w’s ap600 &ap1000
DESCRIPTION
W’s AP600 &AP1000. by T. G. Theofanous. In-Vessel Retention. Loviisa VVER-440 first (1979) Westinghouse's AP-600 (1987) FRR’ 17 Korean KNGR and AP1400 (1994) Westinghouse’s AP-1000 (2004) NUPEC’s BWR’s (2000). The AP-600 work took three years it involved ~10 FTE’s - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
W’s AP600 &AP1000
by T. G. Theofanous
In-Vessel Retention
• Loviisa VVER-440 first (1979)
• Westinghouse's AP-600 (1987) FRR’ 17
• Korean KNGR and AP1400 (1994)
• Westinghouse’s AP-1000 (2004)
• NUPEC’s BWR’s (2000)
The AP-600 work took three years it involved ~10 FTE’s and was finalized with 17 experts
AP-600 The final bounding state
Phenomena of In-Vessel Melt Retention
Framework for Addressing IVR
Thermal Regime
Framework for Addressing IVR
FCI Regime
Research to Support Assessment of
IVR Thermal Loads
The Basic Geometry and Nomenclature of In-vessel Retention in the Long-term, Natural Convection-Dominated, Thermal Regime
Schematic of the Physical Model
Used to Quantify Emergency Energy Partition, and Thermal Loads in the Long-term, Natural Convection Thermal Regime. Also Shown is the Nomenclature used in the Formulation of the Mathematical Model.
Schematic of the ACOPO facility
Internal temperature
sensors
temperature difference
Data Acquisition & Control System
Pump Rack
Venturi RackTest Vessel
Heat Sink
flow ratescontrol to 15 pumps
Expansion Tank
Windows
The ACOPO facility
33.4”30.5”28.5”24”21.517”13.5”10.5”7”3.5”0.75”
72”
12
34
5
6
7
8
9
10
1112131415
expansion volume
Cooling Unit #7
thermocouple position
silicone insulation
1/4 inch square copper
tubing
inlet
outlet
thermistors
venturi
33.75”
The heat flux distribution on the lower boundary of a naturally convecting hemispherical pool
ACOPO
Nusselt number dependence on external Rayleigh number
Heat Flux at the Pool Upper Corner
(Churchill-Chu, 1975)
ACOPO (1998)
The oxides pool Nusselt number, as a function of theRayleigh number and the “fill” fraction, H0=R
Nup;up/Nup as function of Ra0 and H0=R
Num/Nuup as function of Raq, Hm/R, and G
G is a new dimensionless group reflecting materials properties.
Hm/R = 0.1
Hm/R = 0.2
Hm/R = 0.3
Hm/R = 0.4
Lines within each Hm/R group correspond to emissivity (bottom to top) 0.45; 0.55; 0.65; 0.75
Research to Support Assessment of
IVR Heat Removal Capability
Schematic of the ULPU facility: Configuration III
The ULPU facility
A temperature transient (local microthermocouple response) associated with boiling crisis
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Tem
pe
ratu
re [o C
]
Time [s]
Critical heat flux as a function of angular position on a large scale hemispherical surface
ULPU-2000
Schematic of the ULPU facility: Configuration IV
New Configuration IV CHF results (data points), relative to curren (AP600) technology
ULPU-2000
Schematic of the mini-ULPU facility
5. 0 cm
Microthermocouples (5)
Heaters (4)
Bottom View of Heater (10 cm long)
4. 0 cm
Motor Frequency Controler
Data Acquisition
Power Controler
Water Tank
Water Heaters
Water InWater Out
Insulation
Steel or Copper
Heaters
Cam
The mini-ULPU Experiment
The mini-ULPU Experiment
The Critical Heat Flux Data Obtained in mini-ULPU
Contact Frequency, Hz
----□---- Copper
-------- Steel
Both Surfaces are Well-Wetted
Crit
ical
Hea
t F
lux,
kW
/m2
200m
100m
130m Glass
• Heater 20x40 mm• Constant Flux, Verified Infinite Flat Plate Behavior
100 nm Ti
Flash X-Ray (5 ns)
Film
High-speed IR 2kHz (5kHz)
High-speed video
100m
Seeing is believing
The BETA Experiment
The Critical Heat Flux Data Obtained in BETA
CHFK-Z = 1.2 MW/m2
Generalization
In-Vessel Retention for Larger Power Reactors
The Coolability Region of an AP600 reactor for different cooling options and metal layer emissivity
Lines in each group correspond to fraction of Zr taken to be oxidized (0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8)
Pool Boiling = 0.45
N/C Boiling = 0.45
N/C Boiling = 0.8
The Coolability Region of an GE-BWR reactor for different cooling options and metal layer emissivity
Lines in each group correspond to fraction of Zr taken to be oxidized (0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8)
Pool Boiling = 0.45
N/C Boiling = 0.45
N/C Boiling = 0.8
GE-BWR
The Coolability Region of an W-PWR reactor for different cooling options and metal layer emissivity
Lines in each group correspond to fraction of Zr taken to be oxidized (0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8)
Pool Boiling = 0.45
N/C Boiling = 0.45N/C Boiling
= 0.8
W-PWR
The Coolability Region of an Evolutionary PWR reactor for different cooling options and metal layer emissivity
Lines in each group correspond to fraction of Zr taken to be oxidized (0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8)
Pool Boiling = 0.45
N/C Boiling = 0.45
N/C Boiling = 0.8
E-PWR
Making the case for AP1000
AP1000 IVR Thermal Margin
Estimates based on AP600 Technology
Thermal Load
AP600
AP1000
Coolability Limit (CHF)
ULPU-V as Simulation Tool of AP1000
• Full Length;
with Heat Flux Shaping we have Full Scale Simulation
• Complete Natural Circulation Path of AP1000 Represented as 1/84-Slice and Matched Resistance (Flow Areas and Geometry) as specified by Westinghouse designers
• Special Investigations on Surface Effects: Paints, Coatings, Deposits (boric acid in water), etc.
ULPU-V: Three Baffle Configurations
AP1000 water inlet geometry
ULPU-V Steam Outlet
ULPU-2400
Configuration V
1152 heaters (power control)
Magnetic Flowmeter
72 thermocouples
7 pressure transducers
Flow visualization
ULPU-V Reference Data for AP1000 IVR Conditions