COMPLEMENTARY COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES OF CERAMICS FROM TWO

GREAT HOUSE COMMUNITIES IN WEST-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO

By

CAITLIN ANNE WICHLACZ

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS IN ANTHROPOLOGY

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Anthropology

MAY 2009

To the Faculty of Washington State University The members of the Committee appointed to examine the thesis of CAITLIN ANNE WICHLACZ find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ______________________________ Andrew Duff, Chair ______________________________ Timothy A. Kohler ______________________________ David Abbott

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank my committee: Andrew Duff, Tim Kohler, and Dave Abbott

for their investment of time and energy in reviewing and discussing this work. I would

also like to thank Gordon Moore, Andy Lack, and Dave Abbott at Arizona State

University for their help with the electron microprobe analyses. I am grateful to John

Wolff of the Geology Department at WSU for his time and expertise in looking at thin

sections. Darin McDougall and Cassie Krum were wonderful help in the lab. Thanks

also to Aaron Wright, Melissa Elkins, and other friends who engaged in discussion and

helped to keep me sane throughout this process. Last, but not least, I would like to thank

my family, who have supported me in all of my endeavors.

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COMPLEMENTARY COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES OF CERAMICS FROM TWO

GREAT HOUSE COMMUNITIES IN WEST-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO

Abstract

by Caitlin Anne Wichlacz Washington State University

May 2009

Chair: Andrew I. Duff Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch Pueblos, in west-central New Mexico, represent

some of the southernmost examples of the Chacoan great house pattern, and are located

within the northern reaches of the traditional Mogollon culture area. These great houses

and the smaller sites around them exhibit a blend of characteristically Puebloan and

Mogollon traits, evident in architectural patterns and in the use of both grey and brown

ceramic utility wares. Grey corrugated wares are traditionally associated with Ancestral

Pueblo peoples, and brown wares with the Mogollon. The coexistence of these suites of

material culture traits within individual sites is a pattern that persists into later periods in

the region. Settlements within this region of cultural overlap provide a unique

opportunity for the study of identity and interaction along both spatial and historical

scales.

With that potential in mind, this work focuses on ceramic compositional variation

in assemblages from the Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch great house communities. Visual

analyses of tempering materials and refired paste color, paired with electron microprobe

assays of clay pastes, reveal distinct differences within and between wares. These

complementary methods provide data which are examined here with three aims. These

iv

are: 1) assessment of the interpretive potential of ceramic provenance work in the study

area; 2) creation of a visual, provenance-related typology that can be used by analysts in

the laboratory; and 3) evaluation of local ceramic production and distribution with the

intent to elucidate aspects of identity, interaction, and history.

Results indicate that brown wares were likely produced with local clays and

tempers, whereas grey wares were produced elsewhere and brought into the study area.

The prevalence and local nature of the brown ware tradition indicates an expression of

Mogollon cultural identity, while the ubiquity and proportions of grey and decorated

wares indicate shared ties to Ancestral Pueblo groups to the north and other groups

throughout the region. Visual provenance-related typology appears to be possible at a

coarse, yet useful level of resolution. Finally, an argument is constructed against ethnic

co-residence as an explanation for ceramic patterning in the study area.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................viii

LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................ix

COMPLEMENTARY COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES OF CERAMICS FROM TWO

GREAT HOUSE COMMUNITIES IN WEST-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO.......................1

1. Introduction and Background ..............................................................................1

Research Goals...............................................................................................6

The Sourcing Premise ....................................................................................8

Sources of Compositional Variation in Ceramics..........................................9

Mechanisms of Transport ..............................................................................11

Technological Style: From Pots to People.....................................................12

Sites and Ceramic Samples for Low Tech Analysis......................................14

2. Low Tech Temper Analysis.................................................................................18

a. Methodology............................................................................................18

b. Temper Categories ...................................................................................19

c. Results of Sorting by Temper Category...................................................21

d. Vessel Form in Brown and Grey Wares ..................................................25

e. Comparisons to Previous Research..........................................................27

3. Refired Paste Color Analysis ...............................................................................33

4. Low Tech Analysis of Geologic Clays .................................................................36

vi

a. Analyses: Workability, Firing Color, Inclusions .....................................37

b. Results of Clay Color Analysis................................................................39

c. Comparison of Archaeological and Geological Samples ........................39

5. High Tech Analysis: Electron Microprobe .........................................................41

a. Do Clay Pastes Co-vary with Temper Types?.........................................44

b. How to Clay Chemistry and Refired Paste Color Relate? .......................47

c. How Do Chemical Data Inform the Creation of a Visual, Provenance

Related Typology? ....................................................................................49

6. Research Goals Revisited ....................................................................................50

7. Interpretations of the Ceramic Assemblages .......................................................53

8. Directions for Future Research ............................................................................58

REFERENCES CITED..........................................................................................................61

APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................69

A. Low-Tech Ceramic Data......................................................................................69

B. Low-Tech Geologic Clay Data ............................................................................111

C. Microprobe Sample Data .....................................................................................114

D. Factor Scores and Loadings ..................................................................................116

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LIST OF TABLES

1. Ceramic Characteristics and Interpretive Expectations .............................................15

2. Breakdown of Ceramic Samples by Ware and Site ...................................................17

3. Summary Description of Temper Categories ............................................................20

4. Brown Wares by Temper Type..................................................................................22

5. Grey Wares by Temper Type.....................................................................................22

6. White Wares by Temper Type...................................................................................23

7. Red Wares by Temper Type ......................................................................................23

8. Brown Ware Bowls and Jars by Temper Type ..........................................................26

9. Munsell Color Groups for Refiring Analysis.............................................................35

10. Ceramic Wares and Refired Color Groups ................................................................36

11. Temper Types and Refired Color Groups..................................................................36

12. Clay Samples by Refired Color .................................................................................39

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Distribution of Chacoan Great House Communities .................................................3

2. Geologic Clay Sampling Locations ...........................................................................38

3. Factor Plot of Clay Chemistry, Ceramic Wares, and Geologic Clays .......................44

4. Factor Plot of Clay Chemistry, Coded by Temper Type ...........................................46

5. Factor Plot of Brown Ware Bowls and Jars...............................................................46

6. Boxplots Showing Percent Iron (Fe) Present in Refired Color Groups.....................48

7. Boxplots of Percent Iron (Fe) in Original Refired Color Ranges ..............................48

8. Boxplots of Iron (Fe) Percentages in Reconfigured Refired Color Ranges...............49

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COMPLEMENTARY COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES OF CERAMICS FROM

TWO GREAT HOUSE COMMUNITIES IN WEST-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO

Throughout east-central Arizona and west-central New Mexico, numerous sites

show ceramic and architectural characteristics associated with both Ancestral Pueblo and

Mogollon cultural traditions. This geographic area represents a transition-zone between

the traditionally recognized Pueblo and Mogollon culture areas. Much of the early

research in this region was concerned with defining the boundary between the Mogollon

and Pueblo culture areas, but more recent research has highlighted areas of apparent

cultural overlap, and has begun to pose questions about the nature of ethnic identity,

interaction, and history in this area.

Initial reconnaissance by the Peabody Museum’s Upper Gila Expedition noted the

presence of both brown and grey utility wares at sites in the Zuni Salt Lake area in New

Mexico, and interpreted their co-occurrence as a representation of intercultural

relationships between the Ancestral Pueblo and Mogollon (Brew and Danson 1948).

Understanding the social and economic bases of these relationships became a major

theme of later research (Camilli et al. 1988). Danson (1957), during survey of the

Mariana Mesa-North Plains area, noticed patterns in the predominance of either brown or

grey wares at different sites and in different periods, as did Dittert and Ruppe (1951) in

their study of the Cebolleta Mesa region. Crown (1981:253) noticed similar patterns in

the St. Johns area of eastern Arizona, and suggested the possibility of ethnic

heterogeneity in the area. Recent research by Duff (2005; Cameron and Duff 2008, Duff

and Lekson 2006) and others (e.g., Gregory and Wilcox 2007) has further explored the

1

nature of relationships between cultural groups within this transitional area and with other

areas of the Southwest in terms of ideology, ethnic co-residence, exchange, migration,

and shifting notions of cultural identity. While this has proven to be a persistent area of

interest for researchers, much remains to be done to develop a real understanding of the

cultural and historical processes that shaped this region.

The present study seeks to develop a small part of this larger picture, taking as its

focus two Pueblo II period (ca. A.D. 1050-1130) great house communities located in the

southern Cibola region in New Mexico. Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch pueblos are of

particular interest and importance because they represent some of the southernmost

examples of the Chacoan great house pattern (Figure 1) and are located in the northern

reaches of the traditionally recognized Mogollon territory. These great house sites and the

smaller residential sites around them each exhibit a mix of Puebloan and Mogollon traits.

Up until around A.D. 800-900 in the Cibola region, a cultural boundary line

appears to have existed at about the latitude of Quemado, New Mexico, with Puebloan

patterns evident to the north, and Mogollon patterns evident to the south (LeBlanc 1989).

Settlement in the Cibola region during this period also appears to have been relatively

sparse, but as LeBlanc (1989:341) notes, this observation may relate to

underrepresentation of valley bottom sites due to alluviation. After A.D. 1000, Puebloan

patterns become more evident further south in the Cibola region, and during the Chacoan

era, the spatio-cultural boundary seems to disappear, though distinct elements of both

cultural traditions persist in the area (LeBlanc 1989).

2

In simplified terms, the Mogollon cultural tradition is associated with the

production of brown paste ceramic utility wares and the construction of square kivas

(Fowler 1991; Reed 1956; Rinaldo 1941). The Pueblo cultural tradition, centered to the

Cox Ranch & Cerro Pomo

Figure 1. Distribution of Chacoan Great House Communities Outside of Chaco Canyon (modified from Cameron and Duff 2008:30, Figure 1).

north, is associated with the production of white and grey paste ceramic wares and the

construction of circular kivas. These, of course, are the most visible and oft-cited material

culture differences, though it is very likely that other aspects of material and non-material

culture, such as language and dress, also differed between these groups in significant

ways (Duff 2003:8; Gregory and Wilcox 2007).

3

The Southern Cibola region saw a burst of new occupation between A.D. 1000

and 1150. Site densities in the region increased markedly during this period, and

settlements appear in places lacking evidence of occupation in the preceding periods

(Duff and Lekson 2006). These patterns have been attributed to population growth and to

migration of Puebloan groups into the area from the north. Throughout the Southwest,

this appears to have been a time of relatively high regional mobility and interaction. As

Cordell and Gumerman (1989:10) note, this period was one of opposing trends: large

regional systems centered in the Hohokam and Chaco areas extended widespread

influence, but at the same time, cultural differentiation on a local scale was common.

Likely, much of this differentiation was the result of ongoing renegotiations of identity,

cultural boundaries, and social, economic, and political relations in a period of increased

interaction and population mobility.

The influence of the Chacoan phenomenon becomes visible in the Cibola region

during this period. Great house complexes and sites resembling great houses are found

throughout the Cibola region, suggesting that the region as a whole fell within a loosely

defined Chacoan interaction sphere (Kintigh 1996; LeBlanc 1989:347). The Cox Ranch

and Cerro Pomo great house communities are examples of this Chaco-Puebloan pattern.

At Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo, the Chaco-Puebloan cultural signature appears most

prominently in the architectural styles of the great houses and in the persistent presence

of Puebloan grey paste utility wares in similar proportions at all sites and in all site

contexts. In addition to exhibiting typically Puebloan construction techniques, the Cox

Ranch and Cerro Pomo great houses represent “big bumps” amidst a number of “little

bumps” on the landscape, a settlement pattern noted by Lekson (1991:36) as

4

characteristic of Chacoan great house communities. The timing of local community

foundation and development appears to coincide with the florescence of the Chacoan

pattern, further suggesting organizational influences from the Chacoan-Pueblo north

(Duff 2003; Wichlacz and Wright 2007).

This, of course, raises the question of how closely integrated these and other great

house communities were with Chaco. Though Chacoan influence is apparent, it appears

that these ties were indirect, and likely more ideological than economic or political. Great

houses such as Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo, located on the fringes of the Chacoan system

have been characterized as frontier communities (Herr 2001), sharing indirect and

ideological ties with Chaco, but lacking strong material ties to the canyon. Rather than

being tightly integrated with the Chacoan system, frontier communities appear to have

shared an emphasis on local culture and expressions of local identity. For the inhabitants

of the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo communities, that local identity appears to have been

predominantly Mogollon (Duff 2009).

The dominant material culture signature in the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo area is

Mogollon. Brown paste utility wares clearly dominate the ceramic assemblages, making

up 40-60 percent of all ceramics at the sites, and small site architecture is predominantly

Mogollon in style, being constructed of rounded cobbles, and likely often including

ephemeral superstructures. Rock art documented in the area has also been associated

with the Mogollon Reserve petroglyph style (Schaafsma 1980:191-196, 1992:57-60).

These characteristics indicate that the populations at Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch pueblos

had historical roots in Mogollon cultural traditions centered to the south.

5

Taking these patterns into consideration, Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo represent a

curious mix, rather than a simple co-occurrence, of Mogollon and Pueblo traits. Here,

populations strongly indicating Mogollon cultural heritage are organized according to

Chacoan-Pueblo settlement patterns, and share a pervasive Puebloan ceramic component

as well. Clearly, this raises a number of interesting questions about ethnic identity and

interaction, as well as the historical and social natures of the larger cultural systems of

which these communities were part.

Research Goals

This work focuses on ceramic compositional variation in assemblages from the

Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch great house communities as a way to address issues of ethnic

identity and interaction on a local scale. Visual analyses of tempering materials and

refired paste color, paired with electron microprobe assays of clay pastes reveal distinct

compositional differences within and between ceramic wares. These complementary

high-tech and low-tech methods provide data which are examined here with three

principal aims. The first is to evaluate the interpretive potential of ceramic provenance

studies for the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo area. The identification of a meaningful scale

of resolution for the discussion of ceramic provenance is largely dependent upon the

degree of geologic variation present within the area of interest. A high level of geologic

variability within a region offers numerous zones of distinct chemical and mineral

composition, increasing the likelihood that materials from different production locations

can be discriminated (Neff and Glowacki 2002). Geologic homogeneity within a study

region reduces one’s ability to discriminate between ceramics made in different locales.

6

This is a simple idea, but has important implications for the interpretations one can make

of the archaeological record.

The local landscape in the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo area is marked by both

sedimentary and volcanic features, and elevational differences between the two great

house communities cross-cut different geologic deposits, suggesting the potential for

variability at a relatively fine spatial scale. Thus, in addition to assessments of patterning

in tempering materials and clay pastes within the archaeological assemblages, geologic

clay samples were also collected, assessed, and compared to the archaeological

assemblages, using both high-tech and low-tech methods.

The second major aim of this study is to apply an understanding of meaningful

scales of spatial and compositional analytical resolution to the creation of a low-tech,

visual, provenance-related typology to be used by analysts in the laboratory. Low-tech,

visual methods have the advantage of carrying low costs in terms of time, training, and

money, and offer relatively high returns in terms of data, permitting the assessment of

large numbers of samples. Low-tech methods are also apt to highlight coarse patterns in

assemblages, which are likely to be “real,” or at least replicable, even if they carry low

interpretive weight.

Following these largely methodological and empirical aims, the final goal of this

study is to present an interpretation of the ceramic data from the Cox Ranch and Cerro

Pomo communities. Here, patterning in the results of both low-tech and high-tech

analyses is considered along with other lines of evidence to build an argument for local

production of brown utility ware, and relatively large-scale import of grey ware and white

ware from communities to the north. I also argue here against ethnic co-residence as an

7

explanation for patterning in the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo ceramic assemblages

(contra Duff 2005, 2009; Duff and Nauman 2009; Elkins 2007; Nauman 2007).

The Sourcing Premise: assumptions, limitations, and key concepts

Ceramic sourcing itself is based upon one primary assumption, referred to as the

provenience postulate, which holds that “there exist differences in chemical composition

between natural sources that exceed, in some recognizable way, the differences observed

within a given source” (Weigand et al. 1977:24). Thus, the provenience postulate allows

archaeologists to link raw chemical data and analytical patterns to archaeologically

meaningful concepts of “source.”

As Bishop, Rands, and Holley (1982:276) note, the identification of distinct

sources can be accomplished directly, through intensive survey of the local geology, or

indirectly, through the identification of “analytical sources,” or compositional groups that

are likely to be geographically distinct. These analytical sources, while still valuable,

limit the types of interpretations one can make, since they are not tied to specific resource

procurement zones on the landscape. Often, when specific procurement zones cannot be

identified, researchers invoke the “criterion of abundance” (Bishop et al. 1982:301): the

assumption that the frequency of objects will increase with increased proximity to their

place of origin. Thus, a compositional group of unknown origin is assumed to have come

from the area where it is most strongly represented archaeologically (Bishop et al.

1982:301; Neff and Glowacki 2002:6). This idea is often extended by researchers to

include the notion that the most frequent compositional groups in a single assemblage

were likely produced locally. While this may seem to be a reasonable expectation, it is a

8

questionable assumption, as some kinds of ceramic vessels may have traveled long

distances and in great numbers (Colton 1941:317; Toll 2001:59).

Compositional sourcing, then, is limited in two principal ways. The analyst is

limited by her knowledge of the geology of the region, and that geology itself limits the

resolution of the analysis. For example, in Zedeño’s study of ceramics from Chodistaas

Pueblo, Arizona, homogeneous sedimentary geology precluded source determinations at

a high spatial resolution, and the region of “local” manufacture was defined as

coterminous with the Grasshopper Plateau (Zedeño 1994: 15-16). On the other hand,

high geologic variability in the Phoenix Basin allowed Abbott (2000) to trace the

movements of Hohokam ceramics over distances as little as a few kilometers. In

Zedeño’s case, it was impossible to use ceramic provenance to assess relationships

between individual settlements within the spatial boundaries of the Grasshopper Plateau.

In Abbott’s case, high spatial resolution in provenance determinations has allowed a

detailed and complex picture of interaction to be developed for communities only a few

kilometers apart among the Phoenix Basin Hohokam. Identifying a meaningful scale of

resolution for sourcing studies in the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo area is an essential

element for present and future research.

Sources of Compositional Variation in Ceramics

There are three principal sources of compositional variation in ceramics. These

are temper, clay paste, and post-depositional alteration. Decorated ceramics can

incorporate further sources of variation, such as slips, glazes, and pigments. Temper is

defined as the aplastic inclusions in a ceramic body, and can include such things as

crushed rock, shell, or sand (Shepard 1995: 24-26). Temper is often added to clays to

9

standardize and/or modify their workability, drying, firing, and functional properties

(Rice 1987:407). Clays can also be “self-tempered” if the clay contains aplastic

fragments of the original geologic parent material. Thus, the tempering of clay pastes by

potters is a behavior to be inferred, rather than one to be assumed or ignored. The nature

of the aplastic inclusions themselves can help to indicate whether they are naturally

occurring or were added artificially to a clay body (Shepard 1995:161-162).

The clay paste, or plastic body of a ceramic, is often obtained directly from

geologic deposits or can be derived through the levigation of sediments (Rice 1987:118).

Clays are created through the weathering of various geologic parent materials, and

therefore vary in their composition, firing, and workability properties depending upon

their specific parent materials and geologic histories (e.g., transport, deposition, and

alteration). Clays which remain in situ as the parent material weathers are referred to as

primary or residual clays. Primary clays often contain coarse fragments of their parent

rocks, as the different mineral constituents of rocks generally do not weather uniformly or

completely (Rice 1987:37). Clays that undergo transport before deposition are known as

secondary clays. Transport and redeposition often result in clays that are finer-textured

and more homogeneous than residual clays (Rice 1987:37). Because of the different

processes, both cultural and geological, by which clay pastes and aplastic fragments can

be combined, the recognition of clay pastes and tempers as independent sources of

compositional variation is of great importance in the study of archaeological ceramics.

A third source of compositional variation, post-depositional alteration, most

commonly has to do with the leaching and/or accumulation of salts and carbonates in the

ceramic body, and is an important factor in desert environments that receive only periodic

10

precipitation. The effects of this alteration can be tested through examination of sodium-

aluminum and calcium-aluminum ratios in chemical compositional data. Sodium

chloride and calcium carbonate tend to be mobile within soil and sediment systems, since

both are soluble in rainwater, while aluminum is much more stable (Abbott 2000:89).

Mechanisms of Transport

There are three mechanisms that can account for the movement of ceramic

materials across the landscape. These are the movement of pots, the movement of people,

and the movement of raw materials (Shepard 1995; Zedeño 1994). The movement of

pots takes place through the exchange, trade, or transfer of pots through social or

economic transactions (Zedeño 1994, 1998). It is important to note that the transfer of

the vessel may only be incidental to the socially important transfer of that vessel’s

contents. The movement of people can take place through migration of family units or

other social groups, or through processes such as marriage into a new social group.

People moving over the landscape may bring along their traditional ceramic knowledge

and practices, or may adopt new materials and techniques upon arrival in their new

locations.

The movement of raw materials involves the use of non-local materials for local

manufacture, and usually takes place when high quality or unique materials are otherwise

unavailable locally. Shepard (1936:451), in an early study of ceramic practices in the

Northern Rio Grande area, noted little trade in body pastes, but extensive trade in slips.

Arnold (1985:36), in a cross-cultural evaluation of potting behaviors, likewise noted that

resource “catchment areas” for tempers and pigments extended beyond the bounds of

those for body pastes. However, Arnold (1985:232) found that most potting communities

11

obtain their primary clay and temper resources within 1 km of their residence, but often

go as far as 6-9 km, meaning that communities must be located at least 12-18 km from

one another in order to suppose that their respective potters were procuring clays from

different source locations. Beyond a distance of 6-9 km, the costs of raw clay transport

generally become too high to justify. Thus, large volume trade in raw material “pottery

making kits” is unlikely (Abbott 2000). Understandings of these three mechanisms of

transport shape archaeologists’ expectations and hypotheses, and guide the social

inferences one can make based on patterns in ceramic compositional data.

Technological Style: from pots to people

While compositional analyses speak to the nature of the raw materials used in the

production of ceramics, studies of technological style illustrate aspects of how vessels

were physically constructed by potters. The most direct link between pots and people is

the production process, as that process itself consists of patterned human behavior

comprising potters’ culturally situated decisions and practices. Because of the additive

nature of ceramic production, those decisions and practices (the chaînes opératoires of

production) become encoded in vessels as they are built (Dietler and Herbich 1998;

Lechtman 1977).

The social dimensions of material culture are often conceptualized as belonging to

three separate realms: those of decorative “style,” utilitarian “function,” and

“technology,” or processes of production and use (Dietler and Herbich 1998). While this

division may serve as a useful heuristic device in some cases, I agree with Dietler and

Herbich (1998) that the boundaries between these divisions are often too rigid and reified

in archaeological approaches. In reality, style, function, and technology are intertwined

12

and overlapping elements of the social meanings of objects. Concurrently, the same

objects may have different social meanings for individuals occupying different social

roles (e.g., Adams 1998; Spielmann et al. 2006).

In the face of such complexity, Dietler and Herbich (1998) have proposed a

synthetic approach to ceramic style, based in Bourdieu’s (1977) theory of practice, in

which practice links structure and agency. It is this approach that I draw upon to link

material culture and human social agents. Viewed in this way, pottery is seen as shaped

by the decisions of individual potters according to what MacDonald (1990) calls

“protocol” and “panache.” “Protocol,” as an element of structure, represents a group-

level norm or ideal, such as what a pot should look like, and how it should be made and

used. “Panache” represents individual expression. These elements of shared ideals and

individual expression are mutually formative through iterative historical processes (e.g.,

Hegmon and Kulow 2005). The essential notion for studies of ceramic technological

style is that shared norms and ideals are translated and transmitted through practices,

which are then encoded in and embodied by the vessel. Learning how to make pottery

entails face-to-face communication for the transmission of the knowledge and practices

employed in the production process (Crown 2001). This face-to-face transmission

creates learning frameworks as knowledge, practices, and protocols are passed from one

potter to another. Those who share the same or similar learning frameworks create what

are recognized as communities of shared practice. Where shared protocol forms a core

distinguishing feature, studies of technological style can be used to link pottery to

different learning frameworks and communities of practice.

13

As the preceding discussion has illustrated, the materials and methods of vessel

construction, along with their contexts of recovery, each contribute essential elements to

analysts’ understandings of ceramic production, circulation, and use, and the social

dimensions thereof. Table 1 outlines the ways in which different combinations of these

elements can be interpreted by archaeologists examining ceramic assemblages.

On the Mogollon-Pueblo frontier, the negotiation of social identity and

relationships was likely an important part of life. Patterns of ceramic use in the area

suggest that individuals’ practices were aimed at maintaining social relationships as well

as cultural boundaries. Studies of ceramic provenance and technological style can help

us understand the nature of those relationships and boundaries. In the present study,

high- and low-tech analyses are used to complement one another in characterizing

compositional variation in the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo area ceramic assemblages as a

first step toward such goals.

Sites and Ceramic Samples for Low-Tech Analysis

The archaeological materials analyzed in this study were drawn from excavated

midden and structural contexts at Cerro Pomo Pueblo and Cox Ranch Pueblo, and from

midden test excavations from three smaller sites in the Cerro Pomo area: NM-02-961,

NM-02-965, and NM-02-967, hereafter simply referred to as 961, 965, and 967.

Cox Ranch Pueblo (LA 13681) was recorded as a single site, though it includes

the Cox Ranch great house (of approximately 50 rooms) as well as 18 additional smaller

roomblocks and other structures (Duff 2005, 2009). The Cerro Pomo (LA 31803) great

house (of about 40 rooms), on the other hand, is part of a dispersed settlement pattern,

14

more typical of Pueblo II settlements in the area. Sites 961, 965, and 967 are smaller

roomblocks with between 5 and 10 rooms each, which are part of the dispersed

settlement surrounding Cerro Pomo. All are located within a 20-minute walk of the Cerro

Pomo great house.

Table 1: Ceramic Characteristics and Interpretive Expectations

Production Tradition

Design Style Raw Materials Mechanism of Transport

Interpretation

Local Local Local None Local Tradition Foreign Local Local Movement of

People Small immigrant group adopting local style

Foreign Foreign Local Movement of People

Large immigrant group maintaining home tradition

Local Foreign Local None Local emulation of foreign style

Foreign Local Foreign Movement of Pots

Foreign emulation of local style

Movement of Pots

Production by a large emigrant group in their new location, traded back to home region

Local Local Foreign

Movement of Raw Materials

Local production with imported raw materials

Movement of Pots

Small emigrant group adopting new stylistic conventions, traded back to home region

Local Foreign Foreign

Movement of Raw Materials

Local emulation of foreign style on imported materials

Foreign Foreign Foreign Movement of Pots

Exchanged vessel

Modified from Duff (2002:25) and Zedeño (1994:19)

A total of 2,118 sherds was sampled from these five sites for low-tech analyses

(Table 2). Ceramic samples from sites 961 (n=124) and 967 (n=190) represent 100% of

all recovered sherds large enough to have fragments removed for refiring. The 965

sample (n=326) was begun with this sampling strategy in mind, but was curtailed due to

15

time constraints. The Cerro Pomo great house sample (n=426) represents all wares, but

was a random, rather than complete sample. The total Cox Ranch sample size is 1052

sherds. This includes 814 sherds of all wares, examined by Nauman (2007), as well as

238 brown and grey sherds selected by Elkins et al. (2009) for a different study. Neither

Nauman’s nor Elkins et al.’s samples were selected to be representative of the Cox Ranch

assemblage as a whole. Both samples focused primarily on brown and grey wares,

though Nauman added a selection of decorated wares for rough assessment. Considering

these differences in sampling, the complete, partial-complete, and random samples

should be readily comparable, and can be considered representative of site ceramic

assemblages, but the Cox Ranch samples cannot be considered representative of the total

ceramic assemblage. Statistical testing of differences between site assemblages is

therefore not attempted here, but the generation of representative samples for all sites is

desirable for future studies. Due to the apparent interpretive importance of brown and

grey wares in the study area, the decision was made to maximize the available sample

size for these wares, in spite of sampling differences.

The ceramic assemblages at these sites include brown paste and grey paste utility

wares, as well as slipped and decorated white and red wares. The brown and grey wares

in these assemblages are understood to be culinary and utilitarian wares. Brown wares are

present in both bowl and jar forms, and occur in plain and corrugated varieties. Bowls

often have smudged, polished interiors. Grey wares are present almost exclusively in jar

form, and also occur primarily in corrugated varieties. White-slipped wares occur as

painted bowls and jars. The decorated white wares are predominantly Puerco and Reserve

black-on-white, which date to A.D. 1030-1200 (Hays-Gilpin and Van Hartesveldt 1998).

16

Earlier decorated types, such as Red Mesa, Kiatuthlanna, and Escavada black-on-white

are rare, making up less than 1 percent of the total assemblage. Red ware is the least

common ware in the Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch area, making up only 1-2 percent of the

total assemblage. Red wares usually occur in bowl forms, and jars are rare. The

decorated red wares in the assemblage are predominantly Puerco and Wingate black-on-

red, which date to A.D. 1050-1200 (Hays-Gilpin and Van Hartesveldt 1998).

Table 2: Breakdown of Ceramic Samples by Ware and Site

Brown Grey White Red Total Cox Ranch Brown and

Grey Sample (Elkins et al.

2009)

164 68.91%

74 31.09%

-- --

-- --

238 100%

Cox Ranch All Wares (Nauman

2007)

363 44.59%

69 8.48%

275 33.79%

107 13.14%

814 100%

Cerro Pomo 205 48.12%

47 11.03%

156 36.62%

18 4.23%

426 100%

NM-02-961 63 50.81%

8 6.45%

52 41.93%

1 0.81%

124 100%

NM-02-965 189 57.98%

34 10.43%

100 30.67%

3 0.92%

326 100%

NM-02-967 82 43.15%

39 20.53%

69 36.32%

0 0%

190 100%

Total 1062* 902

271* 197

652

129

2,118* 1,880

* indicates inclusion of the Elkins et al. (2009) sample.

17

Low-Tech Temper Analysis

Low-tech visual analysis of ceramic tempers from five sites in the Cerro Pomo

and Cox Ranch areas reveals distinct differences between and within ceramic wares.

Particularly interesting are the results from the study of brown and grey utility wares. The

visual analysis of temper was carried out with four principal aims. First, it was necessary

to identify the range of different tempering materials present in the collections, and then

to characterize them. The second aim was to see whether different wares were tempered

with different materials, and what variability was present within each ware, as this might

indicate different production loci. The third aim entailed a review of temper analyses

conducted in surrounding areas within the Mogollon-Pueblo cultural transition zone in

order to situate the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo area patterns within a broader regional

picture. Finally, consideration is given to the local and regional geology, and its

implications for possible geologic sources of rock and mineral tempers. This visual

examination of temper highlights several patterns, and suggests a number of directions

for further research.

Methodology

Prior to visual examination, a small fragment of each sample sherd was removed

and refired to 900º C in an oxidizing atmosphere. Since this temperature is higher than

that attained by most traditional firing techniques, refiring in oxidization serves to

standardize the samples with regard to firing atmosphere and temperature (Mills 1987).

This standardization allows paste color to be analyzed independently of firing atmosphere,

and also facilitates consistent visual assessment of tempering materials.

Once refired, the temper content of each sherd was assessed with the aid of a

18

binocular microscope set to 40x magnification. The variables recorded for each sherd

included: 1) the amount of total temper present, 2) the amount of sand or rock present, 3)

the presence or absence of mafic minerals, and 4) the amount and type of sherd temper

present. Amounts of total temper, sand, rock, and sherd were assessed according to the

same scale, and were designated trace (<5%), average (5-20%), or high (>20%). Since

this constituted the first detailed examination of ceramic tempers at these sites, I also

entered a narrative description of each sherd’s temper and later devised a coding scheme

as differences and similarities among the tempers became apparent. The temper analysis

took place in two phases. I first assessed the overall variability in tempering materials,

and subsequently defined distinct temper categories and assigned each sample

accordingly.

Temper Categories

Visual analyses of sherds led to the identification of seven distinct temper

categories (coded as A through G, Table 3), and one indeterminate category (coded X,

Table 3). Temper types A, B, and E all contain mafic grains. Type A is characterized by

crushed igneous rock along with dark mafic particles, and Type B is composed of quartz-

dominated fluvial sands with mafic grains. Type E constitutes a mix of crushed sherd

and mafic minerals. Mafic rocks and minerals are relatively rich in heavier elements,

especially iron and magnesium, and have a higher specific gravity than silicic rocks and

minerals (which are rich in lighter elements such as silica, oxygen, aluminum, and

potassium). Mafic rocks and minerals are also usually dark in color, allowing them to be

visually identified. The mafic grains in the sherds I examined tended to be small, angular

and black, with a glassy luster.

19

Types C, D, F, and G lack mafic constituents. Type C consists of coarse, well-

sorted, angular to sub-angular quartz sand. Type D contains finer, mixed, quartz-

dominated and multilithic sands. Type F is a combination of sherd and sand, lacking

mafic grains, and type G is sherd temper only.

All of the sherds designated indeterminate (temper group X, n=8) were white wares.

Seven of these contained a platy, dark grey temper which did not fit in any of the

categories. One white ware sherd appeared to have been overfired at some point, leaving

its interior looking like a glassy sponge. No temper was identifiable in this sherd.

Table 3: Summary Description of Temper Categories

Temper Category Description

A Grey-gold crushed igneous rock with dark mafic particles and

occasional rounded quartz grains

B Quartz dominated fluvial sands along with dark mafic grains. Also

mixed sands containing mafic grains

C Coarse quartz sand or crushed quartz rock

D Mixed quartz-dominated and multilithic sands lacking mafic

particles

E Sherd and sand temper with mafic grains

F Sherd and sand, lacking mafic grains

G Sherd only

X Indeterminate

20

Results of Sorting by Temper Category

Sorting the sample sherds by temper category allowed an examination of tempering

material as it differs across ceramic wares, sites, and vessel forms. Brown ware vessels

(Table 4) are predominantly tempered with crushed igneous rock, or mixed sands with

mafic grains (types A and B, respectively). In grey wares (Table 5), quartz-dominated

sand and/or sherd occur most frequently (types C, F, and G). White wares (Table 6) tend

to be tempered with coarse quartz, sherd and sand, or sherd alone (types D, F, and G).

There are relatively few red wares overall, the exception being Cox Ranch, but they are

most commonly tempered with a combination of sand and sherd, or sherd alone (types F

and G, Table 7). The presence of mafic particles in almost all of the brown wares and

nearly none of the grey wares suggests that the source materials for these wares are

derived from different geological sources.

When divided by site, the general relationships between wares and dominant

temper types appear to hold true, but there is considerable variability in the relative

frequencies of different temper types at different sites. Greater diversity in brown ware

tempers is visible at the great house sites, which is to be expected, as they likely served as

focal points for community interactions, and being larger roomblocks, they likely also

housed greater populations than did smaller surrounding sites. Unquestionably, though,

the brown wares at all sites remain dominated by temper types A and B. The

predominance of brown wares, coupled with the relative homogeneity of their tempers

hints at local manufacture of these wares. In addition, a cursory glance at 22

opportunistically collected sand samples indicates that mafic minerals are common

constituents of local sands.

21

Table 4. Brown Wares by Temper Type

Temper Type

Cox Ranch Cerro Pomo

Site 961 Site 965 Site 967 Type Total

A 105 28.93%

101 49.27%

53 84.13%

83 43.92%

49 60.49%

286 52.29%

B 157 43.25%

60 29.27%

9 14.29%

102 53.97%

24 29.63%

231 42.23%

C 0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

5 6.17%

11 2.01%

D 41 11.29%

9 4%

1 1.58%

1 0.53%

2 2.47%

8 1.46%

E 31 8.54%

17 8.29%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

2 0.36%

F 21 5.79%

14 6.83%

0 0%

2 1.05%

2 2.47%

9 1.64%

G 9 2.48%

4 1.95%

0 0%

1 0.53%

0 0%

2 0.36%

X 0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

Site Totals 363 100%

205 100%

63 100%

189 100%

81 100%

547 100%

Table 5. Grey Wares by Temper Type

Temper Type

Cox Ranch Cerro Pomo

Site 961 Site 965 Site 967 Type Total

A 0 0%

1 2%

2 25%

3 8.82%

4 10%

10 5.05%

B 5 7.25%

4 8.51%

1 12.50%

6 17.65%

2 5%

18 9.09%

C 2 2.90%

13 27.66%

2 25%

11 32.35%

5 12.50%

33 16.67%

D 6 8.70%

3 6.38%

0 0%

4 11.76%

7 17.50%

20 10.10%

E 5 7.25%

1 2%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

6 3.03%

F 11 15.94%

13 26.66%

3 37.50%

4 11.76%

14 35%

45 22.72%

G 39 56.52%

12 25.53%

0 0%

6 17.65%

7 17.50%

64 32.32%

X 0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

Site Totals 69 100%

47 100%

8 100%

34 100%

40 100%

198 100%

22

Table 6. White Wares by Temper Type

Temper Type

Cox Ranch Cerro Pomo

Site 961 Site 965 Site 967 Type Total

A 0 0%

1 1%

0 0%

1 1%

1 1.45%

3 0.46%

B 1 0.36%

2 1.28%

6 11.54%

2 2%

3 4.35%

14 2.15%

C 0 0%

1 1%

3 5.77%

4 4%

1 1.45%

9 1.38%

D 14 5.09%

13 8.33%

27 51.92%

15 15%

16 23.19%

60 9.20%

E 6 2.18%

7 4.49%

1 1.92%

1 1%

0 0%

15 2.30%

F 95 34.55%

70 44.87%

15 28.85%

36 36%

23 33.33%

239 36.66%

G 159 57.82%

61 39.10%

0 0%

38 38%

21 30.43%

279 42.79%

X 0 0%

1 1%

0 0%

3 3%

4 5.80%

8 1.23%

Site Totals 275 100%

156 100%

52 100%

100 100%

69 100%

652 100%

Table 7. Red Wares by Temper Type

Temper Type

Cox Ranch Cerro Pomo

Site 961 Site 965 Site 967 Type Total

A 0 0%

0 0%

1 100%

0 0%

0 0%

1 0.78%

B 0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

C 0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

D 0 0%

2 11%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

2 1.55%

E 0 0%

2 11%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

2 1.55%

F 35 32.71%

8 44%

0 0%

3 100%

0 0%

46 35.66%

G 72 67.29%

6 33%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

78 60.47%

X 0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

0 0%

Site Totals 107 100%

18 100%

1 100%

3 100%

0 100%

129 100%

23

Grey wares show greater overall variability in temper types at all sites than do

brown wares. The diversity of grey ware tempers may point to a variety of different

production locales, and the general lack of volcanics and mafic minerals in grey ware

tempers suggests non-local manufacture of these wares. However, a small number of

unusual, mafic-bearing grey wares stand out in this analysis. This may be due to

misidentification of wares during the original ceramic analysis (almost certainly the case

for a few of these), but some likely do reflect the use of mafic-bearing tempers in grey

ware manufacture, something noted at other sites in the region (Fowler 1985; Garrett

1987). This prompts the speculation that these might be copycat versions of traditional

grey wares, or some other transposition of grey ware technology onto atypical (perhaps

local?) materials, but this idea must be tested. Mafic-bearing grey wares in the study area

refire to the full range of color groups, which suggests variability in their clay pastes, and

argues against lumping these unusual cases together. Analysis of their technological style

attributes may offer the best clues as to their nature. These cases are rare in the overall

ceramic assemblage, but make up 18 percent of all grey wares in the analyzed collections.

Clearly, more research is needed to address this issue. White ware tempers (Table 6) are

variable among the five sites. The red ware sample (Table 7) is too small across most

sites to derive meaningful patterns from any but Cox Ranch. The red ware sample from

Cox Ranch Pueblo, comprising 107 sherds, is tempered either with sherd or a

combination of sherd and non-mafic sand.

Differences in the relative frequencies of different temper types at different sites

indicate that ceramic production and exchange throughout this area were not uniform.

Likely, the inhabitants of these different sites had their own pottery-making practices, and

24

also maintained their own exchange ties with neighboring groups. Seeking patterning in

these differences may aid in identifying the interaction networks of which these

residential groups were part. This, in turn, would aid in developing an understanding of

social and economic organization at broader spatial and social scales.

Vessel Form in Brown and Grey Wares

The sample data were also examined to test for the existence of relationships

between temper types and vessel forms, due to the possibility that temper selection might

be related to vessel function. The decision to use one tempering material or another may

have been a functional and/or cultural consideration for potters, not related solely to the

availability of particular materials. Different tempers may have had different effects on

the function and use-life of vessels, especially cooking vessels, which are subjected to

repeated heat-related stresses (Bronitsky and Hamer 1986; Steponaitis 1984).

Brown and grey wares are generally understood to have been utilitarian and

culinary wares, though Mogollon smudged brown ware bowls are thought to be

functionally equivalent to Pueblo red ware bowls (Elkins 2007). Jar forms in both brown

and grey wares are understood to be functionally equivalent (Nauman 2007).

Grey ware is present almost exclusively in jar form at the study sites (and

throughout the southwest, by the A.D. 1000s) (Hays-Gilpin and van Hartesveldt 1998).

This precludes tests of the relationship between vessel form and the tempering materials

selected by potters, but also means that all of the observed variation noted for grey wares

in this sample occurs within jar forms. The presence of both brown ware bowls and jars

at the study sites, along with their presumed functional differences, suggests that these

vessel forms might show some differences in tempering.

25

Indeed, a chi-squared test indicates that brown ware bowls and jars do appear to be

tempered differently from one another (χ² = 94.32, df = 6, p < 0.001). As Table 8

illustrates, brown ware jars are predominantly tempered with types A and B, with minor

occurrences of other temper types.

Table 8. Brown Ware Bowls and Jars by Temper Type

Temper Type Bowls Jars A 110

28.42% 217

55.08% B 162

41.86% 134

34.01% C 4

1.15% 1

0.25% D 27

6.97% 26

6.59% E 47

12.14% 1

0.25% F 29

7.49% 9

2.28% G 8

2.06% 6

1.52% Total 387

100% 394

100%

Bowls, on the other hand, are predominantly tempered with type B (42 percent of

bowls), followed by type A (28 percent of bowls), and almost all occurrences (47 of 48)

of temper type E (crushed sherd with mafic inclusions) are in bowl forms. Because

temper types A and B are frequent in both brown ware vessel forms, and one is not used

in a particular form to the near exclusion of the other, it seems that the variations

observed in tempers may be an artifact of the different social mechanisms by which

bowls and jars were produced and distributed, rather than related to mechanical vessel

performance. The greater diversity of tempers observed in brown ware bowls may relate

to their being considered functionally equivalent to decorated red ware bowls. Elkins

26

(2007) argues that smudged brown ware bowls were considered prized decorative wares

and were used as serving vessels, similar to red ware bowls, and notes that brown ware

bowls were widely circulated throughout western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. The

prevalence of temper type B in bowls also suggests the possibility of diversity in source

locations. Type B (quartz-dominated and multilithic sands with mafic particles), by its

nature likely encompasses a variety of source locations, as sands are commonly

transported and deposited over the landscape as a product of erosion, while the crushed

volcanics of Type A would necessarily derive from localized geologic sources. Brown

ware bowls from numerous production locations may have found their way to the study

sites, accounting for their greater temper diversity relative to jars. Jars, as we understand

them, would have been used as workaday cooking pots, and would likely have changed

hands under different social circumstances from bowls.

Temper Analysis: Comparisons to Previous Research

Visual examination of a large sample of sherds has provided a clear picture of

variability in tempering material across ceramic wares in the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo

area. This is particularly interesting with regard to the brown and grey wares, as these

two types are held to be indicative of different cultural traditions in the study area. Here,

the results of this temper analysis are compared to those of other studies carried out in

this culturally transitional region. I focus particularly on petrographic analyses conducted

for the Fence Lake Coal Lease projects some 25 miles northeast of the Cerro Pomo and

Cox Ranch area (Hogan 1985, 1987), which explicitly included examinations of

tempering materials in nearby archaeological assemblages, but I also expand the

discussion to include studies from farther afield.

27

Across the region, white wares and red wares tend to be tempered with sherd, or a

combination of sherd and multilithic sand. Likewise, grey wares are almost universally

noted to be tempered with quartz-dominated sands and/or crushed sherd (Camilli et al.

1988; Crown 1981; Garrett 1987; McGimsey 1980:49; Mills 1987; Rugge 1985). Fowler

(1985) and Garrett (1987), as noted above, also report the rare occurrence of mafic

inclusions in grey wares.

Unfortunately, sherd tempering puts a damper on temper-related determinations of

provenance, since sherd temper is drawn from a cultural context rather than a geologic

context. Quartz sands can also be problematic for sourcing, simply because quartz is

such a common mineral in the earth’s continental crust. Quartz-dominated sands could

potentially be characterized by their minor mineral components in a useful manner, but

this does not appear to have been attempted in this area. Elsewhere, however, sand

characterization studies have proven to be quite useful (e.g., Heidke and Miksa 2000).

The geology of the plateau zone, being characterized by spatially extensive,

homogeneous sedimentary deposits, is not terribly encouraging, but the issue merits

investigation nonetheless. The few grey wares with mafic inclusions are of interest as

well, as they may be indicative of production in a distinct geologic zone.

Somewhat surprisingly, this leaves brown wares with the greatest amount of

interpretive potential, as far as temper analysis is concerned. Researchers have long

doubted the usefulness of petrographic analysis of brown wares in this area, citing widely

available raw materials and general homogeneity in tempers (Camilli et al. 1988; Crown

1981; Danson 1957). However, Mills (2007:223) notes that complex interactions were

likely taking place in the Quemado area, and states that “more comprehensive ceramic

28

provenance and technological style analyses are clearly needed.” While the spatial scale

of resolution accessible by this method may not be very fine, there appears to be potential

for uncovering telling patterns, as a review of nearby studies suggests.

Rugge (1985) performed petrographic analysis of a sample of 30 brown ware

sherds from sites in the Fence Lake Coal Lease area. His analysis revealed two primary

temper groups, designated A and B. Rugge’s (1985:145) category A consists of angular

to subangular fragments of augite latite with associated mineral fragments and occasional

quartz grains. The quartz, he notes, is likely a natural inclusion in the clay rather than an

added component of the temper. Rugge’s (1985:145) category B is characterized by

fluvial sands with subround quartz and other mineral types. He finds both of these brown

ware tempers in high proportions, which, he states, might lead one to suspect that both

are local. He notes that his category B temper appears to be locally available as the

daughter product of the Mesa Verde Group sandstones and Moreno Hill formation, but

suggests that the augite latite temper is not local to the Fence Lake Lease area. Fowler

(1985), in a visual examination of the same materials, notes fine, quartz-dominated sand

with black (mafic) inclusions in brown wares, but does not mention or describe the augite

latite temper that Rugge describes. In the Fence Lake Mine area, Mills (1987) reports

that brown wares were tempered primarily with fluvial quartz. Sherd-tempered brown

wares were rare in the Fence Lake Mine sample, as is the case in the Cerro Pomo and

Cox Ranch area.

Garrett (1987) performed petrographic analysis of the Fence Lake Mine area

ceramics, and found that brown ware was tempered with either fast-cooled igneous rock

of basaltic composition or with fluvial sands from a sedimentary source. Garrett also

29

noted that mafic particles were present in all brown wares sampled. She found that the

crushed igneous rock seen in her samples matched Rugge’s description of augite latite

(his temper category A), while the fluvial sands she noted matched his category B temper.

The parallels in brown ware tempers between Rugge and Garrett’s work and the

results from the Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch area are readily apparent. The dominant

temper categories identified by Rugge and Garrett appear to match those identified at

Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo. It is unknown, however, whether the crushed igneous rock

in the Cerro Pomo area samples is the same “augite latite” mentioned by Rugge.

Dr. John Wolff (personal communication, 2008), of the Geology Department at

Washington State University, argues that identifying a latite requires chemical

compositional analysis, and is not something that can reliably be done petrographically.

He briefly examined seven thin sections of type A tempered ceramics from Cox Ranch

and Cerro Pomo in order to identify the crushed igneous rock inclusions. Wolff

identified augite mineral components in some of the samples, but characterized all of the

crushed volcanics as either rhyo-dacite or dacite-andesite, both of which would be

present in close proximity in a volcanic landscape such as that in which Cox Ranch and

Cerro Pomo are situated. Fragments of both rhyo-dacite and dacite-andesite were present

in individual samples, though the relative proportions of each varied among the seven

sherds he examined.

Other petrographic analyses from more distant areas in this region show the

predominance of different temper types in brown utility wares. Crown’s (1981:267)

work in the grey ware-dominated St. Johns area in Arizona showed that brown wares,

which were likely intrusive, were predominantly tempered with chert, quartz, and

30

muscovite. This is clearly different from the crushed volcanics noted by other

researchers, but may be akin to Rugge’s type B temper, and the sand temper noted at Cox

Ranch and Cerro Pomo, though muscovite does not appear to figure prominently in the

study assemblage. Doyel’s work (1980:174) at sites 15 miles northeast of Springerville,

in another grey ware-dominated area, saw that brown wares were tempered with quartz

sand with minor components of gold- and silver-colored mica.

While some have cast doubt on the efficacy of petrographic analysis in sourcing

brown wares, it appears that there may be some gross differences in temper that are

relevant at a larger geographic scale than any of these individual projects has

encompassed or considered. The real question then is whether or not it is useful or

interesting to pursue these gross differences. I argue that sourcing ceramics even to

regions as broad as the sedimentary-dominated “plateau zone” above the Mogollon Rim

and the “volcanic zone” below could be useful in reconstructing relationships between

Mogollon and Ancestral Pueblo groups, since evidence suggests that brown wares were

made in both of these areas, were tempered differently (i.e., with locally available

materials particular to those distinct geologic zones), and have subsequently been moved

across the landscape through social and economic channels (e.g., Doyel 1980).

This discussion raises the question: What tempering materials might one expect to

see in a locally produced assemblage? Geologic maps and field observations suggest that

both volcanic and sedimentary-derived temper materials may be locally available in the

Cerro Pomo area. Darton (1928) identifies the area as comprising andesite, latite,

rhyolite, basalt, tuff, agglomerate, ash, and other unclassified igneous, mostly extrusive

rocks. Nearby are the deposits of the Mesa Verde Formation (described by Wanek 1959).

31

Dane and Bachman (1965) indicate alluvium, and basalt flows, including trachyte, latite,

andesite, tuff, and some intrusive igneous rocks in the local area. Other volcanics, along

with the Mesa Verde Group, Mancos Shale, and the Baca and Cub Mountain Formations

are also exposed locally. This indicates that quartz and volcanics are common in the

Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch area. The Mesa Verde Group, locally recognized as the

Moreno Hill Formation (e.g., Bureau of Land Management 1990), represents a series of

sedimentary deposits laid down atop the Mancos Shale, and as Rugge (1987) notes, this

may have provided a local source of quartz-dominated sand.

Rugge (1987: 138) also mentions a light grey, fine-grained andesite with

conspicuous phenocrysts of clinopyroxene (of which augite is a type) or hornblende and

some olivine as one of three different rock types visible on the slopes of Cerro Prieto,

about 20 miles north of the Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch area. He insists that the “augite-

latite” he finds in the brown ware samples is not available locally, but I might ask

whether it is perhaps present among the volcanics associated with Cerro Prieto. If indeed

the augite latite is distinctive, and is linked to discrete source locations, it might be

possible to track its distribution as ceramic temper. Due to the prevalence of relatively

young volcanism throughout the area, it is likely that these same types of rocks may be

available at different volcanic loci. Further investigation of the local geology is clearly

desirable.

Rugge’s description of a light grey, fine-grained andesite with clinopyroxene

phenocrysts matches well with John Wolff’s characterization of the crushed volcanic

tempers at Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch. Augite latite or not, “temper type A” appears to

have some sourcing potential. By its nature, it locates its origins within the broader zone

32

of volcanism that characterizes the southern portion of the Mogollon-Pueblo transitional

area, and there may be potential for finer distinctions to be made, if different volcanic

loci offer mineralogically distinct rock types. As touched upon above, the

characterization of different sands may also be of use. It appears clear that the sand

tempers in grey and brown wares have different mineral constituents. Grey wares tend to

lack both mafic minerals and mica, while these minerals appear commonly in brown

wares throughout the broader region. The Fence Lake Mine and Cerro Pomo study areas

appear to share a common signature in volcanic/mafic tempers in brown wares, which

differs from that noted in study areas further afield (e.g., Crown 1981; Doyel 1980),

where quartz and micaceous minerals are common in brown wares. Localized volcanism

above the Mogollon rim may contribute to significant patterning in tempers, especially

where it introduces distinctive minerals to the local geology.

A geologic sampling program aimed at the recovery of potential temper materials

is essential if any of these ideas are to be tested. In addition, direct comparisons of

tempers and pastes from diverse study areas in the region may help to identify similarities

and differences on a broad spatial scale, and may help to highlight different

compositional zones or areas of compositional homogeneity

Refired Paste Color Analysis

Firing atmosphere is another variable that can be manipulated by potters to

achieve different appearances in clay pastes. Oxygen rich (oxidizing) firing atmospheres

allow iron to oxidize to its highest state and develop its characteristic rusty-red color

(Shepard 1995:216). Oxygen poor (reducing) firing atmospheres prevent the oxidation of

33

iron in the clay paste, and within certain temperature ranges can actually lower the

oxidation state of iron, producing a grey rather than red color (Shepard 1995:216). Thus,

relatively iron-rich clays could be used to produce grey ware vessels through firing in a

reducing atmosphere, a practice which has been noted archaeologically in the Zuni area

(Duff 1994). Because of the relationship between iron content, oxidation state, and

expressed color, visual analysis of refired paste color allows a rough visual assessment of

one dimension of clay chemistry. Observing the refired color in the study collections was

important to discerning whether grey and brown wares were indeed made from different

clays.

Refired paste color analyses for the Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch area materials

were performed by Darin McDougall, Cassandra Krum, Alissa Nauman, Melissa Elkins,

and Aaron Wright, who followed methods set out by Windes (1977) and Mills (1987).

Fragments of sherds were removed and refired to 900º C in an oxidizing atmosphere.

Following refiring, Munsell color charts were used to determine the color of the clay

paste from a fresh break across the sherd’s cross-section. Sherds were then assigned to

seven color categories (numbered 1-7, from light to dark), and three broader color ranges

(buff, yellowish-red, and red) (Table 8)

The results of the refired color analysis showed clear relationships between ware,

temper, and refired color, indicating that grey wares and brown wares were made from

distinct clays. Grey wares in the study area appear to be produced primarily with very

light-firing clays (color groups 1 and 2), which are iron poor, and fire to a white or light

buff color even in fully oxidizing atmospheres. Brown wares, on the other hand, refire to

darker yellowish-red to red colors (groups 5 and 6), indicating iron-rich clays. White

34

wares and red wares are coated with a layer of slip, which in whole vessels conceals the

firing color of its internal body paste. Red ware body clays appear to vary widely,

suggesting numerous different clay sources, while white wares tend to be either very light

firing (groups 1 and 2), or light yellowish-red (group 4).

Table 9. Munsell Color Groups for Refiring Analysis

Color Range Color Group Munsell Color 1

10YR (8/1-8/4) 10YR (7/1-7/4) 2.5Y (N8/-8/4) 2.5Y (N7-7/4) 5Y (8/1-8/4)

2

7.5YR (N8-8/4) 7.5YR (N7/-7/4) 10YR (8/6-8/8) 10YR (7/6-7/8)*

Buff

3

5YR (8/1-8/4) 5YR (7/1-7/4)

4

7.5YR (8/6) 7.5YR (7/6-7/8) 7.5YR (6/6-6/8) 7.5YR (5/4-5/8)

Yellowish Red

5

5YR (7/6-7/8) 5YR (6/6-6/8) 5YR (5/4-5/8)

6

2.5YR (6/4-6/8) 2.5YR (5/4-5/8) 2.5YR (4/4-4/8)

Red 7

10R (6/3-6/8) 10R (5/3-5/8) 10R (4/8)**

After Windes 1977: Table 10.5 *Not present in Windes’ table, added by Mills 1987 ** Not present in Windes’ table, added for this analysis

35

Table 10. Ceramic Wares and Refired Color Groups

Munsell Color Group Ware 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total

3 2 0 22 212 800 24 1063 Brown 0.28% 0.19% 0.00% 2.07% 19.98% 75.26% 2.26% 100%

116 93 3 31 9 19 0 271 Grey 42.49% 34.07% 1.10% 11.36% 3.30% 7.01% 0.00% 100%

352 170 3 104 12 8 2 651 White 54.07% 26.11% 0.46% 15.98% 1.84% 1.23% 0.31% 100%

18 45 2 24 27 9 4 129 Red 13.95% 34.88% 1.55% 18.60% 20.93% 6.98% 3.10% 100%

Total 489 23.13%

310 14.66%

8 0.38%

181 8.56%

260 12.30%

836 39.54%

30 1.43%

2114* 100%

Table 11. Temper Types and Refired Color Groups

Munsell Color Group Temper Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total

1 0 0 1 57 406 15 480 A 0.21% 0.00% 0.00% 0.21% 11.88% 84.58% 3.13% 100%

3 8 0 13 67 358 9 458 B 0.66% 1.75% 0.00% 2.84% 14.63% 78.17% 1.97% 100%

17 30 1 10 5 6 0 69 C 24.64% 43.48% 1.45% 14.49% 7.25% 8.70% 0.00% 100%

45 37 0 24 29 36 1 172 D 26.16% 21.51% 0.00% 13.95% 16.86% 20.93% 0.58% 100%

12 4 1 9 36 9 1 72 E 16.67% 5.56% 1.39% 12.50% 50.00% 12.50% 1.39% 100%

162 105 3 67 31 16 2 386 F 41.97% 27.20% 0.78% 17.36% 8.03% 4.15% 0.52% 100%

249 124 3 51 34 5 2 468 G 53.21% 26.50% 0.64% 10.90% 7.26% 1.07% 0.43% 100%

Total 489 23.23%

308 14.63%

8 0.38%

175 8.31%

259 12.30%

836 39.72%

30 1.43%

2105* 100%

* (differing total N is due to missing data for some cases, and exclusion of samples with indeterminate temper)

Low Tech Analysis of Geologic Clays

In addition to archaeological ceramic samples, geologic clay samples were

collected from the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo area to assess variability in local clay

resources and to see how those resources might relate to the archaeological materials.

Nauman (2007) reports on 70 geologic clays from within 25 km (15 miles) of Cox Ranch

36

Pueblo, 28 of which were collected within a 7 km radius of Cox Ranch Pueblo. These

samples were collected from visible clay outcrops during archaeological survey of the

area adjacent to Cox Ranch Pueblo, from roadcut exposures, and vehicle-based survey of

the local region. Except in the case of roadcuts, which exposed numerous strata in a

single location, subsurface deposits were not sampled, and it is unlikely that prehistoric

potters would have used clay sources that were not exposed on the surface. During the

2006-2008 field seasons, 30 additional clay samples were collected during archaeological

survey in the vicinity of Cerro Pomo pueblo, making a total sample of 100 clays from

within the study area.

Analyses: workability, firing color, inclusions

Sampled clays were ground with a porcelain mortar and pestle, and mixed with

water until plastic. Observations regarding the workability of each clay were noted, and

each clay was formed into a test tile. A portion of each of these tiles was removed and

fired in an oxidizing atmosphere to 900 º C. After firing, Munsell colors and color groups

were recorded for each clay, and firing performance was noted. Additionally, 10 clays

were selected for electron microprobe analysis, the results of which will be discussed

later. (Data for each of the sampled clays are reported in Appendices B, C, and D.)

Of the 100 geologic clays sampled, 22 were deemed unworkable or otherwise

unsuitable for the construction of vessels. Many of these samples failed outright

(crumbled or cracked apart) during the firing process, while others lacked the necessary

plasticity for vessel formation. All 100 clays were assessed for workability and firing

behaviors by the author.

37

Legend

Cox Ranch Pueblo

Cerro Pomo Pueblo

Sample Number

Sampled AreaN

5 Km

18-21

55-57

98-101

76-83

84-87

69-70

16-1722-26

1-15

38-45

30-35 27-29

71-75

88-97

46-54

58-68

36-37

9 km

Figure 2. Geologic Clay Sampling Locations. Original sample numbering by Nauman (2007) is retained here for comparative purposes. Nauman’s sample 69, a piece of unfired pottery recovered from a room floor at Cox Ranch, was not included in this study, but her sample 70, a raw clay recovered from a room at Cox Ranch was included. Samples 71-101 were collected by the author in the vicinity of Cerro Pomo Pueblo. Circles centered on each great house are 9 km in radius, representing general limits for clay resource catchment areas, as observed ethnographically and cross-culturally (Arnold 1985). Data for each clay sample are reported in Appendices A,B, and C. Topographic maps: Fence Lake (USGS1981) and Quemado (USGS 1983), New Mexico, 1:100,000.

38

Results of Clay Color Analysis

Of the 88 workable clay samples, none falls within color category 1, and only five

fall within the “buff” range of colors. The majority of workable clays fall within the

middle category of yellow-red, with the majority of these falling in the darker red side

(color group 5). Color groups 4 and 6 are present in similar proportions in the clay

samples.

Table 12. Clay Samples by Refired Color

Color Range Color Group # Clay Samples % Clay Samples 1 0 0.00% 2 4 4.54% 3 1 1.14%

Buff

Range Total 5 5.68%4 18 20.45% 5 51 57.95%

Yellowish-Red

Range Total 69 78.41%6 14 15.91% 7 0 0.00%

Red

Range Total 14 15.91%Total 88 100%

Comparison of Archaeological and Geological Samples:

As potters may be selective in their choice of clay sources, it is not to be expected

that the abundance of certain clays on the landscape should be reflected proportionally in

the archaeological sample. Rather, the presence or absence of different workable clays is

of interest. Archaeologically recovered brown wares (Table 12) were dominated by color

group 6, which is represented at 14 different clay sample locales in the area. Color group

5 appears to be most common on the local landscape, but it is not the most common color

in the archaeological assemblage. Most white and grey wares (Table 12) fell into color

group 1 (the lightest firing group), which is absent from the present geologic sample.

39

Color group 2 is represented at 4 different sample locations, and could have been used in

the manufacture of some grey and white wares. The lightest-firing common clay in the

area is that which fires to group 4. Almost 16% of white wares fired to group 4, a color

represented at 18 local sampling spots. Some grey wares also fell into categories 4 and

darker. It is possible that these group 4 wares were produced with readily available local

body clays and the white wares covered with imported slip. Red wares refired to the full

range of color categories, but most commonly refired to groups 1, 2, 4, and 5 (Table 12).

The wide range of refiring colors suggests numerous sources for red wares. As with white

wares, the lightest firing red wares were likely of non-local manufacture, though local

production of those with darker clays cannot be ruled out.

Clay sampling was neither completely systematic nor exhaustive of possible

resources in the area. Thus, it is possible that sources of workable, lighter or darker firing

clays may be available in the area, but simply were not located during archaeological

surveys. From the current sample, it appears that relatively iron-rich clays were most

common, and that light-firing clays were relatively rare in the study area. The presence

of color groups 2 through 6 in the geologic clay samples suggests that a large range of the

wares recovered from archaeological contexts could have been produced locally. Though

local sources of clay firing to color group 1 were sampled, these clays were not workable.

The lack of workable clay sources firing to group 1, coupled with the common presence

of group 1 in the archaeological materials suggests that a proportion of grey and white

wares were not produced locally. Previous arguments for local production of light-firing

wares were based on the presence of clays firing to the lightest color group, but did not

adequately take workability into account (e.g., Nauman 2007). These same clays were

40

observed to have high silt and sand content, which reduced their plasticity to the point

that coiling and corrugation would not have been possible. These results support the

notion that brown wares were likely produced locally, while most grey wares and white

wares appear to have been imported to the study area.

High Tech Analysis: Electron Microprobe

Electron microprobe assays of clay pastes were used to complement visual analyses

of temper and refired paste color. Having visually identified clear differences in

tempering materials and rough patterning in refired paste color in the ceramic

assemblages, it was important to evaluate the relationships between those variables and

the chemical compositions of the clay pastes. To do this, compositional data from 65

sherds and 10 geologic clay samples were used to answer a number of questions. First, do

clay pastes appear to co-vary with temper types, as refired paste color and ware

designations suggest? Second, how meaningful are the refired paste color groups? What

level of color differentiation appears to be most meaningful as a reflection of clay

chemistry? Third, how do the chemical data inform the creation of a visual provenance-

related typology for this area?

The electron microprobe provides an alternative to bulk chemical characterization

methods that can be used in compositional analysis of ceramics. The primary advantage

of electron microprobe analysis is that the probe is able to analyze very small points on a

sample, which allows compositional analysis of the clay fraction without contaminating

effects from the temper (Abbott 2000). This allows analysts to treat temper and clay

paste composition as separate variables in the analysis of ceramics. The ceramic samples

used in this analysis were prepared as thin sections, which can be used for petrographic

41

analyses as well. While the creation of the thin section does require damage to be done to

the original artifact, the sample that is created is durable and is not damaged or destroyed

by the analysis. One disadvantage of the probe is that it can only detect concentrations

greater than 50-100 parts per million, so it is not useful for some trace or ultra-trace

elements (Reed 1996). Microprobe analysis also tends to be costly, and samples must be

carefully prepared to create a smooth, flat surface in order to avoid distortion in the data

(Birks 1971; Rice 1987).

The microprobe works by projecting a beam of high-energy electrons onto a small

spot on the sample’s surface and then analyzing the wavelengths of the emitted x-rays

produced by the bombardment. The relative intensities of the x-rays produced at each

wavelength indicate the relative abundance of each chemical element in the sample

(Birks 1971; Reed 1996). This study followed the microprobe methodology set out by

Abbott (2000).

A JEOL JXA-8600 electron microprobe with Tracor-Northern TN 5600 automation

and energy dispersive analysis system was used to perform the assays at Arizona State

University. Each sherd was cut in cross-section, and was mounted, ground, and polished

as a thin section on a standard rectangular slide. Each thin section was coated with a 200

angstrom thick layer of carbon. Analysis was performed using 15 Kv filament voltage

and a 10-Na defocused beam current. The x-ray detector was mounted at a takeoff angle

of 40 degrees. Matrix effects were corrected with a ZAF algorithm, and the equipment

was calibrated with a Kakanui Hornblende standard. Five spots on each sample were

assayed. Detector live counting time was 50 seconds. Percentages of 13 elements were

recorded for each assayed spot, but five minor elements were dropped from the analysis,

42

due to insufficient precision in their measurement. The percentages of the remaining 8

elements: sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silica (Si), calcium (Ca),

titanium (Ti), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) were retained for analysis.

Sample selection for microprobe analysis was designed to encompass the range of

variability in tempers and refired paste colors observed in the ceramic assemblage. Sixty-

five sherds and 10 geologic clays were assayed. The raw elemental data for each of the

samples (presented in Appendix C) were examined, and assayed points with obvious

extreme values were dropped from the analysis. Elemental percentages were then

averaged for the five (or fewer, if points were dropped) assayed points on each sample to

generate a single representative chemical signature for that sample. The averaged data

were then log transformed to normalize skewed distributions of elements. A factor

analysis with a varimax rotation of the data yielded two factors with eigenvalues greater

than 1.0 (Figures 3 and 4). (For factor loadings and scores, see Appendix D.)

A plot of these two factors, with cases labeled according to ceramic ware, shows

the general distribution of assayed samples in the factor space (Figure 3). Slipped wares

(red and white) show considerable diversity, which is not unexpected as slips that are

uniform in appearance may hide a range of colors in body clays. Brown and grey wares

tend toward opposite corners of the factor space, but also overlap to a small degree. All

of the geologic clays sampled tend to fall in the upper portion of the factor plot (only one

has a negative score along factor 2), and most fall into the upper right-hand quadrant.

Sherds with high scores on Factor 1 tend to be high in Na, Mg, Fe, K, and Ca, and low in

Si, Ti, and Al. Sherds with high scores on factor 2 tend to be high in Si, and low in Al.

As one can see in Figure 3, brown wares are rich in Na, Mg, Fe, K, and Ca, while grey

43

and white wares tend to be poor in these elements. Grey and white wares appear to be

visually divided into two groups in Figure 3, with one group occupying the upper left-

hand quadrant of the plot, and the other falling in the lower left-hand quadrant. Two of

the sampled geologic clays fall near the upper group, suggesting that local, silica-rich,

light-firing clays could have been used to produce some portion of grey and white wares

at Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo. None of the sampled clays, however, falls near the lower

group.

Do clay pastes appear to co-vary with temper types?

Figure 4 shows a plot of the first two factors with cases labeled according to temper

type. Cases with temper type A (crushed volcanics) cluster nicely in the upper right-hand

portion of the plot, along with the majority of cases with temper type B (mixed sands

Clay Chemisty and Ware

Factor 2 (22.2% of var.)

2.50000

2.00000

1.50000

1.00000

0.50000

0.00000

-0.50000

-1.00000

-1.50000

-2.00000

-2.50000

-3.00000

ClayWhiteRedGreyBrown

-3.00000 -2.50000 -2.00000 -1.50000 -1.00000 -0.50000 0.00000 0.50000 1.00000 1.50000 2.00000 2.50000

Factor 1 (46.5% of var.)

Figure 3. Factor plot of clay chemistry, showing ceramic wares and geologic clays

44

with mafic grains). Type B, by its nature, encompasses more variability than type A, so

this result is not unexpected. Detailed reexamination of cases with type B temper may

identify criteria for sorting out those cases which cluster together from those which are

spread throughout the plot. Cases with sherd-containing tempers (types E, F, and G) tend

away from the upper right-hand corner of the factor plot, but are dispersed throughout the

rest of the factor space. These patterns lend support to the idea that pottery containing

temper types A and B was locally produced, due to both their abundance in the

assemblage and the compositional similarity of their clays to local geologic clay samples.

Cases with quartz sand-dominated tempers (types C and D) vary greatly in their clay

chemistry. Temper type C, mixed quartz-dominated sands lacking mafic grains,

encompasses a great deal of variability. As with type B, reexamination of type C cases

may help to define meaningful subdivisions for this group. Temper type D, which

consists of coarse, well-sorted quartz alone, occurs in a number of cases which fall

together near the center of the plot. This pattern could be indicative of a distinct

production locale for these cases, but clearly, temper type D also requires further

evaluation and refinement.

The small sample of brown ware jars (n= 4) and bowls (n= 11) bears out the

expectation that bowl clays would be more variable in composition, as they were likely

widely exchanged and used similarly to redware bowls (Elkins 2007). Jars appear less

dispersed in the factor plot (Figure 5), but the overall sample is too small to draw any

solid conclusions at this time.

45

Clay Chemistry and Temper Type

0.50000Factor 2(22.2% of var.)

0.00000

-0.50000 -1.00000 -1.50000 -2.00000 -2.50000 -3.00000

-3.00000

2.50000

2.00000

1.50000

1.00000

A B C D E F G

-2.50000 -2.00000 -1.50000 -1.00000 -0.50000 0.00000 0.50000 1.00000 1.50000 2.00000Factor 1 (46.5% of var.)

Figure 4. Factor plot of clay chemistry, coded by temper type.

Brown Ware Bowls and Jars

-1.00000

-0.50000

0.00000

0.50000

1.00000

1.50000

2.00000

2.50000

-2.00000 -1.50000 -1.00000 -0.50000 0.00000 0.50000 1.00000 1.50000 2.00000

Factor 1 (46.5% of var.)

Fact

or 2

(22.

2% o

f var

.)

BowlJar

Figure 5. Factor plot of brown ware bowls and jars.

46

How do refired paste color and clay chemistry relate?

Gross differences in iron content should be reflected by the color of clays fired in

an oxidizing atmosphere (Mills 1987; Shepard 1995:216), but what level of color

differentiation appears to be most meaningful as a reflection of clay chemistry? Data

from the 75 assayed samples from this study were used to generate a set of box-and-

whisker plots of iron percentage for samples in each of Windes’ (1977) and Mills’ (1987)

seven color groups (Figure 6). While their color range “buff” (comprising color groups 1,

2, and 3) appears to meaningfully designate low-iron clays, the ranges “yellowish red”

(groups 4 and 5) and “red” (6 and 7) do not separate as cleanly (Figure 7). In fact, I

would propose that the color ranges be reconfigured to better reflect patterning in the

mean iron percentages for each color group. This would place groups 1-3 in the

“buff”color range, group 4 in “yellowish-red”, and groups 5-7 in “red” (Figure 8). While

the reconfigured color ranges do better reflect mean iron content, there is still a great deal

of overlap between the categories, suggesting that refired color alone is an inadequate

proxy for overall clay chemistry. With further research, it may be possible to refine the

seven original color groups themselves to better reflect differences in observed

composition, as each comprises a range of distinct Munsell colors. The current sample,

however, is too small to attempt such a detailed reevaluation.

How do the chemical data inform the creation of a visual provenance-related

typology for this area?

Comparisons of the microprobe data and the results of low-tech visual analyses

have revealed a number of promising patterns, though much remains unexplained.

Though very strong patterns were not readily interpretable in the high-tech data, several

47

1

2

3 4 5 6 7

Refired Paste Color Group

Perc

ent I

ron

(Fe)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Mean

Mean ± SD

Mean ± 1.96*SD

Percent Iron (Fe) Present in Refired Color Groups

n= 12 n= 4n= 13 n= 13n= 11 n= 16 n= 6

Figure 6. Boxplots showing percent iron (Fe) present in refired color groups.

2

1

3

4

5

6

Perc

ent I

ron

(Fe)

Original Refired Color Range

1 32

Mean

Mean ± SD

Mean ± 1.96*SD

Percent Iron (Fe) in Original Refired Color Ranges

n= 29 n= 24 n= 22

Figure 7. Boxplots of percent iron (Fe) in original refired color ranges identified by Mills (1987) and Windes (1977). In their original configuration, color range 1 (buff) comprised groups 1, 2, and 3. Groups 4 and 5 made up color range 2 (yellowish-red), and groups 6 and 7 made up range 3 (red).

48

Percent Iron (Fe) in Reconfigured RefiredColor Ranges

Mean

Mean ± SD

Mean ± 1.96*SD

Reconfigured Refired Color Range

1 32

2

1

3

4

5

6

Perc

ent I

ron

(Fe)

n= 29 n= 11 n= 35

Figure 8. Boxplots of iron percentages in reconfigured refired color ranges. In this configuration, color groups 1 through 3 remain in range 1 (buff), group 4 alone belongs to range 2 (yellowish-red), and range 3 (red) includes color groups 5, 6, and 7.

aspects of this analysis were positive for the development of a visual typology. Refired

paste color appears to be meaningful, but is most useful at a coarse scale of resolution.

Color groups and ranges do indicate real differences between clays, but those differences

cannot be understood to be directly indicative of clay chemistry. Distinctions between

buff and red firing clays appear to best reflect real and pervasive differences between

clays, but there is some overlap even in these cases. The relationship between overall

clay chemistry, iron content, and refired paste color requires closer examination.

Mineral and rock tempers appear to be potentially useful for identifying production

locales, but the scale of geographic resolution remains largely undefined. Sufficiently

detailed knowledge of local and regional geology is simply not available at this time.

Temper-focused geologic sampling efforts, along with a reevaluation of temper

49

categories will help to address this issue. Sherd-tempered wares present a special

challenge, and sourcing methods for these wares may be limited to noting similarities and

differences in clay pastes, either by low or high-tech methods. Since many of the sherd-

tempered types are decorated wares, design style and other attributes, such as slip and

polish, may help to identify possible production zones.

Overall, the electron microprobe analysis has provided an important check against

the patterning derived from visual methods. While some patterns have been supported,

others have been shown to require further examination and reevaluation. For even the

strongest patterns, though, evidence is suggestive, but not conclusive. The exploratory

sampling strategy employed for the electron microprobe analysis may well have

contributed to this result. The sampling strategy employed for this study sought to

encompass the range of variability in recognized wares, temper types, and color groups.

This offered a picture of the ceramic compositional variability in this area, and identified

rough patterning, but this strategy does little to help us explain possibly meaningful

structure within that compositional variation. It is certainly worthwhile to pursue

chemical compositional studies of clay paste in this area, though statistically robust

samples, selected according to specific hypothesis testing priorities, should be used in the

future. The patterns observed in the present study, however, will do much to inform

future research.

Research Goals Revisited

This pilot project was undertaken with the aim of addressing three primary research

goals. Here, I review these goals, the analyses and results relevant to each, and offer an

assessment of the degree to which each has been met. These three goals were: 1) to

50

evaluate the interpretive potential of ceramic provenance studies for the Cox Ranch and

Cerro Pomo area; 2) to create a visual, provenance-related typology; and 3) to provide an

interpretation of the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo ceramic assemblages.

In short, it appears that ceramic provenance studies have relatively high interpretive

potential in this area, at least for mineral-tempered wares. The ceramic materials (both

clays and tempers) from the Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch area, as well as study areas

further afield, exhibit important variability within and between wares and geographic

locations. Analyses of tempers and clays from the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo area

suggest that brown and grey wares were produced in different geologic zones. Brown

wares appear to have been produced in a geologic zone comprising iron-rich clays and

mafic mineral constituents, while grey wares appear to be produced in a geologic zone

offering iron-poor, kaolinitic clays, and lacking mafic minerals. Within the Cerro Pomo

and Cox Ranch brown wares alone, there are differences in temper that appear to indicate

different patterns of production, use, and circulation. Brown ware bowls and jars served

different functions, were tempered differently, and bowl forms appear to vary more

widely in both temper type and clay chemistry, suggesting that they were produced in a

number of different locations. A look at brown ware variability on a regional level

indicates further patterning in tempering materials. Mafic and volcanic mineral tempers

are common in the Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch area as well as in the nearby study

collections examined by Rugge (1985) and Garrett (1987). Brown wares examined by

Crown (1981) and Doyel (1980) from other areas in the region appear to lack mafics, and

contain micaceous mineral constituents which are not present in the Cox Ranch and

Cerro Pomo assemblages. These patterns suggest that compositional studies of ceramics

51

have high potential for helping analysts to understand brown ware variability on both

local and regional scales. Ultimately, understanding the articulation of these scalar levels

of variability is what will give real interpretive strength to provenance studies here.

Meaningful scales of resolution for provenance studies in this region are hinted at, but not

defined by this pilot study. For the time being, the notion of “local” is defined by the

scope of geologic clay sampling. Greater knowledge of the regional geology is still

needed. In the present study, brown wares appear to carry the highest interpretive

potential among the ceramics at Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo, but investigating the

compositional patterning in grey, white, and red wares is essential to understanding these

ceramic assemblages and their social implications. Beyond the limited interpretations

presented here, this remains largely a goal for future research.

The second major aim of this study was to develop a low-tech, visual,

provenance-related typology to be used by analysts in the laboratory. The combination of

hig- tech and low-tech methods appears to have utility here, though more work is clearly

needed. The results of the suite of analyses conducted for this study provide what I

interpret as a strong “local” signature from at least the mafic-tempered brown wares. I

interpret these wares as “local” based on a number of lines of evidence. First among these

is the similarity in clay chemistry between brown ware sherds and local geologic clays.

This pattern is supported by the similarities in refired color between brown wares and

local clays. The criterion of abundance (as it applies to the abundance of brown wares in

the overall assemblage, and as it applies to temper types A and B) supports the notion

that these were locally produced. The local presence of volcanic deposits and probable

mafic constituents in local sands further suggest the nearby availability of the temper

52

types observed in brown wares. The general lack of mafics in grey and white ware

tempers, the dissimilarities in clay chemistry between archaeological and geologic

samples, and the absence of workable light-firing clays among the geologic samples

suggest non-local production of the majority of these wares, though it is not possible yet

to link them wares to specific production locales. Additionally, differences in

technological style between brown and grey wares suggest that they were made by

potters with different production traditions (Nauman 2007).

Reassessment and systematic recording of temper categories and refired paste

color groups will greatly improve the level of data gathered from low-tech ceramic

analysis, and petrographic and microprobe analysis of larger samples from the Cox

Ranch/Cerro Pomo ceramics will help us to refine our understandings of the patterns

present. Though much has yet to be done toward the development of a working

provenance-related typology, the patterns brought to light by this pilot study are

promising, and in themselves allow some interesting interpretations to be made. To

address the third stated goal of this study, the following section presents my interpretation

of the ceramic data from the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo communities.

Interpretations of the Ceramic Assemblages at Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo The patterns visible in the architecture and ceramic assemblages at Cox Ranch

and Cerro Pomo have been cited as evidence of Mogollon and Ancestral Pueblo ethnic

co-residence in this area (Duff 2005; Duff and Nauman 2009; Nauman 2007; Elkins

2007). Arguments for ethnic co-residence have been built around four key elements.

First, the construction of sites with Chaco-Puebloan architectural patterns in previously

53

unoccupied locations has suggested the migration of Puebloan groups into the area prior

to and during the Chacoan era. Changing relations between Mogollon and Pueblo groups

on a regional scale during this period caused spatio-cultural boundaries to become less

clear (LeBlanc 1989). It has been argued that this larger trend played out locally through

the mixing of Pueblo immigrants with local Mogollon populations (Elkins 2007). The

second element in these arguments is the high relative proportion of Puebloan grey ware

present at sites in the area. Grey ware jar sherds make up about 15-25 percent of site

assemblages, suggesting that they played a substantial part in local ceramic usage. Third,

in addition to their persistent presence at the site assemblage level, grey wares have also

been observed to be ubiquitous in all archaeological contexts, and are not concentrated in,

or absent from, any particular areas within sites (Duff and Nauman 2009; Nauman 2007).

The fourth element of these arguments has been the notion that light-firing clays were

available within the study area, which would allow local production of grey wares.

Nauman (2007) and Elkins (2007) have also used arguments based on

technological style, learning frameworks, and communities of practice to argue for ethnic

co-residence. By highlighting differences in the ways in which brown and grey wares

were constructed, they attempted to link the relatively high frequency of Puebloan grey

wares to the presence of local, grey-ware-producing potters at Cox Ranch and Cerro

Pomo. Architectural patterns and ceramic wares characteristic of Puebloan peoples were

interpreted as a physical Puebloan presence in most roomblocks at these sites, and the

distribution of grey wares was interpreted to be due to local production by Puebloan

potters (Duff and Nauman 2009).

54

I argue against this conclusion, and suggest rather that most grey wares were

intrusive to the study area, and that their high frequency and ubiquity are due to shared

cultural ties to northern, grey ware-producing communities. The arguments for

technological stylistic differences between brown and grey wares are compelling, and are

backed up by compositional analyses. It appears clear that brown wares and grey wares

were produced with different materials by potters with different technological traditions.

To me, however, these differences suggest non-local production rather than ethnic co-

residence.

In her study of technological style, Nauman (2007) examined apparent porosity,

coil width, vessel wall thickness, and number of indentations on brown and grey jars. Her

apparent porosity calculations indicated that brown and grey ware jars were functionally

equivalent, and she found statistically significant differences in coil width and indentation

count, and slight (but not significant) differences in vessel wall thickness between brown

and grey wares (Nauman 2007:127). As she argues, these differences in vessel

construction are indicative of different learning frameworks linked to different cultural

ceramic traditions.

The present analysis of the clays and tempers used in brown and grey wares

supports this notion of technological difference. The mineral tempers associated with

these wares (volcanics and mafic minerals in brown wares and quartz sands in grey wares)

suggest production in different geologic zones. The greater presence of crushed sherd in

grey ware than in brown ware also suggests important differences in the process of

preparation of the clay body.

55

Contrary to Nauman’s (2007) conclusions, the light-firing clays that were used to

make grey wares do not appear to be available locally. The workable, light-firing clays

that are available locally are markedly different from those that appear in the

archaeological assemblage. Out of 100 clay samples taken from diverse locations on the

landscape, none has the same color or texture as the majority of grey ware sherds

collected from archaeological contexts. Though grey wares could have been produced

with locally available clays in a reducing firing atmosphere, this does not appear to have

been common practice in the Cerro Pomo and Cox Ranch area. It appears, however, that

the yellow-red and red-firing clays used in the production of brown wares were readily

available locally, and the volcanic and mafic constituents that characterize brown ware

tempers were also likely available locally.

The observed ubiquity of grey wares seems to be better explained by shared extra-

community ties than by local production by foreign potters. Numerous lines of evidence

point to historically Mogollon roots for the inhabitants of the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo

communities, while concurrently, numerous lines of evidence point toward connections

with Chaco-Puebloan groups. Shared extra-community ties are apparent, but local

production of grey wares, if indeed it took place, has yet to be demonstrated. With

household-level production, and an ethnically co-resident population, one would expect

certain sites or site contexts to have proportionally more or less grey ware, depending on

the learned traditions of potters in different households. I wish to stress that my argument

does not exclude the possibility of ethnic co-residence at Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo. I

do not, however, see ethnic co-residence as the best explanation for patterning in the

architectural and ceramic data. These patterns must be approached in a different way.

56

Presumably, Chacoan goings-on provided an impetus and perhaps ideological basis

for the founding of the Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo great house communities.

Architectural and ceramic evidence point to a historically Mogollon population with

strong, shared ties to Pueblo groups to the north. These ties likely included ideological,

social, and economic relationships. Wilson (2007:243-244) notes that north-south trade

networks between Mogollon and Puebloan groups may have been part of a risk-buffering

strategy, as groups living above and below the Mogollon Rim would have experienced

different environmental conditions. Though Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo are located just

30 miles above the rim, and likely experienced environmental conditions more like those

characteristic of Pueblo territories to the north than of Mogollon mountain communities

to the south, they are located right at the boundary between traditionally Mogollon and

Puebloan areas, and might have been important nodes of interaction between

communities to the north and the south. If this were indeed the case, high frequencies of

non-local ceramics (on the order of 50% or so) may not seem so surprising. This idea is a

difficult one to evaluate, but it is interesting to entertain.

Clearly, something about the integration of Pueblo and Mogollon cultural traits in

certain communities “worked,” since this is a pattern which develops early on and

persists throughout later periods in the greater region. However, it appears that the

maintenance of cultural boundaries and identities remained important. One cultural

group was not simply subsumed by the other, nor did they appear to wholly hybridize.

Rather, it appears that both cultural expressions remained important.

57

Directions for Further Research

Though the preliminary patterning brought to light by this study is promising,

much remains to be done before a clear picture of ceramic production and circulation in

this region can be developed. The first step toward further research on this topic is to

apply what we have learned from this pilot study.

The current study has brought to light a few issues which should be addressed

first. It appears that some sherds in the study collections were misidentified as to ware

during initial ceramic analysis. This has implications for sampling, analysis, and

interpretations, since ware is considered to be the most basic typological division of

ceramics, and is rarely questioned or re-examined by later analysts. Two cases of

incorrect ware assignment were discovered and corrected during the course of

microprobe data analysis, but others may be present in the larger low-tech sample. A full

reevaluation of ware designations for the ceramic collections would ensure that such

errors would not be negatively affecting the results and interpretations of these studies.

Mineral temper categories encompassing considerable variation (types B, C, and D) need

to be refined and reevaluated to see whether or not they can be meaningfully subdivided.

A closer look at the mineral components of sherd-containing tempers (types E and F)

might also prove helpful. Such reevaluations, along with further examination of the

relationships between the variables analyzed in this study, will help us better understand

the variability and patterning in the ceramic assemblage, and may help us to define

interpretively meaningful subsets of samples.

58

Since the spatial scale of resolution for ceramic provenance determination in this

area does not appear to be terribly fine, another strategy to pursue may be the expansion

of the scope of research to a more regional scale. This may help to elucidate patterns of

ceramic production and distribution that are simply not visible or satisfactorily testable at

the local scale. Such an expansion in scope would entail a wide-reaching, systematic

sampling scheme for clays and tempering materials, as well as comparison of ceramic

artifacts from numerous sites in the broader region. The present study, along with the

brief review of regional literature on ceramic tempers presented here suggests that there

may indeed be differences in tempering materials, especially within and between brown

and grey wares, which are indicative of distinct source locations. The differences noted

in the tempers of white and red wares were not as striking, and were complicated by the

common use of sherd temper, but these wares certainly merit a closer look as well. The

lack of local kaolinite clays among our geologic samples suggests that most grey and

white wares were imported to Cox Ranch and Cerro Pomo, but this would mean that the

inhabitants were importing more than 50 percent of their ceramic assemblage from the

north, a possibility which strikes one as perhaps unlikely, though not unknown for the

period (Toll 2001). This highlights the need for further, systematic sampling of geologic

materials. Beyond sourcing raw materials, expanding the study of technological style

attributes beyond Cox Ranch Pueblo would help us to better understand patterns of

ceramic production in the area. The study of decorative style attributes on painted white

and red wares may also be useful.

Patterns in ceramic production and circulation have clear implications for our

understanding of the relationships between Mogollon and Ancestral Pueblo groups in this

59

culturally transitional zone. Complementary high-tech and low-tech compositional

analyses have allowed a preliminary look at some of these patterns, and it appears that

such methods will continue to offer fruitful results throughout future research.

60

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68

APPENDIX A:

LOW TECH CERAMIC DATA

Site Sample# Ware Form Temper

Type Color Group

LA13681 1 B B B 6 LA13681 2 B B A 7 LA13681 3 B B B 6 LA13681 4 B B B 6 LA13681 5 B B A 6 LA13681 6 B B E 5 LA13681 7 B B D 5 LA13681 8 B B F 5 LA13681 9 B B E 5 LA13681 10 B B E 5 LA13681 11 B B B 5 LA13681 12 B B F 5 LA13681 13 B B B 6 LA13681 14 B B B 6 LA13681 15 B B B 6 LA13681 16 B B B 6 LA13681 17 B B B 5 LA13681 18 B B B 5 LA13681 19 B B B 5 LA13681 20 B B B 5 LA13681 21 B B B 6 LA13681 22 B B B 6 LA13681 23 B B B 6 LA13681 24 B B B 5 LA13681 25 B B B 5 LA13681 26 B B D 5 LA13681 27 B B B 5 LA13681 28 B B B 5 LA13681 29 B B B 5 LA13681 30 B B G 5 LA13681 31 B B B 6 LA13681 32 B B G 6 LA13681 33 B B B 6 LA13681 34 B B B 5 LA13681 35 B B B 6 LA13681 36 B . A 6 LA13681 37 B B B 5 LA13681 38 B B B 5 LA13681 39 B B E 5 LA13681 40 B B E 4 LA13681 41 B B B 5 LA13681 42 B B A 6 LA13681 43 B B B 7 LA13681 44 B B B 6 LA13681 45 B B E 4

69

LA13681 46 B B B 5 LA13681 47 B B B 6 LA13681 48 B B F 4 LA13681 49 B B E 5 LA13681 50 B B D 5 LA13681 51 B B D 5 LA13681 52 B B E 5 LA13681 53 B B G 4 LA13681 54 B B E 4 LA13681 55 B B E 5 LA13681 56 B B D 5 LA13681 57 B B G 5 LA13681 58 B B B 6 LA13681 59 B B A 6 LA13681 60 B B B 6 LA13681 61 B B D 5 LA13681 62 B . A 6 LA13681 63 B B B 6 LA13681 64 B B E 6 LA13681 65 B B D 6 LA13681 66 B B E 5 LA13681 67 B B E 5 LA13681 68 B B B 6 LA13681 69 B B F 4 LA13681 70 B B B 6 LA13681 71 B B F 5 LA13681 72 B B B 6 LA13681 73 B B B 6 LA13681 74 B B B 6 LA13681 76 B B B 6 LA13681 77 B B A 6 LA13681 78 B B F 6 LA13681 79 B B B 5 LA13681 80 B B B 6 LA13681 81 B B B 5 LA13681 82 B B B 6 LA13681 83 B B B 6 LA13681 84 B B B 6 LA13681 85 B B B 5 LA13681 86 B B B 5 LA13681 87 B B B 5 LA13681 88 B . A 5 LA13681 89 B . B 6 LA13681 90 B B D 5 LA13681 91 B B F 4 LA13681 92 B B E 4 LA13681 93 B B E 5 LA13681 94 B B E 5 LA13681 95 B B E 4 LA13681 96 B B D 5 LA13681 97 B B E 5

70

LA13681 98 B B B 7 LA13681 99 B . A 6 LA13681 100 B B E 6 LA13681 101 B B E 5 LA13681 102 B B F 5 LA13681 103 B B E 6 LA13681 104 B B E 5 LA13681 105 B B A 6 LA13681 106 B B B 6 LA13681 108 B B B 5 LA13681 109 B B B 6 LA13681 110 B B B 6 LA13681 111 B B B 7 LA13681 112 B B B 6 LA13681 113 B B B 6 LA13681 114 B B B 6 LA13681 115 B B D 6 LA13681 116 B B B 6 LA13681 117 B B B 6 LA13681 118 B B B 6 LA13681 119 B B B 6 LA13681 120 B B B 6 LA13681 121 B B A 6 LA13681 122 B B A 6 LA13681 123 B B D 6 LA13681 124 B B B 6 LA13681 125 B B F 4 LA13681 126 B B A 6 LA13681 127 B B A 6 LA13681 128 B B B 6 LA13681 129 B B B 6 LA13681 130 B B G 5 LA13681 131 B B E 5 LA13681 132 B B F 5 LA13681 133 B B E 5 LA13681 134 B B D 5 LA13681 135 B B D 5 LA13681 136 B B D 5 LA13681 137 B B F 5 LA13681 138 B B E 4 LA13681 139 B B F 5 LA13681 140 B B G 5 LA13681 141 B B B 6 LA13681 143 B B B 6 LA13681 144 B B A 6 LA13681 145 B B B 6 LA13681 146 B B B 6 LA13681 147 B B A 6 LA13681 148 B B B 6 LA13681 149 B B B 6 LA13681 150 B B E 5

71

LA13681 151 B B B 6 LA13681 152 B B B 5 LA13681 153 B B A 6 LA13681 155 B B B 5 LA13681 156 B B B 6 LA13681 157 B B B 6 LA13681 158 B B B 6 LA13681 159 B B B 6 LA13681 160 B B D 6 LA13681 161 B B B 6 LA13681 163 B B F 4 LA13681 164 B B B 5 LA13681 165 B B B 6 LA13681 166 B B B 5 LA13681 167 B B B 5 LA13681 168 B B B 6 LA13681 169 B B A 6 LA13681 170 B B B 6 LA13681 171 B B A 6 LA13681 172 B B B 6 LA13681 173 B B A 6 LA13681 174 B B G 5 LA13681 175 B B E 5 LA13681 176 B B F 5 LA13681 177 B B E 5 LA13681 178 B B B 6 LA13681 179 B B A 6 LA13681 180 B B E 5 LA13681 181 B B D 5 LA13681 182 B B B 6 LA13681 183 B B B 6 LA13681 184 B B A 6 LA13681 185 B B A 6 LA13681 187 B B A 6 LA13681 188 B B E 6 LA13681 189 B B F 6 LA13681 190 B B E 5 LA13681 191 B B F 5 LA13681 192 B B D 5 LA13681 193 B B B 5 LA13681 194 B B B 5 LA13681 195 B B B 6 LA13681 196 B B D 6 LA13681 197 B B D 6 LA13681 198 B B D 6 LA13681 199 B B B 6 LA13681 200 B B B 6 LA13681 201 B B D 5 LA13681 202 B B A 6 LA13681 203 B J D 5 LA13681 204 B J B 6

72

LA13681 205 B J D 5 LA13681 206 B J D 5 LA13681 207 B J A 6 LA13681 208 B J D 6 LA13681 209 B J F 5 LA13681 210 B J B 6 LA13681 211 B J F 4 LA13681 212 B J A 6 LA13681 213 B J B 5 LA13681 214 B J D 4 LA13681 215 B J D 6 LA13681 216 B J B 5 LA13681 217 B J G 5 LA13681 218 B J A 6 LA13681 219 B J A 6 LA13681 220 B J A 6 LA13681 221 B J B 6 LA13681 222 B J A 6 LA13681 224 B J A 6 LA13681 225 B J B 6 LA13681 226 B J A 6 LA13681 227 B J B 5 LA13681 228 B J A 6 LA13681 229 B J B 6 LA13681 230 B J D 6 LA13681 231 B J B 6 LA13681 232 B J A 6 LA13681 233 B J A 6 LA13681 234 B J D 5 LA13681 235 B J D 6 LA13681 236 B J D 6 LA13681 237 B J B 6 LA13681 238 B J B 6 LA13681 239 B J B 6 LA13681 240 B J A 6 LA13681 241 B J A 6 LA13681 242 B J F 6 LA13681 243 B J A 6 LA13681 244 B J B 6 LA13681 245 B J B 6 LA13681 246 B J B 6 LA13681 248 B J A 6 LA13681 249 B J B 6 LA13681 250 B J D 6 LA13681 251 B J B 6 LA13681 252 B J A 6 LA13681 253 B J B 6 LA13681 254 B J A 6 LA13681 255 B J B 6 LA13681 256 B J A 5 LA13681 257 B J B 5

73

LA13681 258 B J A 6 LA13681 259 B J A 6 LA13681 260 B J D 6 LA13681 261 B J A 6 LA13681 262 B J B 6 LA13681 263 B J B 6 LA13681 264 B J B 6 LA13681 265 B J B 6 LA13681 266 B J B 6 LA13681 267 B J A 5 LA13681 268 B J B 6 LA13681 269 B J A 6 LA13681 270 B J A 6 LA13681 271 B J A 6 LA13681 272 B J A 6 LA13681 273 B J A 6 LA13681 274 B J A 6 LA13681 275 B J B 6 LA13681 276 B J A 6 LA13681 277 B J B 6 LA13681 278 B J D 6 LA13681 279 B J A 6 LA13681 280 B J A 6 LA13681 281 B J B 6 LA13681 282 B J B 6 LA13681 283 B J A 7 LA13681 284 B J A 6 LA13681 285 B J B 6 LA13681 286 B J D 6 LA13681 287 B J B 6 LA13681 288 B J A 6 LA13681 289 B J B 6 LA13681 290 B J A 6 LA13681 291 B J B 6 LA13681 292 B J A 6 LA13681 293 B J G 5 LA13681 294 B J A 6 LA13681 295 B J A 6 LA13681 296 B J B 6 LA13681 297 B J A 6 LA13681 298 B J A 6 LA13681 299 B J A 6 LA13681 300 B J A 5 LA13681 301 B J A 6 LA13681 302 B J A 6 LA13681 303 B J A 6 LA13681 304 B J B 6 LA13681 305 B J A 6 LA13681 306 B J A 6 LA13681 307 B J D 6 LA13681 308 B J B 6

74

LA13681 309 B J D 6 LA13681 310 B J B 6 LA13681 311 B J B 6 LA13681 312 B J B 5 LA13681 313 B J B 6 LA13681 314 B J B 6 LA13681 315 B J B 6 LA13681 316 B J B 6 LA13681 317 B J A 6 LA13681 318 B J B 6 LA13681 319 B J A 6 LA13681 320 R J G 7 LA13681 321 B J F 5 LA13681 322 B J B 6 LA13681 323 B J A 6 LA13681 324 B J A 5 LA13681 325 B B F 6 LA13681 326 B J A 6 LA13681 327 B J A 6 LA13681 328 B J A 6 LA13681 329 B J A 6 LA13681 330 B J A 6 LA13681 331 B J B 6 LA13681 332 B J A 6 LA13681 333 B J B 6 LA13681 334 B J B 6 LA13681 335 B J A 6 LA13681 336 B J A 6 LA13681 337 B J A 6 LA13681 338 B J A 6 LA13681 339 B J D 6 LA13681 340 B J D 6 LA13681 341 B J B 6 LA13681 342 B J B 6 LA13681 343 B J D 6 LA13681 344 B J B 6 LA13681 345 B J B 6 LA13681 346 B J B 6 LA13681 347 B J A 6 LA13681 348 B J B 6 LA13681 349 B J A 6 LA13681 350 B J A 6 LA13681 351 B J A 6 LA13681 352 B J A 6 LA13681 353 B J B 6 LA13681 354 B J A 6 LA13681 355 B J D 6 LA13681 356 B J A 6 LA13681 357 B J B 6 LA13681 358 B J A 6 LA13681 359 B J A 6

75

LA13681 360 B J A 6 LA13681 361 B J A 6 LA13681 362 B J A 6 LA13681 363 B J B 6 LA13681 364 B J A 6 LA13681 365 B J A 6 LA13681 366 B J B 6 LA13681 367 B J A 6 LA13681 368 B J A 6 LA13681 369 B J A 5 LA13681 370 B J A 6 LA13681 371 B J B 6 LA13681 372 B J A 6 LA13681 373 G J G 2 LA13681 374 G J G 2 LA13681 375 G J G 1 LA13681 376 G J G 1 LA13681 377 G J G 1 LA13681 378 G J G 2 LA13681 379 G J G 2 LA13681 380 G J G 1 LA13681 381 G J C 2 LA13681 382 G J F 4 LA13681 383 G J F 1 LA13681 384 G J D 2 LA13681 385 G J G 1 LA13681 386 G J G 1 LA13681 387 G J G 1 LA13681 388 G J G 1 LA13681 389 G J G 4 LA13681 390 G J G 1 LA13681 391 G J G 1 LA13681 392 G J G 1 LA13681 393 G J G 2 LA13681 394 G J G 2 LA13681 395 G J G 2 LA13681 396 G J E 1 LA13681 397 G J G 1 LA13681 398 G J F 2 LA13681 399 G J F 1 LA13681 400 G J B 1 LA13681 401 G J G 1 LA13681 402 G J G 1 LA13681 403 G J G 1 LA13681 404 G J F 2 LA13681 405 G J G 2 LA13681 406 G J G 1 LA13681 407 G J G 1 LA13681 408 G J F 1 LA13681 409 G J G 1 LA13681 410 G J G 2

76

LA13681 411 G J F 1 LA13681 412 G J D 1 LA13681 413 G J D 1 LA13681 414 G J G 1 LA13681 415 G J G 4 LA13681 416 G J G 2 LA13681 417 G J C 1 LA13681 418 G J G 1 LA13681 419 G J G 1 LA13681 420 G J F 2 LA13681 421 G J D 1 LA13681 422 G J F 1 LA13681 423 G J G 1 LA13681 424 G J G 1 LA13681 426 G J B 4 LA13681 427 G J B 1 LA13681 428 G J B 4 LA13681 429 G J B 4 LA13681 430 G J B 4 LA13681 431 G J F 1 LA13681 432 G J E 2 LA13681 433 G J G 1 LA13681 434 G J D 1 LA13681 435 G J G 2 LA13681 436 G J E 1 LA13681 437 G J E 1 LA13681 438 G J G 1 LA13681 439 G J F 2 LA13681 442 G J D 1 LA13681 443 G J G 1 LA13681 444 G J E 1 LA13681 445 W B G 1 LA13681 446 W B G 2 LA13681 447 W B F 1 LA13681 448 W B G 1 LA13681 449 W B D 1 LA13681 450 W B G 1 LA13681 451 W B G 1 LA13681 452 W B G 2 LA13681 453 W B G 2 LA13681 454 W B G 1 LA13681 455 W B F 2 LA13681 456 W B F 1 LA13681 457 W B F 2 LA13681 458 W B G 1 LA13681 459 W B G 2 LA13681 460 W B G 1 LA13681 461 W B G 1 LA13681 462 W B G 1 LA13681 463 W B G 1 LA13681 464 W B G 1

77

LA13681 465 W B F 2 LA13681 466 W B F 1 LA13681 467 W B G 1 LA13681 468 W B F 1 LA13681 469 W B F 1 LA13681 470 W B F 1 LA13681 471 W B G 1 LA13681 472 W B E 2 LA13681 473 W B F 2 LA13681 474 W B F 2 LA13681 475 W B F 5 LA13681 476 W B F 1 LA13681 477 W B F 2 LA13681 478 W B F 6 LA13681 479 W B F 1 LA13681 480 W B G 4 LA13681 481 W B G 1 LA13681 482 W B G 1 LA13681 483 W B G 2 LA13681 484 W B G 2 LA13681 485 W B G 4 LA13681 486 W B G 1 LA13681 487 W B F 1 LA13681 488 W B G 1 LA13681 489 W B G 1 LA13681 490 W B F 1 LA13681 491 W B F 1 LA13681 492 W B G 1 LA13681 493 W B G 3 LA13681 494 W B F 2 LA13681 495 W B G 1 LA13681 496 W B G 1 LA13681 497 W B G 1 LA13681 498 W B D 2 LA13681 499 W B G 2 LA13681 500 W B G 1 LA13681 501 W B F 1 LA13681 502 W B G 1 LA13681 503 W J G 4 LA13681 504 W J F 1 LA13681 505 W J F 1 LA13681 506 W J G 2 LA13681 507 W J G 1 LA13681 508 W J G 1 LA13681 509 W J F 1 LA13681 510 W J B 4 LA13681 511 W J G 7 LA13681 512 W J G 1 LA13681 513 W J G 1 LA13681 514 W J G 1 LA13681 515 W J G 1

78

LA13681 516 W J F 1 LA13681 517 W J G 1 LA13681 518 W J E 1 LA13681 519 W J G 1 LA13681 520 W J G 1 LA13681 521 W J G 1 LA13681 522 W J G 1 LA13681 523 W J G 1 LA13681 524 W J F 2 LA13681 525 W J G 1 LA13681 526 W J G 1 LA13681 527 W J F 3 LA13681 528 W J G 1 LA13681 529 W J G 1 LA13681 530 W J D 2 LA13681 531 W J D 2 LA13681 532 W J D 1 LA13681 533 W J G 1 LA13681 534 W J G 1 LA13681 535 W J G 1 LA13681 536 W J G 1 LA13681 537 W J G 4 LA13681 538 W J G 1 LA13681 539 W J F 1 LA13681 540 W J G 4 LA13681 541 W J F 1 LA13681 542 W J F 1 LA13681 543 W J G 1 LA13681 544 W J G 1 LA13681 545 W J G 1 LA13681 546 W J G 1 LA13681 547 W J F 1 LA13681 548 W J F 1 LA13681 549 W J G 1 LA13681 550 W J G 1 LA13681 551 W J F 1 LA13681 552 W J F 1 LA13681 553 W J F 1 LA13681 554 W J F 1 LA13681 555 W J F 1 LA13681 556 W J F 1 LA13681 557 W J F 4 LA13681 558 W J G 1 LA13681 559 W J F 1 LA13681 560 W J G 1 LA13681 561 W J G 1 LA13681 562 W J G 1 LA13681 563 W J G 1 LA13681 564 W J G 1 LA13681 565 W J F 2 LA13681 566 W J F 1

79

LA13681 567 W J G 1 LA13681 568 W J G 1 LA13681 569 W J G 5 LA13681 570 W J G 1 LA13681 571 W J F 2 LA13681 572 W J D 1 LA13681 573 W J G 1 LA13681 574 W J G 2 LA13681 575 W J F 2 LA13681 576 W J F 2 LA13681 577 W J G 1 LA13681 578 W J G 1 LA13681 579 W J G 1 LA13681 580 W J F 2 LA13681 581 W J F 1 LA13681 582 W J F 1 LA13681 583 W J G 1 LA13681 584 W J E 1 LA13681 585 W J G 2 LA13681 586 W J E 1 LA13681 587 W J G 1 LA13681 588 W J G 2 LA13681 589 W J G 1 LA13681 590 W J F 1 LA13681 591 W J F 1 LA13681 592 W J G 2 LA13681 593 W J F 2 LA13681 594 W J G 1 LA13681 595 W J F 1 LA13681 596 W J G 1 LA13681 597 W J G 1 LA13681 598 W J F 1 LA13681 599 W J G 1 LA13681 600 W J F 1 LA13681 601 W J G 1 LA13681 602 W J G 1 LA13681 603 W J F 2 LA13681 605 W J F 1 LA13681 606 W J G 1 LA13681 607 W J G 1 LA13681 608 W J G 2 LA13681 609 W J G 1 LA13681 610 W J G 1 LA13681 611 W J G 1 LA13681 612 W J G 2 LA13681 613 W J G 1 LA13681 614 W J F 1 LA13681 615 W J G 1 LA13681 616 W J G 1 LA13681 617 W J F 1 LA13681 618 W J G 2

80

LA13681 619 W J F 1 LA13681 620 W J F 1 LA13681 621 W J F 2 LA13681 622 W J F 1 LA13681 623 W J F 1 LA13681 624 W J F 2 LA13681 625 W J F 1 LA13681 626 W J G 1 LA13681 627 W J G 1 LA13681 628 W J G 1 LA13681 629 W J G 1 LA13681 630 W J F 1 LA13681 631 W J G 2 LA13681 632 W J G 1 LA13681 633 W J G 1 LA13681 634 W J F 1 LA13681 635 W J G 1 LA13681 636 W J G 2 LA13681 637 W J G 1 LA13681 638 W J G 1 LA13681 639 W J G 1 LA13681 640 W J F 1 LA13681 641 W J G 2 LA13681 642 W J G 1 LA13681 643 W J G 1 LA13681 644 W J D 1 LA13681 645 W J F 2 LA13681 646 W J G 1 LA13681 647 W J G 1 LA13681 648 W J G 1 LA13681 649 W J G 1 LA13681 650 W J G 1 LA13681 651 W J G 1 LA13681 652 W J F 1 LA13681 653 W J D 1 LA13681 654 W J F 1 LA13681 655 W J G 1 LA13681 656 W J G 4 LA13681 657 W J G 2 LA13681 658 W J F 4 LA13681 659 W J G 1 LA13681 660 W J G 1 LA13681 661 W J F 1 LA13681 662 W J G 1 LA13681 663 W J G 1 LA13681 664 W J G 1 LA13681 665 W J F 1 LA13681 666 W J F 1 LA13681 667 W J F 1 LA13681 668 W J G 1 LA13681 669 W J F 1

81

LA13681 670 W J F 4 LA13681 671 R B G 4 LA13681 672 R B G 2 LA13681 673 R B G 5 LA13681 674 R B G 6 LA13681 675 R B G 4 LA13681 676 R B G 1 LA13681 677 R B F 4 LA13681 678 R B G 1 LA13681 679 R B G 1 LA13681 680 R B F 6 LA13681 681 R B G 2 LA13681 682 R B G 2 LA13681 683 R B F 4 LA13681 684 R B G 2 LA13681 685 R B F 1 LA13681 686 R B G 2 LA13681 687 R B G 5 LA13681 688 R B F 2 LA13681 689 R B G 5 LA13681 690 R B F 5 LA13681 691 R B G 1 LA13681 692 R B F 1 LA13681 693 R B F 1 LA13681 694 R B G 1 LA13681 695 R B F 2 LA13681 696 R B G 5 LA13681 697 R B F 2 LA13681 698 R B F 5 LA13681 699 R B F 2 LA13681 700 R B G 4 LA13681 701 R B F 4 LA13681 702 R B G 1 LA13681 703 R B G 5 LA13681 704 R B F 5 LA13681 705 R B F 2 LA13681 706 R B F 5 LA13681 707 R B F 2 LA13681 708 R J F 2 LA13681 709 R B G 4 LA13681 710 R B F 1 LA13681 711 R B F 5 LA13681 714 R B F 4 LA13681 715 R B F 6 LA13681 716 R B G 2 LA13681 717 R B G 5 LA13681 718 R B G 1 LA13681 719 R B G 2 LA13681 720 R B G 2 LA13681 721 R B G 5 LA13681 722 R B G 2

82

LA13681 723 R B G 2 LA13681 724 R B G 1 LA13681 725 R B G 2 LA13681 726 R J F 1 LA13681 727 R J F 4 LA13681 728 R B G 1 LA13681 729 R B G 4 LA13681 730 R B F 2 LA13681 731 R B G 2 LA13681 732 R B G 2 LA13681 733 R B F 1 LA13681 734 R B F 4 LA13681 735 R B F 2 LA13681 736 R B G 4 LA13681 737 R B G 4 LA13681 738 R B G 1 LA13681 739 R B F 4 LA13681 740 R B F 1 LA13681 741 R B G 5 LA13681 742 R B F 6 LA13681 743 R B G 3 LA13681 744 R B G 2 LA13681 745 R B G 5 LA13681 746 R B G 2 LA13681 747 R B G 5 LA13681 748 R B G 2 LA13681 749 R B G 2 LA13681 750 R B G 2 LA13681 751 R B G 2 LA13681 752 R B G 2 LA13681 753 R B F 4 LA13681 754 R B F 4 LA13681 755 R B G 2 LA13681 756 R B G 2 LA13681 757 R B G 5 LA13681 758 R B G 2 LA13681 759 R B F 2 LA13681 760 R B G 2 LA13681 761 R J G 5 LA13681 762 R B G 2 LA13681 763 R B G 2 LA13681 764 R B G 5 LA13681 765 R B G 2 LA13681 766 R B G 5 LA13681 767 R B G 5 LA13681 768 R B G 2 LA13681 769 R B G 2 LA13681 770 R B G 5 LA13681 771 R B G 2 LA13681 772 R B G 2 LA13681 773 R B G 5

83

LA13681 774 R B G 5 LA13681 775 R B G 2 LA13681 776 R B F 2 LA13681 777 R B G 2 LA13681 778 R J G 3 LA13681 779 W J G 2 LA13681 780 W J G 1 LA13681 781 W J G 1 LA13681 782 W B D 1 LA13681 783 W J D 2 LA13681 784 W J F 2 LA13681 785 W B G 1 LA13681 786 W J G 2 LA13681 787 W J D 2 LA13681 788 W J D 1 LA13681 789 W J G 2 LA13681 790 W B G 2 LA13681 791 W B E 3 LA13681 792 W J G 1 LA13681 793 W B G 1 LA13681 794 W J G 1 LA13681 795 W J G 2 LA13681 796 W J D 2 LA13681 797 W J G 5 LA13681 798 W J F 2 LA13681 799 W J F 2 LA13681 800 W J E 2 LA13681 801 W J G 2 LA13681 802 W J F 2 LA13681 803 W J G 2 LA13681 804 W J F 2 LA13681 805 W B G 2 LA13681 806 W J G 2 LA13681 807 W J F 2 LA13681 808 W J F 2 LA13681 809 W J D 2 LA13681 810 W J F 2 LA13681 811 W J G 2 LA13681 812 W J G 1 LA13681 813 W J G 2 LA13681 814 W J F 1 LA13681 815 W J F 1 LA13681 816 W J G 1 LA13681 817 W J G 1 LA13681 818 W J F 1 LA13681 819 W J F 2 LA13681 820 W J F 1 LA13681 821 W J F 1 LA13681 822 W J F 1 LA13681 823 W J F 2 LA13681 824 W J G 2

84

LA13681 825 W J F 2 LA13681 826 W J G 1 LA13681 827 W J G 1 LA13681 828 W J G 1 LA13681 829 G . G 1 LA13681 830 G . F 2 LA13681 831 G . G 2 LA13681 832 G . F 2 LA13681 833 G . D 2 LA13681 834 G . D 2 LA13681 835 G . F 2 LA13681 836 G . G 1 LA13681 837 G . D 1 LA13681 838 G . G 2 LA13681 839 G . G 1 LA13681 840 G . C 5 LA13681 841 G . C 2 LA13681 842 G . C 2 LA13681 843 G . F 1 LA13681 844 G . G 1 LA13681 845 G . C 2 LA13681 846 G . C 2 LA13681 847 G . F 1 LA13681 848 G . C 2 LA13681 849 G . F 2 LA13681 850 G . G 1 LA13681 851 G . C 2 LA13681 852 G . G 2 LA13681 853 G . C 1 LA13681 854 G . C 4 LA13681 855 G . C 5 LA13681 856 G . F 2 LA13681 857 G . F 2 LA13681 858 G . C 4 LA13681 859 G . C 2 LA13681 860 G . F 1 LA13681 861 G . B 2 LA13681 862 G . G 2 LA13681 863 G . F 1 LA13681 864 G . G 2 LA13681 865 G . C 2 LA13681 866 G . F 4 LA13681 867 G . F 2 LA13681 868 G . F 1 LA13681 869 G . C 2 LA13681 870 G . G 2 LA13681 871 G . C 4 LA13681 872 G . G 1 LA13681 873 G . G 1 LA13681 874 G . G 2 LA13681 875 G . C 1

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LA13681 876 G . G 1 LA13681 877 G . G 2 LA13681 878 G . G 1 LA13681 879 G . G 1 LA13681 880 G . D 1 LA13681 881 G . F 2 LA13681 882 G . G 1 LA13681 883 G . G 1 LA13681 884 G . G 1 LA13681 885 G . C 2 LA13681 886 G . G 4 LA13681 887 G . D 1 LA13681 888 G . B 5 LA13681 889 G . G 2 LA13681 890 G . G 1 LA13681 891 G . G 1 LA13681 892 G . G 1 LA13681 893 G . G 1 LA13681 894 G . G 2 LA13681 895 G . D 1 LA13681 896 G . G 1 LA13681 897 G . G 4 LA13681 898 G . D 1 LA13681 899 G . G 1 LA13681 900 G . G 1 LA13681 901 G . F 1 LA13681 902 G . F 1 LA13681 903 G . G 2 LA13681 904 B . B 6 LA13681 905 B . A 6 LA13681 906 B . A 6 LA13681 907 B . B 5 LA13681 908 B . A 6 LA13681 909 B . B 6 LA13681 910 B . B 5 LA13681 911 B . A 5 LA13681 912 B . A 6 LA13681 913 B . B 4 LA13681 914 B . A 6 LA13681 915 B . B 6 LA13681 916 B . A 6 LA13681 917 B . A 5 LA13681 918 B . A 6 LA13681 919 B . A 6 LA13681 920 B . A 5 LA13681 921 B . A 6 LA13681 922 B . B 6 LA13681 923 B . B 6 LA13681 924 B . A 6 LA13681 925 B . B 6 LA13681 926 B . A 5

86

LA13681 927 B . B 5 LA13681 928 B . B 6 LA13681 929 B . D 5 LA13681 930 B . D 6 LA13681 931 B . D 5 LA13681 932 B . B 6 LA13681 933 B . B 6 LA13681 934 B . A 5 LA13681 935 B . A 5 LA13681 936 B . F 6 LA13681 937 B . B 6 LA13681 938 B . A 6 LA13681 939 B . B 6 LA13681 940 B . A 5 LA13681 941 B . B 5 LA13681 942 B . E 5 LA13681 943 B . A 5 LA13681 944 B . B 5 LA13681 945 B . A 5 LA13681 946 B . B 5 LA13681 947 B . B 6 LA13681 948 B . A 5 LA13681 949 B . A 5 LA13681 950 B . A 6 LA13681 951 B . B 6 LA13681 952 B . B 6 LA13681 953 B . B 6 LA13681 954 B . B 6 LA13681 955 B . A 6 LA13681 956 B . A 5 LA13681 957 B . A 5 LA13681 958 B . C 6 LA13681 959 B . B 6 LA13681 960 B . B 6 LA13681 961 B . B 5 LA13681 962 B . A 6 LA13681 963 B . A 6 LA13681 964 B . B 6 LA13681 965 B . B 6 LA13681 966 B . A 6 LA13681 967 B . A 6 LA13681 968 B . A 6 LA13681 969 B . B 6 LA13681 970 B . B 6 LA13681 971 B . A 5 LA13681 972 B . A 6 LA13681 973 B . A 6 LA13681 974 B . B 6 LA13681 975 B . A 5 LA13681 976 B . A 6 LA13681 977 B . B 6

87

LA13681 978 B . A 6 LA13681 979 B . B 6 LA13681 980 B . D 6 LA13681 981 B . B 6 LA13681 982 B . A 5 LA13681 983 B . B 6 LA13681 984 B . A 6 LA13681 985 B . B 6 LA13681 986 B . A 6 LA13681 987 B . B 6 LA13681 988 B . B 5 LA13681 989 B . B 5 LA13681 990 B . A 6 LA13681 991 B . B 6 LA13681 992 B . B 6 LA13681 993 B . A 6 LA13681 994 B . B 6 LA13681 995 B . B 6 LA13681 996 B . A 6 LA13681 997 B . B 5 LA13681 998 B . A 5 LA13681 999 B . B 6 LA13681 1000 B . B 6 LA13681 1001 B . B 6 LA13681 1002 B . A 5 LA13681 1003 B . A 5 LA13681 1004 B . A 5 LA13681 1005 B . B 6 LA13681 1006 B . A 5 LA13681 1007 B . A 5 LA13681 1008 B . A 6 LA13681 1009 B . B 6 LA13681 1010 B . A 6 LA13681 1011 B . B 6 LA13681 1012 B . B 6 LA13681 1013 B . B 6 LA13681 1014 B . A 5 LA13681 1015 B . B 6 LA13681 1016 B . B 6 LA13681 1017 B . B 6 LA13681 1018 B . A 5 LA13681 1019 B . A 5 LA13681 1020 B . B 6 LA13681 1021 B . B 6 LA13681 1022 B . B 6 LA13681 1024 B . B 6 LA13681 1025 B . A 6 LA13681 1026 B . A 6 LA13681 1027 B . B 6 LA13681 1028 B . B 5 LA13681 1029 B . A 5

88

LA13681 1030 B . B 6 LA13681 1031 B . B 6 LA13681 1032 B . B 6 LA13681 1033 B . B 5 LA13681 1034 B . A 6 LA13681 1035 B . A 5 LA13681 1036 B . A 5 LA13681 1037 B . B 5 LA13681 1038 B . A 6 LA13681 1039 B . B 5 LA13681 1040 B . A 6 LA13681 1041 B . B 5 LA13681 1042 B . B 5 LA13681 1043 B . A 6 LA13681 1044 B . B 6 LA13681 1045 B . B 6 LA13681 1046 B . B 5 LA13681 1047 B . A 6 LA13681 1048 B . C 1 LA13681 1049 B . A 5 LA13681 1050 B . B 6 LA13681 1051 B . A 6 LA13681 1052 B . C 6 LA13681 1053 B . A 5 LA13681 1054 B . A 5 LA13681 1055 B . A 5 LA13681 1056 B . A 6 LA13681 1057 B . B 5 LA13681 1058 B . A 5 LA13681 1059 B . C 5 LA13681 1060 B . C 6 LA13681 1061 B . B 6 LA13681 1062 B . A 6 LA13681 1063 B . A 6 LA13681 1064 B . C 6 LA13681 1065 B . A 6 LA13681 1066 B . A 6 LA13681 1067 B . A 5 LA 31803 1 G J G 1 LA 31803 2 W J X 1 LA 31803 3 W J G 1 LA 31803 4 W J G 1 LA 31803 5 W J G 1 LA 31803 6 W J G 1 LA 31803 7 W J F 1 LA 31803 8 W J F 1 LA 31803 9 W J C 2 LA 31803 10 W J G 1 LA 31803 11 W J G 1 LA 31803 12 W J G 1 LA 31803 13 W J F 1

89

LA 31803 14 W J G 1 LA 31803 15 W J F 1 LA 31803 16 W J F 2 LA 31803 17 W J G 1 LA 31803 18 W J E 1 LA 31803 19 W J E 1 LA 31803 20 W J G 1 LA 31803 21 W J G 1 LA 31803 22 W J G 1 LA 31803 23 R B G 2 LA 31803 24 R B G 6 LA 31803 25 R B G 4 LA 31803 26 R B G 4 LA 31803 27 R B E 6 LA 31803 28 R B F 4 LA 31803 29 B B B 6 LA 31803 30 B B A 6 LA 31803 31 B B B 6 LA 31803 33 B B B 6 LA 31803 34 B B B 6 LA 31803 35 B B E 5 LA 31803 36 B J F 6 LA 31803 37 B B E 6 LA 31803 38 B J B 6 LA 31803 39 B B B 6 LA 31803 40 B B B 6 LA 31803 41 B B B 6 LA 31803 42 B J A 6 LA 31803 43 B J A 6 LA 31803 44 B J A 6 LA 31803 45 B J A 7 LA 31803 46 B J B 6 LA 31803 47 W J F 1 LA 31803 48 W J G 1 LA 31803 49 W J F 1 LA 31803 50 W J F 1 LA 31803 51 W J F 1 LA 31803 52 W J F 6 LA 31803 53 W J F 1 LA 31803 54 W J F 1 LA 31803 55 W J F 1 LA 31803 56 W J G 1 LA 31803 57 W J D 1 LA 31803 58 W J G 1 LA 31803 59 W J D 1 LA 31803 60 W B F 1 LA 31803 61 B J A 6 LA 31803 62 B B F 5 LA 31803 63 B B A 6 LA 31803 64 B J A 6 LA 31803 65 B B B 6

90

LA 31803 66 B B B 6 LA 31803 67 B J A 7 LA 31803 68 B J A 6 LA 31803 69 B B F 5 LA 31803 70 B B F 5 LA 31803 71 B B E 5 LA 31803 72 B B A 6 LA 31803 73 B B B 6 LA 31803 74 B B A 6 LA 31803 75 B B B 6 LA 31803 76 B B B 6 LA 31803 77 B B F 5 LA 31803 78 B B B 6 LA 31803 79 B B E 6 LA 31803 80 B B E 5 LA 31803 81 B B A 6 LA 31803 82 B B A 7 LA 31803 83 B B B 6 LA 31803 84 B B E 5 LA 31803 85 B B E 5 LA 31803 86 B J B 6 LA 31803 87 B J A 6 LA 31803 88 W J G 1 LA 31803 89 W J G 1 LA 31803 90 W J F 4 LA 31803 91 W J F 4 LA 31803 92 B J B 6 LA 31803 93 B J B 6 LA 31803 94 B J A 6 LA 31803 95 B J B 6 LA 31803 96 B B A 6 LA 31803 97 B B A 7 LA 31803 98 R B F 5 LA 31803 99 B B A 6 LA 31803 100 B B A 6 LA 31803 101 B J A 6 LA 31803 102 B B A 6 LA 31803 103 B B F 4 LA 31803 104 B B E 5 LA 31803 105 B J E 5 LA 31803 106 B B E 5 LA 31803 107 B B E 5 LA 31803 108 B B E 5 LA 31803 109 B B F 2 LA 31803 110 B B A 7 LA 31803 111 B B A 6 LA 31803 112 B B D 6 LA 31803 113 B B A 6 LA 31803 114 B J A 6 LA 31803 115 B J A 6 LA 31803 116 B B A 6

91

LA 31803 117 B J A 6 LA 31803 118 B J A 6 LA 31803 119 B B A 6 LA 31803 120 B B A 7 LA 31803 121 B J A 6 LA 31803 122 B B A 6 LA 31803 123 B J B 6 LA 31803 124 B B A 6 LA 31803 126 B J A 6 LA 31803 127 W J G 1 LA 31803 128 W J F 1 LA 31803 129 W J G 1 LA 31803 130 W J F 1 LA 31803 131 W J F 1 LA 31803 132 W J G 4 LA 31803 133 W J F 1 LA 31803 134 W B D 1 LA 31803 135 W J F 1 LA 31803 136 W J F 1 LA 31803 137 W J F 1 LA 31803 138 W J G 4 LA 31803 139 W J F 4 LA 31803 140 W J F 1 LA 31803 141 W J F 1 LA 31803 142 W J G 1 LA 31803 143 W J G 1 LA 31803 144 G J F 1 LA 31803 145 G J C 1 LA 31803 146 G J G 2 LA 31803 147 G J G 1 LA 31803 148 G J C 2 LA 31803 149 G J G 1 LA 31803 150 G J G 1 LA 31803 151 G J F 1 LA 31803 152 G J F 1 LA 31803 153 B B E 5 LA 31803 154 B B B 6 LA 31803 155 B B E 5 LA 31803 156 B B E 5 LA 31803 157 B B D 5 LA 31803 158 B J A 6 LA 31803 159 B J A 6 LA 31803 160 B J B 6 LA 31803 161 B J D 5 LA 31803 162 B J G 4 LA 31803 163 W J G 4 LA 31803 164 W J F 4 LA 31803 165 W J F 1 LA 31803 166 W J F 1 LA 31803 167 W J G 1 LA 31803 168 W J E 1

92

LA 31803 169 W J D 1 LA 31803 170 W J F 2 LA 31803 171 W J F 4 LA 31803 172 W J F 1 LA 31803 173 W J G 4 LA 31803 174 W J D 1 LA 31803 175 B B D 5 LA 31803 176 B B A 6 LA 31803 177 B B B 5 LA 31803 178 B B B 5 LA 31803 179 B J A 6 LA 31803 180 B J A 6 LA 31803 181 B . B 7 LA 31803 182 B J B 6 LA 31803 183 W B G 1 LA 31803 184 W J G 1 LA 31803 185 W J G 1 LA 31803 186 W J F 1 LA 31803 187 W J F 2 LA 31803 188 W J G 2 LA 31803 189 W B G 4 LA 31803 190 W B G 4 LA 31803 191 W B G 4 LA 31803 192 W B F 1 LA 31803 193 B J A 6 LA 31803 194 B J F 4 LA 31803 195 R B G 4 LA 31803 196 G J C 2 LA 31803 197 B J A 6 LA 31803 198 B J D 6 LA 31803 199 B J B 7 LA 31803 200 B B A 6 LA 31803 201 B J A 6 LA 31803 202 B B B 5 LA 31803 203 B J A 5 LA 31803 204 B B A 6 LA 31803 205 B J A 5 LA 31803 206 W B F 2 LA 31803 207 W J F 1 LA 31803 208 W J F 4 LA 31803 209 W J D 1 LA 31803 210 W B B 4 LA 31803 211 W J G 2 LA 31803 212 W J G 1 LA 31803 213 W J F 1 LA 31803 214 W J G 1 LA 31803 215 W J F 1 LA 31803 216 W J D 1 LA 31803 217 W J A 1 LA 31803 218 B J A 5 LA 31803 219 B B F 5

93

LA 31803 220 B J G 5 LA 31803 221 B J G 4 LA 31803 222 B J F 4 LA 31803 223 W J F 1 LA 31803 224 W J G 4 LA 31803 225 W J F 1 LA 31803 226 W J G 1 LA 31803 227 W J G 1 LA 31803 228 W J F 4 LA 31803 229 W J F 1 LA 31803 230 W J F 4 LA 31803 231 W J G 4 LA 31803 232 W J D 1 LA 31803 233 W J G 4 LA 31803 234 W J F 4 LA 31803 235 B B F 5 LA 31803 236 W B F 4 LA 31803 237 W J D 1 LA 31803 238 W J G 1 LA 31803 239 W J G 1 LA 31803 240 W J D 2 LA 31803 241 W J G 4 LA 31803 242 B B B 5 LA 31803 243 B J A 6 LA 31803 244 B J A 6 LA 31803 245 B J D 5 LA 31803 246 G J A 6 LA 31803 247 B B B 6 LA 31803 248 B J A 6 LA 31803 249 B B B 6 LA 31803 250 W J G 4 LA 31803 251 W J G 1 LA 31803 252 G J C 1 LA 31803 253 B B A 5 LA 31803 254 B J A 6 LA 31803 255 B J A 6 LA 31803 256 G J C 2 LA 31803 257 B B E 6 LA 31803 258 B B B 6 LA 31803 259 G J C 4 LA 31803 260 B B B 6 LA 31803 261 W J F 1 LA 31803 262 R B G 6 LA 31803 263 B B A 6 LA 31803 264 B B A 6 LA 31803 265 B J A 6 LA 31803 266 B B A 6 LA 31803 267 B B E 5 LA 31803 268 B J A 6 LA 31803 269 B B A 6 LA 31803 270 B B A 6

94

LA 31803 271 B B A 5 LA 31803 272 B B D 6 LA 31803 273 W B G 2 LA 31803 274 W J G 1 LA 31803 275 W J G 1 LA 31803 276 W J F 1 LA 31803 277 W J F 4 LA 31803 278 W J F 2 LA 31803 279 W J G 1 LA 31803 280 W J F 1 LA 31803 281 W J G 1 LA 31803 282 W J F 1 LA 31803 283 W J D 1 LA 31803 284 W J G 1 LA 31803 285 W J F 2 LA 31803 286 W J F 1 LA 31803 287 R B F 1 LA 31803 288 G J G 2 LA 31803 289 G J B 2 LA 31803 290 G B E 6 LA 31803 291 B B A 6 LA 31803 292 B B A 6 LA 31803 293 B J A 6 LA 31803 294 B B B 6 LA 31803 295 B J A 6 LA 31803 296 B B A 6 LA 31803 297 B B B 5 LA 31803 298 B B A 6 LA 31803 299 B B B 6 LA 31803 300 B B A 6 LA 31803 301 B B B 6 LA 31803 302 B B A 6 LA 31803 303 B B A 6 LA 31803 304 B J A 6 LA 31803 305 B J A 6 LA 31803 306 B J B 6 LA 31803 307 B J A 6 LA 31803 308 B B A 6 LA 31803 309 W J F 1 LA 31803 310 W J F 1 LA 31803 311 W J G 1 LA 31803 312 W J F 1 LA 31803 313 W J F 1 LA 31803 314 W J F 1 LA 31803 315 W J G 1 LA 31803 316 W J F 2 LA 31803 317 W J G 1 LA 31803 318 W J F 1 LA 31803 319 W J G 1 LA 31803 320 W J E 4 LA 31803 321 W J F 1

95

LA 31803 1 R B D 4 LA 31803 2 R B F 4 LA 31803 3 R B F 4 LA 31803 4 R B F 5 LA 31803 5 R B F 4 LA 31803 6 R B D 5 LA 31803 7 R B F 5 LA 31803 8 R B E 7 LA 31803 9 W B D 5 LA 31803 10 W B G 5 LA 31803 11 W J F 1 LA 31803 12 W J F 1 LA 31803 13 W J E 1 LA 31803 14 W J B 5 LA 31803 15 W J E 1 LA 31803 16 W J G 1 LA 31803 17 W J G 1 LA 31803 18 W J G 1 LA 31803 19 W J F 4 LA 31803 20 W B G 4 LA 31803 21 W B F 1 LA 31803 22 W J D 2 LA 31803 23 W J F 1 LA 31803 24 W J E 4 LA 31803 25 W J F 4 LA 31803 26 W J F 2 LA 31803 27 B B B 5 LA 31803 28 B B B 6 LA 31803 29 B B B 6 LA 31803 30 B B F 6 LA 31803 31 B J B 6 LA 31803 32 B J A 6 LA 31803 32 B B B LA 31803 33 B J B 7 LA 31803 34 B . B 6 LA 31803 35 B . A 6 LA 31803 36 B B A 6 LA 31803 37 B J B 6 LA 31803 38 B B D 6 LA 31803 39 B J B 6 LA 31803 40 B J A 6 LA 31803 41 B J B 6 LA 31803 42 B B A 6 LA 31803 43 B B B 6 LA 31803 44 B B A 6 LA 31803 45 B J A 6 LA 31803 46 B J B 6 LA 31803 47 B J B 6 LA 31803 48 B J A 6 LA 31803 49 B B B 6 LA 31803 50 B J B 6

96

LA 31803 51 B J D 6 LA 31803 52 B J A 6 LA 31803 53 B J A 6 LA 31803 54 B J B 6 LA 31803 55 B B F 6 LA 31803 56 B J A 6 LA 31803 57 B J A 6 LA 31803 58 B . A 6 LA 31803 59 B J A 6 LA 31803 60 B B A 6 LA 31803 61 B B A 6 LA 31803 62 B J A 6 LA 31803 63 B B B 6 LA 31803 64 B B A 6 LA 31803 65 B J B 5 LA 31803 66 B J A 6 LA 31803 67 B B A 6 LA 31803 68 B B A 6 LA 31803 69 B B B 7 LA 31803 70 B . B 6 LA 31803 71 B J A 6 LA 31803 72 B J A 6 LA 31803 73 B J B 6 LA 31803 74 B B G 5 LA 31803 75 B J A 6 LA 31803 76 B B F 5 LA 31803 77 G J B 4 LA 31803 78 G J G 2 LA 31803 79 G J F 4 LA 31803 80 G J C 6 LA 31803 81 G J D 1 LA 31803 82 G J C 1 LA 31803 83 G J C 2 LA 31803 84 G J G 4 LA 31803 85 G J F 1 LA 31803 86 G J B 2 LA 31803 87 G J B 1 LA 31803 88 G J G 2 LA 31803 89 G . C 2 LA 31803 90 G J F 4 LA 31803 91 G J D 4 LA 31803 92 G J F 1 LA 31803 93 G . G 1 LA 31803 94 G J F 5 LA 31803 95 G . G 2 LA 31803 96 B J A 6 LA 31803 97 G J G 2 LA 31803 98 G J F 2 LA 31803 99 G J C 1 LA 31803 100 G J C 2 LA 31803 101 G J D 2

97

LA 31803 102 G J F 4 LA 31803 103 G J F 1 LA 31803 104 G J C 4 LA 31803 105 G J F 1 LA 31803 106 G J F 2

961 1 W B F 6 961 2 W J D 6 961 3 W J B 2 961 4 W J D 2 961 5 W J D 1 961 6 W J F 1 961 7 W J B 2 961 8 W J F 2 961 9 B B A 6 961 10 B B A 5 961 11 B B A 6 961 12 B J A 6 961 13 B J A 6 961 14 B J A 6 961 15 B J A 6 961 16 B J B 6 961 17 B . A 6 961 18 B . A 6 961 19 R J A 6 961 20 B . D 6 961 21 B . A 6 961 22 B . A 6 961 23 B . A 6 961 24 B J A 6 961 25 B J A 6 961 26 B J A 6 961 27 B J A 6 961 28 B J A 6 961 29 B J A 6 961 30 B J A 6 961 31 B J A 7 961 32 B J A 6 961 33 B J A 6 961 34 B B A 6 961 35 B B A 7 961 36 B B B 6 961 37 B B A 6 961 38 B B A 6 961 39 B . A 6 961 40 B . A 6 961 41 G . A 6 961 42 G . F 2 961 43 G . A 6 961 44 G . F 1 961 45 G B F 4 961 46 W B D 2

98

961 47 W B D 2 961 48 W B F 2 961 49 W J C 2 961 50 W J B 2 961 51 W J F 2 961 52 W J F 2 961 53 W J F 4 961 54 W J D 7 961 55 W J E 4 961 56 W J D 2 961 57 W J D 1 961 58 W J D 2 961 59 W . D 2 961 60 W J B 4 961 61 W J B 4 961 62 W J C 4 961 63 W B D 1 961 64 W B C 1 961 65 B . B 6 961 66 W . D 6 961 67 G . B 2 961 68 B J A 5 961 69 B J A 6 961 70 W J D 2 961 71 W J F 2 961 72 W B D 2 961 73 G . C 3 961 74 B . A 5 961 75 B . A 7 961 76 B . A 6 961 77 B . A 6 961 78 B . A 6 961 79 B . A 6 961 80 B . A 6 961 81 B . B 6 961 82 B . B 6 961 83 B . A 6 961 84 B . A 6 961 85 B . A 7 961 86 B . B 6 961 87 B . A 6 961 88 B . A 6 961 89 B . A 6 961 90 B . B 5 961 91 W J F 2 961 92 W J F 2 961 93 W J D 2 961 94 W J D 2 961 95 W J F 4 961 96 W J F 2 961 97 W J D 2

99

961 98 W J D 2 961 99 W J D 2 961 100 W J F 1 961 101 W J F 4 961 102 B J A 6 961 103 B J A 5 961 104 B J A 6 961 105 B J A 6 961 106 B J A 6 961 107 B J B 6 961 108 B . A 5 961 109 B . A 6 961 110 B . A 6 961 111 G J C 2 961 112 W J B 4 961 113 W J D 1 961 114 W J D 4 961 115 W J D 4 961 116 W J D 4 961 117 B . A 6 961 118 W J D 1 961 119 W B D 5 961 120 W B D 4 961 121 W J D 1 961 122 W J F 4 961 123 B J B 6 961 124 B J A 5 965 40 G . C 2 965 41 G . G 2 965 42 G . B 5 965 43 W B F 1 965 44 W B D 4 965 45 W J B 6 965 46 W J G 4 965 47 W J F 4 965 48 W J F 2 965 49 W J G 4 965 50 W J F 1 965 51 W J F 4 965 53 B J A 6 965 54 B J B 6 965 55 B J A 6 965 56 B J A 6 965 57 B J A 6 965 58 B J B 6 965 59 B . B 6 965 60 B . B 6 965 61 B . A 6 965 62 B . B 6 965 63 B . B 6 965 64 B . B 6

100

965 65 B B B 6 965 66 B B A 6 965 67 B B A 6 965 68 B B B 6 965 69 B B A 6 965 70 B . B 6 965 71 B . B 6 965 72 B . B 6 965 73 W J C 1 965 74 W J B 6 965 75 W J G 1 965 76 W J G 2 965 77 W J G 4 965 78 W J F 4 965 79 W . G 2 965 80 B B A 6 965 81 B B A 6 965 82 B . B 6 965 83 B . B 6 965 84 B . B 7 965 85 B . A 6 965 86 B . B 6 965 87 B . B 6 965 88 B . B 6 965 89 B J B 6 965 90 B J A 6 965 91 B J A 6 965 92 B J A 6 965 93 B J F 5 965 94 B J B 6 965 95 B J B 6 965 96 B J B 6 965 97 B J A 6 965 98 B J B 6 965 99 B J B 6 965 100 B J A 6 965 101 B J A 6 965 102 B J A 6 965 103 B J A 6 965 104 B J B 6 965 105 B J A 6 965 106 B J A 6 965 107 B J B 6 965 108 B J B 6 965 109 B J B 6 965 110 B J A 6 965 111 B J B 6 965 112 B J A 6 965 113 B J A 6 965 114 B J B 6 965 115 B J B 6

101

965 116 B J B 6 965 117 B J B 6 965 118 B J A 6 965 119 B J B 6 965 120 B J B 6 965 121 G . B 6 965 122 G . B 6 965 123 G . B 6 965 124 G . B 6 965 125 G . C 4 965 126 G J D 6 965 127 G J D 6 965 128 G J C 6 965 129 G J C 2 965 130 G J C 5 965 131 G J C 4 965 132 G J D 5 965 133 G B D 2 965 134 G B F 4 965 135 G . G 1 965 136 G . C 4 965 137 G . B 5 965 138 G . G 1 965 140 G . G 2 965 141 G . C 1 965 142 G . C 1 965 144 G . C 2 965 145 B B B 6 965 146 B B B 6 965 147 B B A 6 965 148 B B B 6 965 149 B B A 6 965 150 B B B 6 965 152 B B B 6 965 153 B B A 6 965 154 B . B 6 965 155 B . A 6 965 156 B . B 6 965 157 B . B 6 965 158 B . B 6 965 159 B . B 6 965 160 B . B 6 965 161 B . B 6 965 162 B . B 6 965 164 B . A 6 965 165 B . B 6 965 166 B . B 6 965 167 B . B 6 965 170 W . G 1 965 171 W . G 1 965 172 W J G 1

102

965 173 W J G 6 965 174 W B F 4 965 175 W B D 2 965 176 W J F 1 965 177 W B G 4 965 178 W B G 4 965 179 W J G 2 965 180 R B F 6 965 181 R B F 7 965 182 W J D 1 965 183 W J G 1 965 184 G . G 4 965 185 G J G 4 965 186 G J C 1 965 187 G . A 6 965 188 B . B 6 965 189 B B A 6 965 190 B B B 6 965 191 B B A 6 965 192 B J B 6 965 193 B J A 6 965 194 B J B 6 965 195 B J B 6 965 196 B . B 6 965 197 B . A 6 965 198 B . B 6 965 199 W J F 2 965 200 W J G 2 965 201 W . G 2 965 202 W . F 2 965 203 W . D 2 965 204 W . F 2 965 205 W . F 1 965 206 W . F 2 965 207 W J G 2 965 208 W J G 2 965 209 W B G 5 965 210 W B F 2 965 211 W B G 1 965 212 W B F 1 965 213 W J G 1 965 214 G . F 2 965 215 R B F 7 965 216 B J A 6 965 217 B B B 6 965 218 B B B 6 965 219 B B B 6 965 221 B B B 6 965 222 B B B 6 965 223 B B B 6 965 224 B J A 6

103

965 225 B J B 6 965 226 B J B 6 965 227 B J B 6 965 228 B J B 6 965 229 B J A 6 965 230 B J B 6 965 231 B J B 6 965 233 B . B 6 965 234 B J A 6 965 235 B J A 6 965 236 B B A 6 965 237 B B A 6 965 238 B B D 5 965 239 B B A 6 965 240 B B B 6 965 241 B B B 6 965 242 B . B 6 965 243 B J A 6 965 244 B J B 6 965 245 B J B 6 965 246 W B X 2 965 247 W . G 4 965 248 B . A 6 965 249 B J A 6 965 250 B . A 6 965 251 W J D 4 965 252 W J F 2 965 253 W J G 2 965 254 W J F 2 965 255 W J F 4 965 256 W J F 4 965 257 W J G 5 965 258 W J G 2 965 259 W J F 1 965 260 W J D 2 965 261 W J F 4 965 262 W J G 1 965 263 W J F 2 965 264 W J F 4 965 265 W J F 4 965 266 W J X 4 965 267 W B G 4 965 268 W B G 4 965 269 W B G 1 965 270 B . B 6 965 271 B . A 6 965 272 B . A 6 965 273 B . A 6 965 274 B . A 6 965 275 B B A 6 965 276 B B A 6

104

965 277 B B A 6 965 278 B B B 6 965 279 B B A 6 965 280 B . A 6 965 281 B . A 6 965 282 B . A 6 965 283 B J B 6 965 284 B J A 6 965 285 B J A 6 965 286 B J A 6 965 287 B J A 6 965 288 B J B 6 965 289 B J A 6 965 290 B . A 6 965 291 B . A 6 965 292 W B E 2 965 293 W J A . 965 294 W J F 2 965 295 W J G 2 965 296 W J D 4 965 297 B . B . 965 299 B . F 5 965 301 B . B 6 965 302 B . A 6 965 303 B J A 6 965 304 B J A 7 965 305 B J A 6 965 306 B J A 6 965 307 B J A 6 965 308 W . F 2 965 309 W B D 4 965 310 W B D 2 965 311 W B F 2 965 312 W J F 2 965 313 W B C 2 965 314 W J F 1 965 315 W J F 1 965 316 W J D 4 965 317 W J G 1 965 318 W J G 2 965 319 W J C 2 965 320 W J F 5 965 321 B . A 6 965 322 B . A 6 965 323 B . A 6 965 324 B . B 6 965 325 B . B 6 965 326 B B B 6 965 327 B J B 6 965 328 B J B 6 965 329 B J A 6

105

965 330 G . A 6 965 331 G . A 6 965 332 B J A 6 965 333 B J A 6 965 334 B J B 6 965 335 B J B 6 965 336 B . A 6 965 337 B B B 6 965 338 B J B 6 965 339 B J A 6 965 340 B B B 6 965 341 B B B 6 965 342 W B C 2 965 343 W J F 4 965 344 W B X 4 965 345 W J F 2 965 346 W J G 4 965 347 W J D 4 965 348 W J D 4 965 349 W J D 4 965 350 W J F 2 965 351 W J F 2 965 352 W J G 2 965 353 W B D 1 965 354 B J G 5 965 355 W J G 2 965 356 B . A 6 965 357 W J G 5 965 358 B J B 6 965 359 B J B 6 965 360 B J A 6 965 361 B . B . 965 362 B . B 6 965 363 B . B 6 965 364 B . B 6 965 365 B B A 6 965 366 B B B 6 965 367 W B D 4 965 368 W J F 4 965 369 B J A 6 965 370 W J G 4 965 371 W J G 2 965 372 G J F 4 965 373 G J F 4 965 374 B . B 6 965 232A B J B 6 965 232B B J A 6 967 1 B J A 6 967 2 W B D 4 967 3 W J G 1 967 4 G J G 1

106

967 5 B . A 6 967 6 B . B 6 967 7 B B B 6 967 8 B B B 5 967 9 B J B 5 967 10 B J C 5 967 11 B J A 6 967 12 B J A 6 967 13 B J A 6 967 14 W J F 4 967 15 W J G 4 967 16 W J G 2 967 17 W J G 1 967 18 W J G 1 967 19 W J G 1 967 20 W J F 1 967 21 G J G 2 967 22 G J F 2 967 23 G J G 1 967 24 G . F 1 967 25 G J F 1 967 26 G J A 6 967 27 B B A 6 967 28 B . A 7 967 29 B . A 6 967 30 B . A 6 967 31 B . A 7 967 32 B B A 6 967 33 B B A 6 967 34 B B A 6 967 35 B B A 6 967 36 B B C 4 967 37 B B F 6 967 38 B J A 6 967 39 B J A 6 967 40 B J A 6 967 41 B J B 6 967 42 B J D 6 967 43 B B A 5 967 44 B B A 6 967 45 B B A 6 967 46 B B B 6 967 47 B B A 5 967 48 G J D 2 967 49 W . G 2 967 50 W J X 4 967 51 W J G 2 967 52 W . F 2 967 53 W B D 4 967 54 W J F 1 967 55 W B B 4

107

967 56 W J G 1 967 57 W J D 1 967 58 W J F 1 967 59 W J D 1 967 60 W J D 1 967 61 W J D 2 967 62 W J G 2 967 63 W J D 1 967 64 W J G 1 967 65 W J F 4 967 66 W J F 2 967 67 W J X 5 967 68 G J D 2 967 69 G J C 1 967 70 G J D 4 967 71 B J D 6 967 72 B J A 6 967 73 B J A 6 967 74 B J A 5 967 75 B B A 6 967 76 B B A 6 967 77 B B B 6 967 78 B J A 6 967 79 G J F 2 967 80 B B C 2 967 81 B B C 1 967 82 B B B 6 967 83 B B C 1 967 84 B B A 6 967 85 B . A 6 967 86 W J F 2 967 87 W J D 1 967 88 W J F 2 967 89 W J F 1 967 90 W J D 1 967 91 G J F 2 967 92 G J B 6 967 93 B J B 6 967 94 B B B 6 967 95 B B A 5 967 96 B B A 6 967 97 W J F 2 967 98 W J D 4 967 99 W J F 1 967 100 W J G 1 967 101 B J B 6 967 102 B J B 6 967 103 G J C 2 967 104 G J F 1 967 105 G J F 2 967 106 G J D 2

108

967 107 G J D 2 967 108 G J F 1 967 109 G J C 2 967 110 G J G 2 967 111 G J F 1 967 112 G J F 2 967 113 G J A 6 967 114 G J C 1 967 115 G J F 1 967 116 G J G 2 967 117 G J D 1 967 118 G J F 3 967 119 G J G 1 967 120 G . D 1 967 121 G J F 2 967 122 G . G 1 967 123 G . A 6 967 124 G . B 6 967 125 G . A 5 967 126 G . A 6 967 127 G . C 2 967 128 W J G 2 967 129 W J F 2 967 130 W J G 1 967 131 W J D 2 967 132 W J F 2 967 133 W J F 2 967 134 W J D 4 967 135 W J F 2 967 136 W J F 1 967 137 W B D 4 967 138 W B A 4 967 139 W B D 4 967 140 W J D 1 967 141 W J X 4 967 142 W J F 1 967 143 W J F 1 967 144 W J D 4 967 145 W J G 2 967 146 W B F 4 967 147 W J F 4 967 148 W J B 2 967 149 W J B 4 967 150 W J F 2 967 151 W J G 1 967 152 W J G 1 967 153 W J X 4 967 154 B B A 6 967 155 B J A 6 967 156 B . B 6 967 157 B . B 5

109

967 158 B . B 6 967 159 B J A 6 967 160 B J A 6 967 161 B J F 4 967 162 B J B 6 967 163 B J A 6 967 164 B J A 5 967 165 B B A 6 967 166 B B A 6 967 167 B B A 6 967 168 B B B 6 967 169 B B B 6 967 170 B . A 6 967 171 B . A 6 967 172 B . B 6 967 173 B . A 6 967 174 B . A 6 967 175 W J G 2 967 176 W J G 4 967 177 B J A 6 967 178 B J B 7 967 179 B J A 6 967 180 B J B 5 967 181 B . A 6 967 182 B . B 6 967 183 G J F 3 967 184 B B A 6 967 185 B B B 6 967 186 B J B 6 967 187 W J G 2 967 188 W J G 2 967 189 W J F 1 967 190 W B C 2

110

APPENDIX B:

Geologic Clay Data

Sample # (same as Nauman

2007) Lab # Location/Description Workable? Color Group Note

1 5 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; Capstone Top Y 5

2 6 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; Upper terrace directly under sandstone talus Y 5

3 7 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; Upper terrace 10 m below sandstone talus Y 4

4 8

Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; Capstone Middle; reddish purple, 2-3 m below sandstone talus Y 2

5 9 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation;middle tier, top of shelf Y 4

6 10 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; middle tier talus; directly below capstone sandstone Y 4

7 11 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; middle tier talus; 2-3 m below capstone Y 5

8 12 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; middle tier talus, half-way up Y 4

9 13 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; middle tier talus (1) at base Y 5

10 14 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; Capstone low; 10 m below sandstone Y 5

11 40 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; lowest tier, uppermost stratum Y 5

12 41 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; lowest tier, upper-middle stratum Y 5

13 42 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; lowest tier, middle stratum Y 5

14 43 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; lowest tier, lower-middle stratum Y 5

15 44 Cox Ranch Pueblo Formation; lowest tier, lowest stratum Y 5

16 29 East of Cheap John Lake, lower tier Y 5 17 30 East of Cheap John Lake, upper tier Y 2 CW066 18 31 South of Cox Ranch Pueblo; lowest 1 Y 4 19 32 South of Cox Ranch Pueblo; middle Y 4 20 33 South of Cox Ranch Pueblo; upper Y 5 21 34 South of Cox Ranch Pueblo; clay 3 Y 5

22 35 NW of Cox Ranch Pueblo; Arroyo;upper terrace point, directly under sandstone Y 6

23 36 NW of Cox Ranch Pueblo; Arroyo;50 m down from upper terrace point Y 6

24 37 NW of Cox Ranch Pueblo; Arroyo;10 m below lowest terrace Y 5

25 38 NW of Cox Ranch Pueblo; Arroyo;20 m below lowest terrace Y 2

26 39 NW of Cox Ranch Pueblo; Arroyo; lowest under lowest terrace Y 5

27 1 Chical Lake; lower Chinle Y 5 28 2 Chical Lake; upper Chinle, grey Y 4 29 3 Chical Lake; Dakota capstone; above Chinle N 5

111

30 46 Near Largo Creek Y 5 31 47 Near Largo Creek Y 5 32 48 Near Largo Creek Y 6 33 77 Near Largo Creek Y 5 34 80 Near Largo Creek N 4 35 81 Near Largo Creek Y 6 36 4 Roadside, Near Largo Creek N 2 37 84 Roadside, Near Largo Creek N 2 38 78 Near Carrizo Wash N 1 39 79 Near Carrizo Wash Y 6 CW074 40 82 Near Carrizo Wash N 1 41 83 Near Carrizo Wash Y 6 42 85 Near Carrizo Wash Y 6 43 86 Near Carrizo Wash Y 2 44 87 Near Carrizo Wash Y 2 45 88 Near Carrizo Wash Y 6 CW075 46 49 E: 700833 N: 3821026 N 4 47 89 E: 700851 N: 3820924 Y 6 48 91 E: 700840 N: 3821014 N 4 49 92 E: 700891 N: 3820966 N 5 50 93 E: 700855 N: 3820994 Y 5 51 94 E: 700859 N: 3820996 Y 5 52 95 E: 700875 N: 3820979 Y 6 53 96 E: 700856 N: 3821011 Y 5 54 90 E: 700856 N: 3820989 N 5

55 15 Mancos Shale; Upper at contact to Atarque sandstone Y 4

56 16 Mancos Shale; Middle zone; base of Moreno Hill Road below Atarque sandstone Y 5

57 17 Mancos Shale, Lower zone Y 5 58 18 Moreno Hill Road, Lower zone, #1 top grey Y 5 CW069

59 19 Moreno Hill Road, Lowest zone, #2 second from top; yellowish Y 5

60 20 Moreno Hill Road; lowest zone, #3 coal; grey Y 5

61 21 Moreno Hill Road; lowest zone, #4, grey below coal Y 3 CW067

62 22 Moreno Hill Road; Lowest zone #5 Y 5 63 23 Moreno Hill Road, Middle #1 Y 5 64 24 Moreno Hill Road, Middle #2 Y 4 65 25 Moreno Hill Road, Middle #3 Y 5 66 26 Moreno Hill Road, Upper #1 Y 5 67 27 Moreno Hill Road, Upper #2 Y 3 68 28 Moreno Hill Road, Upper #3 Y 4

69 x Unfired pottery, Cox Ranch Pueblo Roomblock 2 Y 5

70 45 Unfired clay, Cox Ranch Pueblo Great House Unit 6, Level 1, Locus 6 Y 4

71 50

500-600m ESE of CPGH. Steep exposure on slope facing CP cinder cone, ca. 30m vertical exposure Y 5

72 51 500-600m ESE of CPGH. Steep exposure on slope facing CP cinder cone, ca. 30m vertical Y 5

112

exposure

73 52

500-600m ESE of CPGH. Steep exposure on slope facing CP cinder cone, ca. 30m vertical exposure Y 5

74 53

500-600m ESE of CPGH. Steep exposure on slope facing CP cinder cone, ca. 30m vertical exposure Y 5

75 54

500-600m ESE of CPGH. Steep exposure on slope facing CP cinder cone, ca. 30m vertical exposure Y 5

76 55 E: 709349 N: 3802699; Large clay formation at bend in E fork of main wash W of CPGH Y 4

77 56 E: 709349 N: 3802699; Large clay formation at bend in E fork of main wash W of CPGH Y 5

78 57 E: 709349 N: 3802699; Large clay formation at bend in E fork of main wash W of CPGH Y 4

79 58 E: 709349 N: 3802699; Large clay formation at bend in E fork of main wash W of CPGH Y 5

80 59 E: 709349 N: 3802699; Large clay formation at bend in E fork of main wash W of CPGH Y 5

81 60 E: 709349 N: 3802699; Large clay formation at bend in E fork of main wash W of CPGH Y 5

82 61 E: 709349 N: 3802699; Large clay formation at bend in E fork of main wash W of CPGH Y 5 CW073

83 62 E: 709349 N: 3802699; Large clay formation at bend in E fork of main wash W of CPGH Y 5

84 63 E: 709160 N: 3803022; Arroyo Cut near Anagollon Pueblo Y 5

85 64 E: 709160 N: 3803022; Arroyo Cut near Anagollon Pueblo Y 5

86 65 E: 709160 N: 3803022; Arroyo Cut near Anagollon Pueblo Y 5

87 66 E: 709160 N: 3803022; Arroyo Cut near Anagollon Pueblo Y 5

88 67 E: 711052 N: 3801859; Red and White Formation #1 Y 6

89 68 E: 710165 N: 3802413; Wash cut near Cerro Pomo Great House Y 5 CW071

90 69 E: 710800 N: 3802464; Clay formation near sandstone outcrop Y 4 CW068

91 70 E: 710800 N: 3802464; Clay formation near sandstone outcrop Y 5

92 71 E: 710800 N: 3802464; Clay formation near sandstone outcrop Y 5

93 72 E: 710800 N: 3802464; Clay formation near sandstone outcrop Y 5

94 73 E: 710678 N: 3801390; Red and White Formation #2 Y 5 CW070

95 74 E: 710678 N: 3801390; Red and White Formation #2 Y 5 CW072

96 75 E: 710678 N: 3801390; Red and White Formation #2 Y 5

97 76 E: 710678 N: 3801390; Red and White Formation #2 Y 5

98 97 2008-1 Upper Grey in Wash Y 5 99 98 2008-2 Lower Yellow in wash Y 6 100 99 2008-3 Lower Grey Y 6 101 100 2008-4 Middle Brown Y 5

113

APPENDIX C:

ELECTRON MICROPROBE SAMPLE DATA

Sample ID Site # Na Mg K Ca Ti Fe Al Si

CW001 967 138 0.549638 0.759842 1.367859 0.770298 -0.85117 1.726387 2.863025 4.15377

CW002 LA 13681 956 0.881317 0.676976 1.294785 0.960099 -0.51374 1.815347 2.982055 4.110292

CW003 961 18 0.382596 0.697718 1.155977 0.979105 -0.48696 1.842426 3.05648 4.114498 CW004 967 123 0.916143 0.502341 1.433152 1.197533 -0.34803 1.557051 2.954323 4.086133

CW005 LA 31803 57 0.761532 0.656136 1.382516 0.892261 -0.52758 1.542908 2.928845 4.129653

CW006 LA 13681 171 0.659821 0.466798 1.309892 0.569391 -0.53756 1.61641 2.85323 4.164352

CW007 961 35 0.555029 0.84287 1.146316 0.975119 -0.48138 1.627411 2.934572 4.165718

CW008 LA 31803 87 -0.58828 -0.08221 0.025096 -0.17596 -0.28488 0.979449 3.295326 4.172715

CW009 961 67 -1.71946 -0.19617 -0.38761 0.365761 -0.37528 1.046903 3.01627 4.268505 CW010 961 61 -1.02852 -0.12103 0.295579 0.515724 -0.1817 1.23728 3.08537 4.202586 CW011 961 90 0.378712 0.480604 1.058645 0.903204 -0.13408 2.046567 3.127567 4.052296

CW012 LA 13681 1046 1.047724 0.22833 0.986938 0.992987 -0.29636 1.590635 2.924474 4.144921

CW013 965 162 0.751687 0.41606 1.036632 1.009373 -0.72908 1.382 2.869839 4.16519 CW014 967 82 0.631059 0.921459 0.868558 1.136637 -0.48871 1.686215 3.037796 4.094182

CW015 LA 13681 3 0.809275 0.41394 1.154434 1.109159 -0.4194 1.441539 2.846105 4.198306

CW016 LA 13681 172 0.975832 0.200379 1.249971 1.065442 -0.5081 1.238771 2.820486 4.201386

CW017 LA 31803 33 1.218298 0.386693 1.233466 1.230584 -0.80486 1.256712 2.94676 4.125693

CW018 967 69 -2.23248 0.23384 0.549871 0.481114 -0.41942 1.083554 3.335622 4.12127 CW019 967 81 -1.17459 -0.22145 0.595099 0.167761 -0.6205 0.876105 3.019981 4.258123 CW020 961 111 -1.42349 -0.14019 -0.03045 -0.25439 -0.185 1.148618 3.031512 4.260082 CW021 965 40 -1.19225 -0.37454 0.56181 0.366088 -0.5008 0.990134 2.83486 4.310218

CW022 LA 13681 859 -0.83945 0.234884 1.184268 -0.27079 -0.2145 1.129363 3.108193 4.173699

CW023 967 36 -1.11983 0.15119 -0.29371 0.16645 -0.19617 1.086938 2.717753 4.335497

CW024 LA 13681 840 0.578778 -0.09317 1.059216 0.054564 -0.17892 0.89985 3.284553 4.103406

CW025 LA 13681 1060 0.336033 0.195759 0.780824 0.075335 -0.71899 1.344665 2.791245 4.271623

CW026 961 57 -0.618 0.360479 1.180872 0.461319 -0.38962 1.183097 2.97113 4.232008

CW027 LA 13681 837 -0.43588 0.159686 0.475654 -0.27981 -0.16729 0.830499 3.328181 4.149933

CW028 961 46 -2.20808 -0.01234 0.380389 0.58762 -0.2258 1.005672 3.296302 4.134488

CW029 LA 13681 783 -1.18778 -0.25221 -0.10485 -0.46383 0.028045 0.712717 2.965651 4.307508

CW030 LA 31803 1 -1.7504 0.301511 1.378405 0.322837 -0.13571 1.247978 3.096974 4.149246

CW031 LA 31803 6 -1.01675 0.647778 1.279177 0.881513 -0.33017 1.195299 3.121641 4.146754

CW032 LA 31803 51 -0.59465 0.180728 0.639477 1.072232 -0.35039 1.569399 3.032774 4.194361

CW033 LA 13681 343 -0.31801 0.412837 0.964262 0.165479 -0.33364 1.677286 2.979545 4.195989

CW034 961 54 -0.94669 0.481044 1.221326 0.222937 -0.52731 1.280831 2.975502 4.206398

CW035 LA 31803 15 -1.30996 0.29983 0.85254 -1.156 -0.01305 0.879726 3.377329 4.120933

CW036 LA 13681 472 -1.09175 -0.13729 0.456547 0.363164 -0.14329 1.209757 3.145466 4.20535

114

CW037 LA 13681 791 -1.09192 -0.5178 0.297451 -0.41883 -0.33141 1.063335 2.993851 4.27699

CW038 LA 13681 54 -0.26949 0.261327 0.64999 0.442334 -0.45024 1.475322 3.068428 4.152764

CW039 LA 13681 9 -0.19966 0.444559 0.864254 0.535043 0.017874 1.427747 3.030726 4.190855

CW040 LA 13681 64 -0.44615 0.24991 0.755707 0.275942 -0.12423 1.423465 3.058287 4.185005

CW041 LA 31803 8 -0.61862 0.257201 0.811376 0.500483 -0.09062 1.483216 3.096327 4.185698

CW042 961 100 -1.93167 -0.38304 0.455458 0.291086 -0.18299 1.517787 3.081821 4.219378

CW043 LA 13681 622 -1.43171 -0.05951 0.86575 0.951822 -0.33552 1.032781 3.137498 4.159019

CW044 LA 13681 868 -1.55476 -0.131 0.236849 0.316051 -0.25881 0.861614 2.890789 4.29487

CW045 967 97 -1.62273 0.137731 0.843569 0.486926 -0.24792 0.993877 3.270034 4.119377

CW046 LA 13681 603 -1.07912 0.027389 0.285248 1.030402 -0.0412 1.011642 3.123897 4.169477

CW047 LA 13681 857 -1.40173 -0.1877 -0.06693 -0.35794 -0.06485 0.755851 2.964459 4.298957

CW048 967 183 -0.90323 0.118694 0.570193 0.144726 0.19154 0.750384 3.07767 4.219937 CW049 961 95 -1.54099 0.060295 -0.06634 0.937804 -0.30731 0.513855 3.362851 4.133264

CW050 LA 13681 48 -0.60966 -0.14035 0.918807 -0.21594 -0.27903 1.111022 3.144974 4.185524

CW051 LA 31803 7 -1.40369 0.056616 1.017796 -0.35579 -0.1126 0.897561 3.011702 4.228016

CW052 LA 13681 680 -1.17482 0.098924 1.080162 0.857988 0.090761 1.580345 3.030574 4.160929

CW053 965 215 -1.35828 -0.00688 0.919017 0.29637 -0.07449 2.010626 3.177771 4.088395

CW054 LA 13681 380 -1.23053 -0.24192 0.096614 0.091429 -0.12015 0.408974 3.430416 4.126971

CW055 LA 13681 594 -1.52113 0.210081 1.139711 -0.44605 -0.27215 0.603497 3.147656 4.210434

CW056 LA 13681 828 -0.91395 -0.22645 0.285301 -0.73046 -0.35178 0.864883 2.881867 4.308855

CW057 965 295 -1.39737 0.049464 -0.28711 -0.03222 0.242171 1.266986 2.909553 4.285207

CW058 LA 13681 405 -1.40584 0.087496 0.435914 0.450576 -0.20728 0.565466 3.124555 4.218493

CW059 LA 13681 493 -1.70862 -0.66763 -0.68987 -0.21104 0.105853 0.632754 2.939346 4.305756

CW060 965 46 -1.23563 -0.26012 0.382258 0.623617 -0.13536 1.317922 3.118076 4.179319

CW061 LA 13681 736 -0.5527 0.38715 0.830035 0.185688 -0.12108 1.366684 3.302145 4.113836

CW062 965 357 -1.46505 0.074747 0.461582 0.494996 0.084887 1.421502 2.989649 4.223137

CW063 LA 13681 764 -1.0779 0.572212 1.177745 0.39262 -0.20102 1.569137 3.173731 4.071969

CW064 LA 13681 32 -0.59012 0.396636 0.730406 0.519554 -0.07356 1.450153 3.064315 4.17832

CW065 LA 13681 511 -1.35403 -0.24265 0.250218 0.45672 -0.3525 1.729532 3.072189 4.181689

CW066 Clay 17 -0.90027 -0.47958 -0.06911 -0.53369 0.236049 0.919202 3.01675 4.268788 CW067 Clay 61 -1.6867 0.020642 0.69563 -0.62169 -0.37679 0.971158 3.007022 4.26371 CW068 Clay 90 -0.27685 0.964262 1.0926 1.801039 -0.47901 1.625227 2.872319 4.068825 CW069 Clay 58 -1.39282 0.613645 1.154304 -0.13354 -0.23661 1.433572 2.930746 4.216154 CW070 Clay 94 -1.56678 1.15867 1.032248 1.225194 -0.48256 1.750253 2.960816 4.15942 CW071 Clay 89 -0.5678 0.646473 0.813159 0.479559 -0.39062 1.777908 2.903587 4.225952 CW072 Clay 95 -1.25375 1.201745 1.271661 1.506079 -0.62603 1.774141 2.871046 4.134054 CW073 Clay 82 0.036741 0.885706 1.094116 -0.02183 -0.35986 1.452889 2.850435 4.231991 CW074 Clay 39 -0.49305 1.018999 0.85956 -0.11282 -0.78408 1.639202 2.829687 4.250727 CW075 Clay 45 -1.82151 0.850544 1.122451 0.39189 -0.46592 1.684782 2.897558 4.209571

115

APPENDIX D:

FACTOR SCORES/LOADINGS

Sample Factor Scores

Sample # factor 1 factor 2

CW001 1.43580 1.36657 CW002 1.62699 0.34973 CW003 1.52011 0.00823 CW004 1.58604 0.02183 CW005 1.37745 0.59232 CW006 0.96952 1.09850 CW007 1.22692 0.77750 CW008 -0.59584 -1.09742 CW009 -1.32070 0.47279 CW010 -0.47378 -0.28602 CW011 1.59022 -0.99899 CW012 0.91527 0.47971 CW013 0.96050 1.19302 CW014 1.60089 -0.00898 CW015 0.79913 1.17902 CW016 0.66006 1.33014 CW017 1.37104 0.75436 CW018 0.12142 -1.68299 CW019 -0.79263 0.64454 CW020 -1.28542 0.24379 CW021 -1.13355 1.53953 CW022 -0.03021 -0.49145 CW023 -1.57050 1.97828 CW024 0.35623 -1.51480 CW025 -0.18715 2.09828 CW026 0.10459 0.61766 CW027 -0.28403 -1.49220 CW028 -0.23787 -1.70123 CW029 -1.95188 0.49034 CW030 0.27758 -0.82998 CW031 0.80382 -0.59375 CW032 0.34555 0.19164 CW033 0.35107 0.50037 CW034 0.26671 0.57800 CW035 -0.38031 -2.12306 CW036 -0.48320 -0.55548 CW037 -1.40093 0.61455 CW038 0.41826 -0.03992

CW039 0.24709 -0.14310 CW040 0.06503 -0.18437 CW041 0.17579 -0.37986 CW042 -0.69708 -0.27497 CW043 0.08971 -0.75268 CW044 -1.30686 0.93940 CW045 0.16749 -1.58778 CW046 -0.23702 -0.85354 CW047 -1.80216 0.51780 CW048 -0.80890 -0.61473 CW049 -0.33971 -1.86489 CW050 -0.30085 -0.49002 CW051 -0.75795 -0.05442 CW052 0.29807 -0.60133 CW053 0.60943 -1.34341 CW054 -0.73452 -2.35154 CW055 -0.60395 -0.57963 CW056 -1.62013 1.28683 CW057 -1.52048 0.47226 CW058 -0.74982 -0.51119 CW059 -2.50595 0.35729 CW060 -0.36401 -0.64663 CW061 0.52175 -1.56406 CW062 -0.53778 -0.08640 CW063 1.01235 -1.30530 CW064 0.21332 -0.30699 CW065 -0.23541 -0.12919 CW066 -1.82489 -0.10017 CW067 -1.07230 0.46792 CW068 1.80505 0.24066 CW069 -0.00943 0.50061 CW070 1.17888 0.37100 CW071 0.37509 1.04980 CW072 1.59813 0.73284 CW073 0.32538 1.30325 CW074 0.34705 1.94708 CW075 0.44245 0.83498

116

Factor Loadings

Variable Factor 1 Factor 2 Na 0.623579 0.342645Mg 0.805801 0.227949K 0.828942 0.091448Ca 0.731511 0.087646Ti -0.532506 -0.508070Fe 0.732004 0.281195Al -0.067782 -0.961897Si -0.799357 0.572153Expl.Var 3.723379 1.775222Prp.Totl 0.465422 0.221903

117