unit 27.

giving examples

• For example, examples include, to take an example ali need punctuation before and after.Same birds regularly migrate over long distances. For example, swans fly several thousand kilometres .Swans, for example, fly ... Examples include swans, which f/y ...To take an example, swans f/y ...

• eg (e.g.) is an abbreviation from Latin exempli gratia.Some islands, eg Naxos, Milos, Santorini etc have airports.

• Such as introduces an example.Many birds, such as swans, migrate over long distances.

• As far as (subject) (be) concerned is a way of introducing a specific example.Some birds regularly migrate over long distances. As far as swans are concerned, this can involve crossingwide expanses of water.

• Namely introduces a more specific reference after a general one.Some groups of birds, namely swans, geese and ducks, tend to fly in a V-shaped formation.

making elear

• In other words is used to introduce a point we want to make c1earerby repeating it in a different way.I think you should go out more with friends, or perhaps take a part-time job. In other words, make more of aneffort to be sociable.

• to put it another wayTo put it another way, I think you should try to be more sociable.

• That is to say and ie (ar i.e.) are used to explain exactly what you mean: ie means that is and is anabbreviation from Latin id est.A number of others are usually referred to as 'ballroom dances', ie / that is to say the waltz, foxtrot, quickstep,and 50 on.

introducing one side of an opinion

• In a way, in som e ways, in same respects mean 'from one point of view' and introduce one side of anopinion.In a way, the film makes the bank-robbers seem really nice guys!In some respects, losing the job was a blessing in disguise.

deseribing types

• A kind ot, a sort of can describe a type of something.An okapi is a kind of smali giraffe.

Kind of and sort of are also usedwith adjectives or verbs informally to mean rather.This is kind of interesting. It sort of worries me.

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1 Underline the best word ar phrase.

a There are a number of advantages to consider. In a way IFirst orall, there is the lower cost.b Apart {rom snakes IAs far as snakes are concerned, Spain has five poisonous ones.c Amphibians, as well as I such as frogs and toads, can live on land and in water.d You could get it photocopied. Alternatively I Instead, I could scan it into my computer.

e Don't be silly! What you are saying is utterly I mere ridiculous!t I'm sorry, but this is simply I sheer wrong!g The Chinese restaurant tumed out to be closed, sa we went for a pizza in other words I instead.h Everyone attended the meeting, apart for I from Mrs Deacon, who was ill.

In a way I 50rt 0(, the damage caused by the storm was a go od thing, as it brought down a lotof we ak trees, which benefits woodland in the long term.A bat looks like a bird, but actually it's kind of a I a kind of mammal.

2 Use a phrase tram the list to complete the sentence.

l a kind of 2 as far as the economy is concemed 3 to put it another way 4 and so forth5 in some respects 6 ap art from 7 namely 8 utterly 9 in conclusion 1n Tho "-.oT hQh

a .IQ facing the new management will be to reassure staff that jobs will not be lost.b the second half of the book is not as good as the first half.

( The country is moving in the right directiond the ending, this is a really interesting film.e You will also need money for notebooks, pencils, penst Education, it is said, is continuing dialogue.

g The activity on a site is the amount of bandwidth used, or , the amount of data thathas been transferred.

h In the last section, we also suggest other topics that need to be researched, and

emphasize the importance of teamwork.I read the bo ok you lent me, but I'm afraid to say I found it incomprehensible.

For some companies, the IT assets, hardware and software, account for the largestproportion of money spent.

3 Complete the text using one word in each gap.

Early experiments in town planningA" B'" e-rne-d h" d I f I' h' d ..,s lar as ntaln IS a(:PVl.~ .... ,t e IIrst mo ern examp es o town p anning were t e gar en cltles,b as Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City,built in the early 1900s.A 'garden city' was a( of idealized community, planned around large open spaces, public buildings, andd forth. Letchworth, e example, had no public house, fa bar selling alcohol, and included for the nrst time the idea of a 'green belt', that is to g anarea of countryside surrounding the town. In some h , Letchworth was ahead of its time, asthe building plan also avoided the cutting down of trees, and the town was i a 'garden', asthere were green spaces and trees everywhere. j from the attractions of the site, there wasalso innovative design, as many of the houses were designed to be cheap, used modern building techniques

such k prefabrication, and had front and bacl<gardens, I luxury for manyslum dwellers from London.

 

 

4 Complete the sentence with one word in each gap.

eoineidenee that the twa women met outside the door.

b This is .. . the best, and easily better than aU the rest.e They said that the explosion eannot be dismissed as a .. HHHH aeeident.d We have reeeived .. . hundreds of applieations for the job.e To suggest that I had anything to do with the murder, is ridieulous!

f The evening of musie and dancing was one of pleasure.

g I'm sorry, but as far as I'm eoneerned this has been a / an .. . waste of time.h Mr MarweU has brought the company to the brink of .. HH ruin.

I'm not eritieizing you, I'm.. ..HHH saying that you could have dane the job differently.lane was H •••••••••••••••••••••••• shocked to diseover how much money had be en stolen.

S Choose the best option, A, B, ar C, for each gap.

The car and change in the 20th Century.The car can be seen not as a aC; machine, but as an agent of social change. In the USA, b , duringthe twentieth cen tury. cars c transformed society. First of aU, more cars meant more mobility. das roads became better, people could travel furthel' for jobs. Rathel' than living in the city centre or nearfactories, people could live in suburbs e , and drive between home and work. f there were new

laws obliging new shops and businesses to provide parkingspaces, which furthel' encouraged a 'car-only' society. ThegH pace of change was staggering: in 20 years, US roadsincreased in length from around 600,000 km to 1. 6 millionkm. h , mass production of cars transformed business,

making oil and rubber into major industries, increasingdem and for steel, and creating new service industries .

...........filling stations, moteIs and insurance. j , thecar represented the American ideal of 'personal freedom'- before environmental damage and an epidemie of obesity

began to force Americans to think again.

a A utter B sheerC mereb

A for example B such asC that ise

A literally B namelyC maelyd

A Apart (rom B And sa forthC In other wordse

A in conclusion B insteadC alternativelyf

A Simply B SecondlyC Literallyg

A sheer B mereC utterh

A In a way B ThirdlyC InsteadA examples include

B etcC such asA In a way

B For exampleC Except for

. EXTENSION ACTIVITY

A Write a short text about the town or city you live in, using these phrases:

there are a number ... first of al/, ... second/y... apart from ... such as ... a kind of ... to sum up ...

B Choose ten examples fram the explanation pages and translate them into your language.

•......•.N.•....•..

   

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d There has been lower consumer demand. However, thecompany has increased profits by 6%.

e Bicycles are pollution-free and silent. Aswell as this, theytake up very little parking space.

f The heater has been tested for safety. Nevertheless, it must beused according to the instructions.

g I don't really like the design of this sofa. Besides, it won't fitinto the living room.

Ex4a To same extent b However c Aswell as d in samerespects e Above aU f as a result of g Furthermore

h However i consequently j as a result

Unit 41Ex 1a First of all b As far as snakes are concerned c such asd Alternatively e utterly f simply g instead h fromi In a way jakind ofEx 2a la b s c 2 d 6 e 4 f l g 3 h 9 i 8 j 7Ex 3a concerned b such c kind d sa e for f ie g sayh respects / ways i literally jApart k as I sheerEx4a sheer b simplY c mere d literally e utterly f sheerg sheer / utter h utter j simply j utterlyEx 5a C bA cA dC eB f B gA hB iC jA

Unit 42Ex 1a I haven't dane it yet b neither do my friends c itd tal d her sa e li sa he is f more sa g do ing sa h sai this is the most expensive one j hersEx 2a one b very much c it is d ones e hers f did sag neither / nor can Brian h sa i not j saEx 3a C bA cB dC eA f B gAEx4a I don't have a bike naw but I used to have one.b - c ... and he likes playing computer games.d but my friends aren't worried about it.e but she doesn't make her own clothes any more.f - g ... but Theresa hasn't been there.h ...but he didn't say who he would bring to the party.j - j I've dane the shopping and I've cleaned the house.Ex 5a 'Do you think you'll be late tonight?' 'I don't suppose sa'b Bond starte d to disconnect the red wire, but as he did so,something told him he had made a mistake.

C If you wanted to stay at horn e, why didn't you say sa?d Sue tried to reach the top shelf but couldn't do sa / it.e I can't stand folk music, and neither / nor can David.f Helen left her bike outside the cinema, but she didn'tremember doing sa.

g The robbery was committed by twa people, or so we believe.

Ex6a There is no problem as far as money is concerned.b In a way, I think you're absolutely correct.c Everyone was there apart from limod These are my cards and those are yours.e In conclusion, I would like to thank the organizers of thisconference.

f This country has high youth unemployment in comparisonwith other European countries.

g Tom has been absent from college due to illness.h Tony thinks it was a terrible film, and sa do Li United played badly, but at least they won the match.j The tennis tournament has been postponed owing to badweather.

k 'Will you be he re next year?' 'I don't think sa.'I The scheme has been successful to a certain extent.mAs a result of the earthquake, many roads in the area havebeen closed.

n The twa artists appear to be different but are similar in somerespects.

O She was forced to give up driving on account of her pooreyesight.

p Instead of taking the bus, I went on foot.q First of all, write down a list of your ideas.r Many animals, such as bears, sleep for much of the winter.s No artefact which is alien, that is to say not from our planet,has ever been discovered.

Ex 7aC bA cC dC eB f B gA hB iC jAkA lA mC

Unit 43Ex 1a Rarely b Should c Never have I seend What he is talking about e managedf Strange as it may seem g when h into the room rani Had we known j could k Little I WereEx 2aC bB cA de eA f B gC hB jC jBk C lA

Ex 3a Were we to take no action, the situation would only becomeworse.

b Rarely does a member of the government admit to making aserious mistake.

c Under no circumstances are you to leave this room.d Only later did the police reveal the true identity of the thief.e Try as Andrew might, he couldn't pass his driving test.f Had you consulted me at the outset, I could have given youthe right advice.

g Were you to offer me a high er salary, I would take the job.h Should the weather worsen, the match will probably becancelled.Only after checking the accounts did they realize money wasmissing.In no way has the breach of security affected theexamination results.

Ex4a seem b little c sooner d Onto e untilf came / walked g Had h Only i could j whenk did I Why