wtc - rebirth/reincarnation

8/3/2019 WTC - Rebirth/Reincarnation

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WTC - Rebirth / Reincarnation

Compiled and Edited By Scott Sworts, InstructorCompiled and Edited By Scott Sworts, InstructorCompiled and Edited By Scott Sworts, InstructorCompiled and Edited By Scott Sworts, InstructorCompiled and Edited By Scott Sworts, Instructor

All Materials in this book were produced by students in the Architecture and PlanningProgram at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Spring Semester 2002.

This project would not have been possible without the assistance of:This project would not have been possible without the assistance of:This project would not have been possible without the assistance of:This project would not have been possible without the assistance of:This project would not have been possible without the assistance of:

Beverly Willis, Director, The Architecture Research InstituteRon Shiffman, Director, Pratt Institute Center for Community and Environmental

Development (PICCED)The members of Rebuild Downtown, Our Town (R.DOT)

Acknowledgments:Acknowledgments:Acknowledgments:Acknowledgments:Acknowledgments:

Patricia OLeary, Dean of the College of Architecture and Planning, University o


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Table of Contents

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

Introduction 5Life - Nicole Rasmussen 6

Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryExecutive SummaryExecutive SummaryExecutive Summary 7

General Concepts 8Planning Points 9

Architectural Recommendations 10Memorial Recommendations 11

ManifestosManifestosManifestosManifestosManifestos 12

Architecture is Life - Jessica Meyer 13Manifesto - Michael Knoll 14On... - Tyler Cooper 15

Memorial Inscription - Lance Fischer 16Unity - Anthony Heinz 17To Rebuild - Jose Luis La Cruz-Crawford 18

An Awakening - Adam Hillhouse 19


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ProgrammingProgrammingProgrammingProgrammingProgramming 36

Dividing the Superblock - Michael Knoll 37Memorials - Adam Hillhouse 39Program for NYC Rebuild Project- WTC Site - Jose Luis La Cruz-Crawford 40Growth Over Time - Nicole Rasmussen 41The Mental Process of Healing - Tyler Cooper 42

Green TechnologiesGreen TechnologiesGreen TechnologiesGreen TechnologiesGreen Technologies 43

The Integrated Green High-rise - Forrest Garrison 44Circulation Systems In a Tall Building - Forrest Garrison 45

Wind Harness - Lance Fischer 46Photovoltaic Panel Systems - John Hoffman 47

Wind Turbine Technology - Lance Fischer 48Fuel Cells - John Hoffman 49

Geothermal Energy - Forrest Garrison 50Double Skin Cooling System - Jason Sidelko 51Nanogel(tm) Translucent Insulation - Lance Fischer 52

Wireless Networking - Jace Christopher 53Recycling Systems - Paul Kearney 54

Table of Contents


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IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

In a few horrific hours on Sept. 11, 2001, the New York tragedy drew Americans together asone to salvage lives and reinstate safety and security for the nation.

The events of that day are well-documented. Less known is a New Yorkers ability to grasp theawesome scope of the job ahead.

Within the purposeful response and grief of the weeks to follow, there developed a realizationthat New York would need to fill a great void and to do so it would become the leader of arevolution in the way urban areas plan and build their infrastructures. The vastness of the loss

people and structures has created a process not seen since the earliest days of the City.Planners, architects, government leaders and citizens have begun to see the area of the WorldTrade Center must be built as the City was in its earliest days in an evolutionary manner annot by a massive, one-shot development.

Rebuilding will take years, not months. It will, of course, respond to social and commercialneeds, and equally important, to an overwhelming call to honor those who lost their lives andthose who survived. The site must memorialize and still function as a commercial, residentialand retail center for the nation and the world.

The memorial must allow a grieving nation and City to deal with emotion; it must reflect oursocietys values and stand as a symbol of our patriotism and strength as a nation.


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LifeLifeLifeLifeLife will be brought back into the World Trade Center site.

We must develop architecture that remembers.New Yorks skyline will be redefined.

We will rebuild:a place to grieve

a place to worka place to gathera place to reflecta place to remember...

the innocent

the heroes

More importantly, we will rebuild:a place to move forward


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Executive summary

There are overriding themes developed by the students regarding the rebuilding of the WorldTrade Center. The following points appear consistently within their work and seemed to guide

their designs and concepts.

For brevity, the themes and conclusions are listed as follows.


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Generalized ConceptsGeneralized ConceptsGeneralized ConceptsGeneralized ConceptsGeneralized Concepts

Students:

questioned the need for a World Trade Center and many concluded that the financialindustry is decentralizing in the wake of Sept. 11. Each decided the site must becomemore mixed in its uses.

made clear the rebuild should not carry a corporate label and should not be identifiedwith one industry or corporation.

made clear the world would watch what was done on the site, how it was built andunderstood that our actions will influence architectural design for years to come.

stated plans and designs should respond to a need for closure and provide anopportunity for a new beginning.

designs and plans reflect an overwhelming need to make development 24/7, the newunderstanding that vital urban areas must be open for use 24 hours a day, seven days a

week.

concluded the redevelopment of the site must provoke emotion putting faces to the sitand humanizing it.

plans and designs recognize that todays citizens are forever tied emotionally to the site


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Planning PointsPlanning PointsPlanning PointsPlanning PointsPlanning Points

Student design concepts call for:

a caution to planners that converting the entire site to a park could create a dead zonefor activity in Lower Manhattan. The site must be an active part of the community.

the reintroduction of the street grid that existed prior to the construction of the WorldTrade Center.

submerging the West Side Highway at Chambers Street to the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel.They suggest leaving two lanes of surface street one each direction. They also sugges

converting the remainder of the right of way to park space or break it up into blocks anbuild on it.

making the streets on the site pedestrian-only with minimal automobile access.

minimizing traffic in lower Manhattan possibly closing off major pedestrian routessuch as Fulton and Nassau streets.

making permanent the single occupant vehicle ban below Chambers Street to easecongestion in downtown.

creating a transportation hub that encompasses the PATH trains, subways and bus lines


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Architectural RecommendationsArchitectural RecommendationsArchitectural RecommendationsArchitectural RecommendationsArchitectural Recommendations

Students thoughts are that:

the architecture should not be created by one architect, rather it should be anevolutionary process and involve many architects over an extended period of time.

the architecture should look to the future. Sustainable architecture should besubstantially different from past architectural styles.

even though the architecture should reflect the American spirit, it should alsoacknowledge the fact that people from over 90 countries lost their lives in the tragedy.

the architecture must be a positive contribution to the New York skyline, it must not be astatement of ego.

the architecture should add something back to the skyline of Manhattan. The originalWTC was a directional landmark that many people used for orientation. Without thetowers, many people have a lowered sense of direction (maze way disintegration). The

creation of a new icon on the skyline would help alleviate this problem.

buildings should be created that have flexibility to their uses. As technology evolves, itwill change how buildings are used and what they need. Adaptable architecture issustainable architecture because it has a much longer usable life.


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Memorial RecommendationsMemorial RecommendationsMemorial RecommendationsMemorial RecommendationsMemorial Recommendations

Students believe the memorial should:

consider the use and the importance of sacred geometries in the architecture. Theyreflect the religions of the world in a non-denominational manner, and when used, willcreate liminal spaces that act as a bridge to connect people to an event.

have two aspects - individual and societal. The individual aspect of a memorial is toprovide the person with a way to deal with grief and loss. It should honor the personsstages of grief and allow them to connect with their emotions (in the manner of the

Vietnam Memorial). The societal aspect of a memorial provides a community with a

way to mark an event, to connect with history (such as the Lincoln Memorial).

acknowledge that the memorial itself will mean different things to different generations.In just 100 years, no one will be alive who has first-hand memories of September 11.

serve as an ongoing time capsule.

be carefully considered as to its location. It might possibly be placed at the elevationswhere the planes struck the towers.

acknowledge and provide for the comfort one gains for such actions as leaving flowerson a grave. The act of leaving something behind is very powerful.


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Manifestos

For every project there must be a point of beginning, an initial intent to intervene in a site in apositive manner. This point of beginning can be a gesture, a word, an image that captures the

central idea.

The students first task was to mark their point of beginning, to define their intent. They wrotestatements that declared their beliefs about what should happen on the World Trade Center sit

The following is a collection of these manifestos.


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ARCHITECTURE IS LIFEARCHITECTURE IS LIFEARCHITECTURE IS LIFEARCHITECTURE IS LIFEARCHITECTURE IS LIFE

Jessica Meyer

In the minds of the survivors, heroes, and witnesses of the September 11

th

terrorist attacks, life New York City will never be the same, and it shouldnt be the same. But we must ensure that in Lower Manhattan moves forward to meet the needs of new generations.

Life is about change and progress. The three go hand-in-hand. Without change, life could noprogress into the future. Without progress, life would, and rightfully should, cease to exist. Likit or not, life changes everyday. It moves forward into the future everyday. Even if attacked, itstill moves onto the next moment in time, adjusting to changes, rebuilding where it must, and

becoming stronger than it ever was before.

ARCHITECTURE IS LIFEARCHITECTURE IS LIFEARCHITECTURE IS LIFEARCHITECTURE IS LIFEARCHITECTURE IS LIFE. It, too, changes and progresses with each day. Architecture now is nthe same as it was 30 years ago, but does that mean we can never rebuild buildings whendestroyed? We must be relentless, the architecture in Lower Manhattan must change and adato the events of September 11th. It must become stronger. The people of New York City havebegun to show us what can be in the future. They show the world we cannot dwell on one day

forever.

The World Trade Center must be rebuilt; not the same as it was before, but better than it everwas. The new WTC must not only reflect the present strength of the people of New York, butalso the growing and changing economies of our nation and of the world.


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ManifestoManifestoManifestoManifestoManifesto

Michael Knoll

The New York City we once knew no longer exists.

It has been transformed, not just by a terrorist attack which left destruction, but by now andforever serving as a symbolic place of human compassion and unity. Because the worldresponded in such a dramatic and loving way, New York City is transformed into a stage that thworld will forever keep a trained eye upon.

New York City has united the world.

It is this uniting factor that will direct a design departure, and provide a possible solution as towhat should happen in the future to the World Trade Center site.

We are humble, yet strong.Let our actions speak of this.

We are united, yet speak with many voices.Let our cities hold true to this.

We are proud, yet selfless.Let our children know this.


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On...On...On...On...On...

Tyler Cooper

On bloodlinesOn bloodlinesOn bloodlinesOn bloodlinesOn bloodlinesThe tragedy of 9.11 was not a far away war, it was not a static moment for only the peoplethere; and surely the lives lost are everyones to mourn. In a sense, a portion of that day willexist in everyone who witnessed it. This piece will grow smaller and smaller as the generationsthat were witness become fewer and fewer. In truth though, someday 9.11 will be a day inhistory and no one will be alive to tell of the world, as it was that morning. This is the reasonthat the memorial itself must heal and revise with each passing day. The memorial will listen alearn to the people now and the born tomorrow.

On considerationOn considerationOn considerationOn considerationOn consideration

In the process of determining the memorial, one must realize that the grief is shared withmillions. The separation into different factions and political movements severs the brotherhoodtie that in times like these is so critical. The hate and exclusion, the vicious and bitter battlesleave the memory and history tainted. To deny or not acknowledge the validity of one group isthe actions of a calculated and self-defeating pain. This site must be significant to all. To every

use that it could, should, and was it will now fulfill. It shall appeal as much to history andmemory as to commerce and vitality.

On rebirthOn rebirthOn rebirthOn rebirthOn rebirth

Building nothing and replacing what was there are equal miscarriages of honor and hope. Thetraditional memorial is hackneyed and could not apply to this circumstance while it is after all i


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Memorial InscriptionMemorial InscriptionMemorial InscriptionMemorial InscriptionMemorial Inscription

Lance Fischer

Everyone has lost something preciousEveryone here has lost homes, dreams, and friendsThis world is what we make of it

Working together, now we can make new homes for ourselvesAnd new dreamsThe journey will be fraught with hardshipsBut together we will prevailOne thing though

The people and the friends that we have lostAnd the dreams that have fadedNever forget them.


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UnityUnityUnityUnityUnity

Anthony Heinz

Architecture is the reflection of our lives: our philosophies, our beliefs and even the needscreated in the way we go about our days. It is the balance and the harmony between the builtand the natural environment. With the tragedy of 9-11, architecture must take precedence onbringing that unity back to the heart of New York City. Let this Architecture start a new era thacan reflect the lives of those who have passed and for those who are still living.


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To RebuildTo RebuildTo RebuildTo RebuildTo Rebuild

Jose Luis La Cruz-Crawford

What is built on the World Trade Center site will be the beginning of the complete revitalizationof the financial district. The new buildings will be the veins that will pump blood back into NewYork, but they are not the heart that will keep it beating. The revitalization of the financialdistrict will be accomplished only by building a thriving business district. I propose an officespace with a community atmosphere and ambitious character. This office space will beresponsible for the economic revival of New York. We must rebuild and restore the damagedone to New Yorks economic infrastructure.

We have been given an opportunity to design and create an architecture that will reflect thenature of our current technological, political, environmental, and social demands andachievements. This must involve rebuilding a new infrastructure that will be the foundation forsustainable future through the use of renewable energy. Green building technology and the uof new, high-tech materials and building systems must provide all needed energy demands,independent of the energy grid. What is built on this site will introduce a prototype for the 21st

century. It will inevitably have a great influence on the profession, but more importantly, on ou

society and social consciousness.

It cannot be another static memorial. The concept of a memorial as a statue is no longer viabIt should have not been in the past nor should it be now or in the future. To truly memorize theevent we must educate. With learning and knowledge comes an understanding andcomprehension that will inevitably imprint a memory in the mind of those who wish to learn of


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An AwakeningAn AwakeningAn AwakeningAn AwakeningAn Awakening

Adam Hillhouse

The events of Sept. 11 have often been described as an awakening for America.

The nation has began to understand that terror is no longer three continents or two oceans awa we know now that it is here with us.

The tragedy has caused us to examine many aspects of our society. Within our examination hacome a greater grasp of the responsibilities that accompany our societys ambition to produceand to succeed.

This understanding has made us more aware that symbols of our success our buildings andinfrastructure must change in a way that both fulfills our ambitions and helps in the effort toimprove the human condition in the world.

Our buildings must consist of materials that are both composed of environmentally friendlyproducts, and are self-sufficient in energy demands.

Technology has created a canvas on which an objective view of our actions can be painted andobserved. We are learning. We see the life-cycles of our processes and can work incooperation to improve upon them until a balance is achieved. The experience of the user mube reflected in the product.


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Design Concepts

The students used a number of different strategies to generate their initial design concepts: somdelved into the creation of a metaphoric source for their design; some derived concept from th

human form; and others looked to ancient sacred geometries for their inspiration.

Presented in this section are some of the concept generators that the students used in theirdesign process.


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The Outward SpiralThe Outward SpiralThe Outward SpiralThe Outward SpiralThe Outward Spiral

Jessica Meyer

SPIRALSPIRALSPIRALSPIRALSPIRAL

The spiral is an ever-moving path - never stopping in the same place as before. To move alonthe path is to move with life, to accept and embrace change in life, to LIVE

CHAKRACHAKRACHAKRACHAKRACHAKRA

A Chakra is an energy point within the human body. A place to focus mental and physical

energy in order to bring balance into life. The path of the seven chakras is aligned on a paththroughout the human body. To follow this path is to accept and embrace change in life; to LIV

THE SEVEN CHAKRASTHE SEVEN CHAKRASTHE SEVEN CHAKRASTHE SEVEN CHAKRASTHE SEVEN CHAKRAS

Saharara - Crown - awareness, consciousness (Violet)

Ajna - Brow - intuition imagination (Indigo)


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The Tree of LifeThe Tree of LifeThe Tree of LifeThe Tree of LifeThe Tree of Life

Nicole Rasmussen

Reflection is the essential idea, the center of the development of the World Trade Center site. is critical to remember and honor the innocent and the heroes. Not only do we need to develoarchitecture that remembers but we need architecture that will redefine New Yorks skyline. Lifneeds to be brought back into this area - we need to feel New Yorks pulse again.

There is an ancient legend of the enchanted wishing tree. It says that you must scribble yourdreams onto red slips of paper tied to an orange and toss them into the air. Tradition holds thif your paper charm catches on the tree, your wish will be granted.

My concept holds fast to the idea that tectonic forms have the possibility to expand and growover time. Spiritual and physical growth should be represented by an enchanted tree, andspiritual growth, derived from the tree of life. This Oak tree will represent the continuation oflife and will be a place for visitors to the site to leave their thoughts.

The design of the site was derived from the tree of life, an ancient sacred geometric form that

many believe represents the structure of the Universe. The organization of the site is based onthe interrelationships of the circles from the diagram at the bottom of this page.

The Oak tree will be placed in the middle of the site and visitors can tie messages on it. This wbe a place to reflect and mourn but it will also be a place that represents life.


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The Inspiration of UnityThe Inspiration of UnityThe Inspiration of UnityThe Inspiration of UnityThe Inspiration of Unity

Anthony Heinz

The Circle: Wholeness, Unity

The Triangle: Creativity, Vision, Dreams

The Square: Stability, Power, Grounding

The Inspiration of Unity:The Inspiration of Unity:The Inspiration of Unity:The Inspiration of Unity:The Inspiration of Unity:

Brotherhood: Intimate friendship and unity between the bond of companionship.

Togetherness: Simultaneous unity of humanity.

Remembrance : The recognized honor of those who have passed and for those who are stillliving.

Harmony: Peaceful unity between all things

Time: Unity of all from past, present and future


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SynergySynergySynergySynergySynergy

Adam Hillhouse

The attacks of September 11, 2001, affected not only the lower tip of Manhattan, but was alsoburned into the collective psyche of New York as a whole, and indeed the whole world. Thediagram below attempts to express the broad nature of this event while providing the basis formy concept of synergy within the context of the Manhattan urban environment. Just as thedebris spread through lower downtown, so too did the spirit of each individual- not only lost, bforever affected. The rebuilding of the World Trade Center site must reflect the nature of thisevent by physically reaching out into the city through its architectural language, both in massingand in proportion. My concept involves the placement throughout the city of two distinct

architectural elements: memorial markers and interactive transit stops. The markers will be atestament to our humanity, while the transit stops will become testaments to our technology. Othe site, the two distinct elements will merge together in a symbolic gesture of our social reactioto September 11.


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Shadow PatternsShadow PatternsShadow PatternsShadow PatternsShadow Patterns


A study was conducted concerning the times of the impacts and the collapses of the two WTCTowers on September 11th, 2001. The shadow footprints that the towers cast during theirrespective impacts and collapses were documented. An overlay of these footprints introduces possible new geometrical form. This geometry can then be used for the design anddevelopment of architectural forms.


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The Physical Healing ProcessThe Physical Healing ProcessThe Physical Healing ProcessThe Physical Healing ProcessThe Physical Healing Process

Tyler Cooper

The wound healing process is comprised of three overlapping phases: inflammation,proliferation, and maturation.

During the inflammatory phase, blood vessels contract and red blood cells clot the wound whilwhite blood cells collect in the wound to fight infection.

During the proliferative phase, special skin cells migrate into the wound beneath the crust (scaand grow. Granulation tissue fills the wound and new capillaries form, giving the tissue its red

color and granular texture. The wound begins to contract and the granulation tissue is sooncovered with a layer of epithelial tissue (new skin cells).

During the maturation phase, also known as the remodeling phase, new collagen is formed tocreate a scar. The wound slowly regains strength as the scar reaches its final size and shape.Scar maturation usually takes at least a year. A scar is only about 80% as strong as the originaskin.

To address form, I needed to look at the fringes of the buildings of the site, where the fall of thWTC stripped facades and partially collapsed other buildings. From these broken but notcondemned buildings is where the cut begins to be healed.


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RespirationRespirationRespirationRespirationRespiration

Forrest Garrison

In this picture, the woman is administering life support to the man. From the picture, it seemsthat the mans lungs were injured due to smoke inhalation moments after the collapse of one othe World Trade Center towers on 9/11.

The body is a perfect example of strength, growth, movement, life, and beauty. Most peoplethink of a building as being lifeless but in fact buildings are living and breathing. Like the bodythere are layers upon layers of systems in a building that work together in order to maintain ahealthy environment.


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2121212121ststststst Century EnvironmentCentury EnvironmentCentury EnvironmentCentury EnvironmentCentury Environment

Jason Sidelko

These figures represent an instantaneous, dynamic balancing act of beauty and grace resultingfrom a reciprocal relationship of strength and trust.

Now, imagine a building in Lower Manhattan, balancing commercial, residential, cultural andrecreational uses. This creates many reciprocal relationships, enhanced by sustainability, greebuilding systems, and integrates the media and technologies of the 21st century


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Planning Analysis

The following section has been submitted by the planning students at the University of Colorad

The students are studying Urban Planning under the direction of Dr. Dwayne Nuzum.

The students analyzed various aspects of Lower Manhattan, including, neighborhood characterpedestrian corridors, open space, and landmarks.


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Neighborhoods in Lower ManhattanNeighborhoods in Lower ManhattanNeighborhoods in Lower ManhattanNeighborhoods in Lower ManhattanNeighborhoods in Lower Manhattan

Gina Wortmann

There are many neighborhoods that comprise Lower Manhattan, each with a different characteThis district map depicts these areas. Two new neighborhoods have been created in this area well.

One neighborhood, Old New York is centered around the tip of the island and would includsuch landmarks from early New York as the Stone Street Historic District and Fraunces Tavern.

The other new neighborhood would be located between the Wall Street area and South Bridge

This area is becoming more of a residential area, with many buildings being converted toco-ops. This new district has been named Maiden Lane.


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PEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONSPEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONSPEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONSPEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONSPEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONS

Duane Martinez and Carrie Duncan

The following lists the major pedestrian corridors in Lower Manhattan and the primarydestinations along the route.

1. Hudson River Corridor1. Hudson River Corridor1. Hudson River Corridor1. Hudson River Corridor1. Hudson River Corridor

Stuyvesant High SchoolWorld Financial CenterNY Mercantile Exchange MuseumNorth Cove

Winter GardensMuseum of Jewish HistoryMuseum of WomenMuseum of SkyscrapersBattery ParkFerries to:

Jersey City, NJHoboken, NJ

2. West Street2. West Street2. West Street2. West Street2. West Street

Stuyvesant High SchoolManhattan Community

College


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8. RECTOR ST / WALL ST8. RECTOR ST / WALL ST8. RECTOR ST / WALL ST8. RECTOR ST / WALL ST8. RECTOR ST / WALL ST

Hudson River

Rector PlaceNYSETrinity ChurchNYC Financial DistrictEast RiverSubways:

1, 2, 4, 5, N, RFerries to:

90th / 34th StreetsGlen Cove, NYJersey City, NJKeyport, NJHighlands, NJ

Weehawken, NJ

Pedestrian Connections ContinuedPedestrian Connections ContinuedPedestrian Connections ContinuedPedestrian Connections ContinuedPedestrian Connections Continued

4. FULTON STREET4. FULTON STREET4. FULTON STREET4. FULTON STREET4. FULTON STREET

Battery Park Citys North Cove

Winter GardensWorld Trade Center SiteSouth Street SeaportDrake Business SchoolSubways:

4, 5, N, R

5. PARK ROW / BROOKLYN BRIDGE5. PARK ROW / BROOKLYN BRIDGE5. PARK ROW / BROOKLYN BRIDGE5. PARK ROW / BROOKLYN BRIDGE5. PARK ROW / BROOKLYN BRIDGE

City HallBerstraum High SchoolBrooklyn BridgePace UniversityNY Academy of the Arts

6. BATTERY PARK6. BATTERY PARK6. BATTERY PARK6. BATTERY PARK6. BATTERY PARK

East RiverCastle ClintonMuseum of Jewish HistoryMuseum of the American IndianNumerous Memorials


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Existing Open Space MapExisting Open Space MapExisting Open Space MapExisting Open Space MapExisting Open Space Map

Tyler Schwartz

This map depicts the existing parks and plazas in Lower Manhattan. In addition to the openspace, the map also shows the location of the two major historic districts in the area, the area the southern tip of the island and the South Street Sea Port.

There are three major paths through the area that interact heavily with the open space usage.There are 2 major bicycle routes, one on each edge of the island.

The other major route is the pedestrian walking tour of Lower Manhattan. It starts near the

Staten Island Ferry Port, and winds its way through downtown, to terminate at the BrooklynBridge.


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Proposed Open SpaceProposed Open SpaceProposed Open SpaceProposed Open SpaceProposed Open Space

Tyler Schwartz

From the South Street Seaport to the WTC viewing platform and down to Battery Park, there are

many pedestrian corridors one may take. Through good urban design and landscapearchitecture, this dense urban environment can transform into a place of accessibility. In orderto revitalize Lower Manhattan, the feeling of a sense of place in each district must bemaintained. This is the goal of public spaces and the connections that they make in the city foresidents, workers, and visitors to find their way.


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Image-abilityImage-abilityImage-abilityImage-abilityImage-ability

J. Daniel Malouff

This diagram depicts many of the major points of interest and activities in Lower Manhattan.

The major areas of activity are, Battery Park, Wall Street, The South Street Seaport, City Hall anSouth Cove. The World Trade Center must be rebuilt as a major activity zone, because it isneeded to unify and give continuity between the other zones of activity.

The landmarks that are depicted are: The Museum of Jewish Heritage, the Skyscraper Museumand the Museum of Women, all on the edge of Battery Park; Trinity Church; the Stock Exchange

and Federal Hall, on Wall Street; the Brooklyn Bridge; City Hall; the Woolworth Building; SaintPauls Chapel; The World Trade Center Site; and the World Financial Center.

In addition to the individual subway stops located all over the area, there are two majortransportation nodes. The first is the major subway station located on Fulton Street, the other iat the Staten Island Ferry.


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Programming

The students in Scott Sworts section developed architectural programs for the World Trade

Center site. Among aspects that they analyzed were: what function or functions should beincluded on the site; what patterns of development should be addressed; and what issues arosin the programming phase. Included in this publication are some of the concepts that weredeveloped from this highly complex problem.

The focus at this stage was not to demonstrate a specific architectural solution, but to createalgorithms that could apply to many projects.

For reference, the original World Trade center contained approximately 12 million square feet usable space. This is the equivalent of a 14 story building that would cover the entire site. Focomparison, Grand Central Station is 129,000 square feet, the Sears Tower is 4.5 million squafeet and the Pentagon (the worlds largest office building) is 6.5 million square feet.The World Trade Center site is 16 acres the Pentagon covers 34 acres In other words the


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Dividing the Super BlockDividing the Super BlockDividing the Super BlockDividing the Super BlockDividing the Super Block

Michael Knoll

One main objective of this project was to break up the super block that originally occupied t

World Trade Center site. Block sizes are developed and are approximately 1/8, 1/4 and 1/3 toriginal size of the super block. The forms of the blocks were dependant on the location in thesite and the intended development uses. One other rule for the block layout was that GreenwStreet had to be reconnected through the site.

The number of permutations of layouts with these kinds of restrictions reaches into thethousands. Not all the layouts were generated because of impracticality or because they didn

respond to the desired percentages of uses. The final layout was chosen because it respectedthe footprints of the World Trade Center towers, gave appropriate percentages for mixed-usebuildings and provided a stage for a high-rise building.

All schemes start with 10 million raw square feet.

8 Blocks

597,000 Square Feetat Street Level

3 million sf Memorial3 million sf Mixed Use

3 million sf Office1 million sf support

Yields an averagebuilding height of 17

stories with maximumland coverage

1 - 76619sf2 - 64989sf3 - 72173sf


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Block Configuration Space Allocation Building Massing

3 million sf Memorial3 million sf Mixed Use3 million sf Office1 million sf support

Yields an averagebuilding height of 18stories with maximumland coverage

12 Blocks550,000 Square Feetat Street Level

1 - 40845sf2 - 25544sf3 - 64989sf

4 - 35789sf5 - 25077sf6 - 62567sf7 - 42275sf8 - 40835sf9 - 77445sf

10 - 30186sf11 - 40398sf12 - 64114sf

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

10 11 12

1 2

3 4


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MemorialsMemorialsMemorialsMemorialsMemorials

Adam Hillhouse

The individual markers will act as memorials to the victims of September 11. Each marker wil

be approximately 3x3x6, symbolic of the human scale. One facial image of one victim will bplaced on each marker. This will allow the survivors to associate personally to a monument totheir loss, while the city as a whole can benefit from these markers as catalysts for educationabout not only September 11, but also of world affairs. The interactive transit stops will act asthe means for such education to take place. They will house numerous interactive computerpanels that will display everything from bus schedules, to real time taxi locators, to info pagesregarding the world to which we all belong. Serving as a transit stop will allow this element to

offer the user a direct means to access the new lower tip of Manhattan, and the architecturewhich these elements have produced.

M i M d l f th

SSP NYC R P WTC SP NYC R P WTC SNYC W C S


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Program for NYC Rebuild Project- WTC Site:Program for NYC Rebuild Project- WTC Site:Program for NYC Rebuild Project- WTC Site:Program for NYC Rebuild Project- WTC Site:Program for NYC Rebuild Project- WTC Site:


A memorial to honor and respect the loss of life.

A memorial for the process of grieving, to satisfy the emotional needs of both thesurvivors and those who lost loved ones.

A memorial to honor the bravery of extraordinary and ordinary heroes.

Separate from the above mentioned, a memorial that will survive the lives of those

immediately affected, so the memory of this disaster will last and not be lost to time. Amemorial to teach, an educative facility with informational resources concerning thepolitical, social, environmental, and economical systems prevalent during the time of th

WTC disaster. This facility shall include a vast information base dealing withinternational affairs and global trade occurring during and after 2001. Any informationof current and future affairs concerning global business would also be available forpublic access.

Cultural awareness is of great importance. A multi-cultural center to express a worldcommunity, reflective of New Yorks cultural diversity. Shedding light on culturaldifferences in politics, religion, economics, art, architecture, and overall views in order tgain acceptance through understanding. To tighten the loose rope between ourcountries and renew the ties with our neighbors both globally and locally

G O TG O TG O TG O TG O T


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Growth Over TimeGrowth Over TimeGrowth Over TimeGrowth Over TimeGrowth Over Time

Nicole Rasmussen

The architectural language I developed speaks specifically to the immediate needs of New

Yorkers and the city.

We know, the site is in need of a memorial, but as time passes the needs of those who visit thewill change. As these needs change, the buildings must accommodate this change by beingequally flexible.

A central corridor connects each section of the building, which allows the space to grow. (See t

diagrams)

This concept of growth is especially important in a place where ground is so sacred.

The towers footprints would be replaced with a library and a museum/memorial, which areconnected by a protruding corridor. This implies the connection the twin towers once had.

T M P HT M P HThe Mental Process of HealingThe Mental Process of HealingT M P ss H


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The Mental Process of HealingThe Mental Process of HealingThe Mental Process of HealingThe Mental Process of HealingThe Mental Process of Healing

Tyler Cooper

Throughout time the human mind has developed a psychological capacity for grieving. This

process can be carried out within minutes or it can take years. While most people proceedthrough the stages of grief within their lifetime some remain perpetually within one. Thearchitecture of the site remains undefined for a time because of the current emotional charge. Tbe able to confront this sacred ground requires a process of engagement that reflects the waysin which humans grieve. Each stage of grieving is connected to a function of programmaticdevelopment that is the same in terms of intensity of engagement. There are five defined stageto the grieving process: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.

For each of the five stages of grieving, I have applied a programmatic element.

Denial: For those individuals who do not wish to engage the site or rather circumvent theirrealities regarding it; the subway station will act as a bypass. Many proposals thus far haveacknowledged neither the site nor the memorial processes are to be considered in denial.

Anger: A Park will be a place for appropriate forms of anger to be released. Exercise or a placfor public voices to be heard will be positive manifestation of anger.

Bargaining: A community center functions as a core facility to give community basedorganizations and individuals the opportunity to participate in the grieving process together.

Depression: A memorial must not only accommodate those individuals who are directly affecte


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Green Technology

One group of students, working under Architect and Assistant Professor Julee Herdt, focused

efforts on developing a tall green building for the WTC site. Building proposals indicaterenewable energy sources including solar electric power, ground source heating and cooling,wind power, and fuel cells. Students were required to propose a building that breathes, takein the sun, is operated by the users - a building derived from the students interpretation ofsurvival of the human soul, body and mind.

The Integrated Green High riseThe Integrated Green High riseThe Integrated Green High riseThe Integrated Green High riseThe Integrated Green High rise


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The Integrated Green High-riseThe Integrated Green High-riseThe Integrated Green High-riseThe Integrated Green High-riseThe Integrated Green High-rise

Forrest Garrison

Circulation Systems In a Tall BuildingCirculation Systems In a Tall BuildingCirculation Systems In a Tall BuildingCirculation Systems In a Tall BuildingCirculation Systems In a Tall Building


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Circulation Systems In a Tall BuildingCirculation Systems In a Tall BuildingCirculation Systems In a Tall BuildingCirculation Systems In a Tall BuildingCirculation Systems In a Tall Building

Forrest Garrison

Wind Harness:Wind Harness:Wind Harness:Wind Harness:Wind Harness:


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Wind Harness:Wind Harness:Wind Harness:Wind Harness:Wind Harness:

Lance Fischer

I propose a WTC concept calling for two 2,000 foot high towers with a connecting bridge

at the level of the surrounding buildings.

I envision one additional structure on the site to act as an energy substation forintegration into the citys power grid. Four large wind turbines, roughly fifty meters in diametewould be placed at the top of the structure. These turbines should easily produce enoughenergy for the buildings needs.

The upper levels are to be screened in photovoltaic cells to supplement the energy provided bythe turbines. Nanogel Insulation is to be used throughout the structure for lighter weight andbetter heat insulation. Nanogel is also to be used on the exterior because of its ability totransmit light and it can be used as a replacement for glass.

Each tower will have one bank of two three-deck high speed elevators, which will stop at every20th level. These elevators will be glass-backed to take advantage of the excellent views of thecity and have pressurizing systems to help people adjust to the pressure change due to the heig

of the towers. From each express stop, there will be four banks of regular elevators to deliverpeople to their destinations.

Use of the new Segway Human Transporter will be highly encouraged throughout, with rampsbuilt to Segway spec in major circulation zones

Photovoltaic Panel Systems (P VPhotovoltaic Panel Systems (P VPhotovoltaic Panel Systems (P VPhotovoltaic Panel Systems (P VPhotovoltaic Panel Systems (P V s)s)s)s)s)


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Photovoltaic Panel Systems (P.V.Photovoltaic Panel Systems (P.V.Photovoltaic Panel Systems (P.V.Photovoltaic Panel Systems (P.V.Photovoltaic Panel Systems (P.V. s)s)s)s)s)

John Hoffman

Photovoltaic panels create a direct current from the suns photons (sunlight). For a tall building

the amount of energy required to sustain itself solely on photovoltaics would require most of thbuildings exterior cladding to be covered in panels. Photovoltaic panels, which are made up oindividual cells, need to be positioned on the south facing sides of the building to collect asmuch sunlight as possible. In the context of the WTC site, the panels should be locatedaccording to the shadows of the surrounding buildings and the daily and yearly sun paths.Electricity produced from the panels can be used directly; when the sun shines, electricity isproduced and used. When the sun is not shining, no electricity is produced. Electricity can be

stored in batteries, or given back to public service on the grid so that any excess electricity coube used at night or on a cloudy day.

Wind TurbinesWind TurbinesWind TurbinesWind TurbinesWind Turbines


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Wind TurbinesWind TurbinesWind TurbinesWind TurbinesWind Turbines

Lance Fischer

Wind turbines are a proven way to harness a natural and renewable resource. Mounting

turbines high in buildings helps catch more wind. Wind turbines can provide all the energy thebuildings will ever need. They are mounted facing the most common high wind direction. Winturbines are quiet and new manufacturing and higher quality make them run very smoothly.They generate no more noise than a refrigerator. In the building, they run to a substation, andthen to a larger power plant also located on the site. The system is then integrated into the citypower grid. These wind turbines rotate at a maximum speed of 36 rotations per minute. Toaddress the concerns of some, it is important to note there is evidence that more birds are kille

from power lines than from wind turbines.

Fuel CellsFuel CellsFuel CellsFuel CellsFuel Cells


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Fuel CellsFuel CellsFuel CellsFuel CellsFuel Cells

John Hoffman

A fuel cell converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and heat with an emission of pure H20

(water). In a tall building, a fuel cell system can supplement the energy needs directly on the sor in the building itself. Fuel cells are very quiet and efficient. There are two major types of fucells, direct and hydrogen. The direct fuel cell can use existing natural gas infrastructure tosupply the on site cell directly where the energy is needed. The more efficient fuel cell is thepure hydrogen cell, but requires an oxygen and hydrogen line routed to the site or building,something the existing infrastructures do not yet have. Fuel cells can address diverse energyrequirements throughout a single structure.


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Double-Skin Cooling SystemDouble-Skin Cooling SystemDouble-Skin Cooling SystemDouble-Skin Cooling SystemDouble-Skin Cooling System


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Double-Skin Cooling SystemDouble-Skin Cooling SystemDouble-Skin Cooling SystemDouble-Skin Cooling SystemDouble-Skin Cooling System

Jason Sidelko

Double-Skin systems are a cooling system that reduces the heat gain of a buildings outer

facade. When the sun hits the exterior of a building during the summer, some of the heat will absorbed and raise the inside temperature of the building. In a Double-Skin Cooling System,the outer secondary skin provides shade for the inner opaque walls, while ventilation in thecavity between the skins removes excess heat that passes through the outer skin. This isimportant in a tall building because it reduces the energy needed to cool the inside of thebuilding with air conditioning.

Nanogel(tm) Translucent InsulationNanogel(tm) Translucent InsulationNanogel(tm) Translucent InsulationNanogel(tm) Translucent InsulationNanogel(tm) Translucent Insulation


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Nanogel(tm) Translucent InsulationNanogel(tm) Translucent InsulationNanog (tm) Trans uc nt Insu ationNanog (tm) Trans uc nt Insu ationNanogel(tm) Translucent Insulation

Lance Fischer

The benefits of using NANOGEL Translucent Insulation in a building are:

It increases the ability to satisfy building code insulation R requirements and the requirementfor transmitted light.

It introduces the best insulating, diffuse light-transmitting technology known.

It doubles light transmission and thermal insulation over current technologies.

It yields constant insulating properties over time there are no changes in its properties.

It provides designers a tool to increase the use of natural day lighting for enhanced aestheticvalue.

Wireless NetworkingWireless NetworkingWireless NetworkingWireless NetworkingWireless Networking


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Jace Christoper

The use of wireless networks within a tall building should be considered a green technology. Th

savings in copper and fiber optics wires is a bonus. It allows for greater flexibility of space andits uses. It reduces the miles of copper and fiber optic wire that run throughout the entirebuilding. Using this technology, along with the integration of networked computers, can reducethe amount of paper that is consumed in an office building.

Recycling SystemRecycling SystemRecycling SystemRecycling SystemRecycling System


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Paul Kearney

In a tall building recycling is considered to be one of the main systems. Chutes, which extend

the entire height of the building, are required in order to pick up recyclables from every floor.The recyclables are then stored in a collection area at ground level. They are kept there untilcollection trucks can haul them to the proper facilities.


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Green Skyscraper

This section includes design concepts for integrating Green Technology into a tall building.The unconventional form of these buildings evolved from the theory that the appearance of aGreen Skyscraper be as innovative as the technology used in its systems. These pages werecreated by the students in Julee Herdts studio.


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Concepts

In this section are included the architectural concepts that the students derived from their sourcmaterial. Presented here are ideas for development of the site, memorials, and other building

This is not intended to provide design solutions, but to expand on the possibilities.

Many of the images in this section are from the boards created by the students.

UnityUnityUnityUnityUnity

A h H i


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Anthony Heinz

The use of geometric shapes in my design creates harmony throughout the site, both vertically

and horizontally. Harmony is critical to the physical environment of New York City in the wakeof September 11 and brings the City and its people a sense of unity. The three linked towerswere inspired by the unified support shown by the world in response to the events of that day.

The towers contain approximately 6 million square feet of office space. (This is half of thesquare footage of the original World Trade Center.) The design moves the elevators andstairways from the traditional location at the center of the tower, to exterior structural columns othe four corners. The towers also are linked by three sets of skywalks to allow people to move

between the buildings without descending to ground level.

The structure surrounding the base of the three towers is a transportation hub, for subways,buses and taxis. It also contains a street-level shopping concourse, art galleries, performancespaces and community spaces.

This structure will occupy approximately half of the site. The rest of the site is left as open spac

and a memorial, with the footprints of the World Trade Center being marked by reflecting poothat are partially enclosed by fragments of the original buildings that were left after theSeptember 11 attack.


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AERIAL PERSPECTIVE OF SITEAERIAL PERSPECTIVE OF SITEAERIAL PERSPECTIVE OF SITEAERIAL PERSPECTIVE OF SITEAERIAL PERSPECTIVE OF SITE

CENTRAL PERSPECTIVE VIEW LOOKING UPCENTRAL PERSPECTIVE VIEW LOOKING UPCENTRAL PERSPECTIVE VIEW LOOKING UPCENTRAL PERSPECTIVE VIEW LOOKING UPCENTRAL PERSPECTIVE VIEW LOOKING UP


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Site PlanSite PlanSite PlanSite PlanSite Plan Site Floor PlanSite Floor PlanSite Floor PlanSite Floor PlanSite Floor Plan

Main Floor PlanMain Floor PlanMain Floor PlanMain Floor PlanMain Floor Plan

Floor PlanFloor PlanFloor PlanFloor PlanFloor PlanSection of TowerSection of TowerSection of TowerSection of TowerSection of Tower North ElevationNorth ElevationNorth ElevationNorth ElevationNorth Elevation


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Perspective View of Front EntrancePerspective View of Front EntrancePerspective View of Front EntrancePerspective View of Front EntrancePerspective View of Front Entrance Perspective View of Side EntrancePerspective View of Side EntrancePerspective View of Side EntrancePerspective View of Side EntrancePerspective View of Side Entrance

Perspective View of Front EntrancePerspective View of Front EntrancePerspective View of Front EntrancePerspective View of Front EntrancePerspective View of Front Entrance Perspective View of SidePerspective View of SidePerspective View of SidePerspective View of SidePerspective View of Side

EntranceEntranceEntranceEntranceEntrance

Aerial View of Front EntranceAerial View of Front EntranceAerial View of Front EntranceAerial View of Front EntranceAerial View of Front Entrance Aerial View of Side EntranceAerial View of Side EntranceAerial View of Side EntranceAerial View of Side EntranceAerial View of Side Entrance

Anahata - A Place to LiveAnahata - A Place to LiveAnahata - A Place to LiveAnahata - A Place to LiveAnahata - A Place to Live

Jessica Meyer


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Jessica Meyer

The WTC must be rebuilt in a way that allows it to grow and adapt to changes in society. It mureflect the present strength of the people of New York City and also the growing and changingeconomies of our nation and the world.

My architectural concepts come from the influences a spiral form has in our lives and the use othe Chakra to create representation of the human body within architectural form.

I envision a series of paired towers connected by walkways. No longer would the WTC towersexist as separate worlds; they would be forever joined just as their functions and populations a

linked.

These towers would contain functions essential to the continuance of life: a school and daycarecenter; retail space and restaurants; a hospital and clinic; an apartment building that wouldprovide affordable housing; office space; civic spaces that would include art galleries,performance spaces, museums and a 9-11 memorial; and a large open plaza space for peopto come together.


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Standard Floorplan withSkywalk Connection

Lobby Floorplan

Gallery Space

Retail Space


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Interior View of Skywalk Perspective View of Skywalks

Interior View of a Standard Apartment

From Shadows to LightFrom Shadows to LightFrom Shadows to LightFrom Shadows to LightFrom Shadows to Light



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Jose Luis La Cruz Crawford

I believe what is built on the WTC site will mark the beginning of a complete revitalization of thfinancial district. It will introduce a prototype for the 21st century and will influence ourprofession, our society and our social consciousness.

To truly memorialize Sept. 11, we must educate. If we teach what happened, the memory willhold strong and future generations will not forget.

I have created an architectural form based upon a map of the shadows cast by the two towers they were struck and as they collapsed. As I overlaid these maps, I clearly saw building forms

These forms are the basis of all the buildings I designed for the site.

The program for the site would include an office building, a transportation hub with street leveretail, a cultural center, a museum dedicated to the events of September 11, and memorialspaces that occupy the footprints of the World Trade Center Towers.


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Cycle of LifeCycle of LifeCycle of LifeCycle of LifeCycle of Life

Nicole Rasmussen


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My design for the World Trade Center site is based on the idea of growth. What the site needstoday is not what it needed 30 years ago, nor is it what will be needed 30 years in the future.

To accommodate the changing needs of the area, I have proposed creating an architecturalframework that allows for growth, much like a tree is able to grow and mature. For example, the proposed office building, a central core would be constructed, and office modules wouldbe added to this central core to accommodate requirements of the time. Through this processthe structures would grow at an appropriate pace, and not create an overbuilt, economicallyunfeasible development.

The center of the site would be occupied by a memorial Wishing Tree. This concept, derivedfrom the Wishing Tree in Hong Kong, would allow people to write messages on slips of paperand hang them from the tree. This would allow people to leave their thoughts, feelings, prayeand hopes, much as flowers are left on a grave.


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apartments

Tree of life diagram on the site

view from West Street towards site


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New York City Skyline

North Elevation East Elevation


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SynergySynergySynergySynergySynergy

Adam Hillhouse


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I developed my design process by basing my interpretations on the concept of synergy, or morespecifically the phenomenon of individual elements coming together for a common good. Usi

the power of digital modeling, I based the my conceptual scheme loosely on four material units stone, glass, steel and brick.

These four elements became the virtual building blocks for my process. The interactions of theelements gave me an approach to my design that applied to the individual buildings as well asthe complex as a whole that is to use each individual element to the point where its influencedrives the evolution of the whole.

As for the memorial to victims, I believe simple, human-sized monuments should be placedthroughout the city to emphasize the fact that the Sept. 11 attacks reached further than theimmediate site.

The buildings at the site, the markers to memorialize our fallen and the transit opportunities thhelp bridge the gap between the two all follow a process of evolution. Not everything should built at once. Each step of the rebuilding can then reflect the ever-changing structure and need

of contemporary urban life.


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Manifestations of HealingManifestations of HealingManifestations of HealingManifestations of HealingManifestations of Healing

Tyler Cooper


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On Sept. 11, this nation was attacked and entered a new phase of existence as the site of a waOur nation was no longer involved in a far away struggle, the war was here, in our own

homeland.

But as dramatic as that time was for us, future generations not involved with the event will havehealed and moved on to a new day. They will need structural bridges that connect them to thefacts and the horrible loss of that day.

To address form, I needed to look at the fringes of the site, where the fall of the WTC stripped

facades and partially collapsed other buildings. From these broken, but not condemnedbuildings is where the site should began to be healed. The new buildings, like scar tissue on thuman form, should evoke a remembrance of the past structures, but capture the spirit ofhealing by reflecting on the needs and character of the future.

As I envisioned my project, I saw a scar was not just a physical manifestation. It also serves toinvoke mental images of what once was and what is no longer. A scar helps remind us ofwhat was lost and how we have changed due to an experience.


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Re//IncarnateRe//IncarnateRe//IncarnateRe//IncarnateRe//Incarnate

Michael Knoll


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My concept is driven by the character of New York City. The defining images of LowerManhattan - the images most of us hold - are narrow streets with small blocks, tall graceful

towers, and diverse architecture that spans 300 years of American history.

I propose that the site not be the work of one hand, but of many, each contributing to thefascinating pastiche that is the City. This site would be occupied by one large office tower, torestore the lost skyline, and many smaller buildings that would be a mixture of uses.

I believe the memorial should occupy the area taken up by the footprints of the two towers. As

gesture of respect, the memorial should have only minimal contact with what has becomehallowed ground.

To accomplish this, I propose a bridge-like structure that will only penetrate the ground at fourpoints. This building will become a liminal space, a bridge between the living and the deadand the past to the future.


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Appendix A: Urban

Comparisons

In this section are graphics which relate the size of the World Trade Center site to the urbancores of other major metropolitan areas in the United States. All maps were compiled by J.Daniel Malouff.

World Trade Center SiteTotal building collapse.

Heavy Damage, partialcollapse and majorstructural damage.


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New York, Downtown:The World Trade Center

occupies a large section ofLower Manhattan.

structural damage.

Light Damage, somewindows broken, heavy

debris fall.Infrastructure Damage,moderate debris, heavy

infrastructure disruption.

Moderate Damage,broken windows, minor

structural damage


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Boston, Massachusetts:The WTC is positioned in

central downtown Boston, notcovering any specific building.

Since Boston blocks are

irregularly shaped, thenumber that are covered

changes depending on wherethe comparison occurs.


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Chicago, Illinois:The WTC is positioned

above the Sears Tower (thetallest in the city) and covers

approximately nine cityblocks.


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Houston, TexasThe WTC is positioned above

the densest part ofdowntown and covers

approximately seven and ahalf city blocks.


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Miami, Florida:The WTC is positioned above

the First Union Tower (thetallest in the city until the

Four Seasons Hotel iscompleted later this year)and covers approximately

seven city blocks.


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Seattle, Washington:The WTC is positioned abovethe Bank of America Building

(the tallest in the city and

formerly known as theColumbia Seafirst Center)and covers approximately

nine city blocks.


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Appendix B:

Biographies

Faculty BiographiesFaculty BiographiesFaculty BiographiesFaculty BiographiesFaculty Biographies

Scott Crisman Sworts, Instructor, University of Colorado at BoulderScott Crisman Sworts, Instructor, University of Colorado at BoulderScott Crisman Sworts, Instructor, University of Colorado at BoulderScott Crisman Sworts, Instructor, University of Colorado at BoulderScott Crisman Sworts, Instructor, University of Colorado at Boulder

The architecture program, WTC Rebirth/Reincarnation, at the University of Colorado for the


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e a c ec u e p og a , W C eb / e ca a o , a e U ve s y o Co o ado o e2002 spring semester was proposed, conceptually designed and co-taught by Scott Crisman

Sworts of Denver, Colorado.

The administrative leadership at the university approved Mr. Sworts plans to offer students ofArchitecture and Planning an opportunity to formally participate in the reconstruction proposalsfor the area destroyed by a terrorist attack on the New York City World Trade Center site onSeptember 11, 2001.

Mr. Sworts worked in cooperation with Rebuild Downtown, Our Town, (R.DOT) and Pratt InstituCenter for Community and Environmental Development and has been offered the opportunity formally present student work to those entities and other involved groups in New York City.

Mr. Sworts is an instructor at the university. He received his Bachelors Degree in EnvironmentDesign from the university in 1992 and a Masters Degree in Architecture in 2000. Mr. Swortshas several years experience teaching architecture and computer-aided design software classein Colorado.

He has worked extensively in the architectural profession for 10 years. He has been recognizefor his residential design plans, was nominated for the Log Home of the Year award in 1996and won second place for a team transportation project for the City of Boulder in 1991 He h

Dr. Dwayne C. NuzumDr. Dwayne C. NuzumDr. Dwayne C. NuzumDr. Dwayne C. NuzumDr. Dwayne C. Nuzum

Dr. Dwayne C. Nuzum has been a Professor and Chair of Planning and Design of the CollegeArchitecture and Planning at the University of Colorado at Denver since 1999.

D N th E ti Di t f th C l d C i i Hi h Ed ti f


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Dr. Nuzum was the Executive Director of the Colorado Commission on Higher Education from1994 to 1999 and from 1993 to 1994, he was the Dean of the College of Architecture and

Planning at the University of Colorado at Denver. He was Chancellor of the University ofColorado at Colorado Springs from 1986 to 1992. His extensive and award-winning careerbegan in 1964 and has included such eminent positions as Acting Vice Chancellor for Academ

Affairs at the University of Colorado, Dean of the College of Environmental Design at theuniversity and Director of the Center for Urban Affairs at the university.

Dr. Nuzum holds a Doctoral in Town Planning from Delft Technical University, The Netherlands

a Master of Architecture, Urban Design Option from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Colorado, and Associate of Arts Degrees fromLamar Community College, Colorado State University and the University of Colorado atBoulder.

Student BiographiesStudent BiographiesStudent BiographiesStudent BiographiesStudent Biographies

Jace W ChristopherJace W ChristopherJace W ChristopherJace W ChristopherJace W Christopher - I was born on September 4, 1976, in Aspen, Colorado. I have lived inthe Roaring Fork Valley since I was 7 and graduated from Aspen High School in May 1995. Tstudio has been a great experience. The project itself is immense, far larger than anything I


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g p p j g y gimagined. The most notable experience was the opportunity to travel to New York City for the

first time with the studio classes. This project, itself, has not been easy. There are so many issuethat need to be resolved and there is so little time in a semester to tackle them all. I just hopethat what little I have done in the past few months can help in some way no matter how small.

Tyler CooperTyler CooperTyler CooperTyler CooperTyler Cooper - I have loved art my entire life. I studied the Fine Arts for two years before fallininto the rapture of Architecture. Travel is the most fantastic experience, and I desire to see eversquare inch of this planet. Education is the most valuable of all the assets a man can have, so plan to peruse a masters degree after some work experience. I was born in Glenwood SpringColorado, and will someday return to the mountains where I was born.

Joshua Thomas CoxJoshua Thomas CoxJoshua Thomas CoxJoshua Thomas CoxJoshua Thomas Cox - I am from Colorado Springs, Colorado, and am 22. I hope to becomecity planner in the public sector for a few years while earning my Masters in EnvironmentalDesign. Then I hope to find a profitable job in the private sector. (But, there is always the optioof joining the Peace Corps)

Carrie Jo DuncanCarrie Jo DuncanCarrie Jo DuncanCarrie Jo DuncanCarrie Jo Duncan - I am from Pueblo, Colorado, and am 22. I am a senior planning majorgraduating in December of 2002. I plan on attending graduate school at the University ofColorado in Denver with an interest in pursuing a Masters of Urban Design.

Adam Ray HillhouseAdam Ray HillhouseAdam Ray HillhouseAdam Ray HillhouseAdam Ray Hillhouse - I was born in Boulder, Colorado, on March 11, 1980. My father, anarchitect, exposed me to the world of building at an early age. When I was old enough to woron a job site, I began helping numerous contractors with many different aspects of the buildingprocess. My experiences in the trades have instilled in me a respect for the crafts involved inerecting our built environment. From this I studied design at the University of Colorado, andused the skills I acquired there to assist my father in many design commissions As I move


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used the skills I acquired there to assist my father in many design commissions. As I movecloser to creating my own architectural processes, I hope to combine the inspirational aspects

of theory with the pragmatic responsibilities of contextual architecture.

John HoffmanJohn HoffmanJohn HoffmanJohn HoffmanJohn Hoffman - I was born on June 16, 1980, in Denver, Colorado. I live in Bailey, and am asenior in the architecture program. I feel fortunate to participate in a design project that meanso much to the people of New York and to people all over the world. This is a greatopportunity for me to share my ideas, design processes, and explore new and inventivearchitecture.

Paul KearneyPaul KearneyPaul KearneyPaul KearneyPaul Kearney - I was born on September 11, 1978, in Warwick, Rhode Island. I grew up inBoulder, Colorado, and currently attend the University of Colorado. I am studying Architecturehere and plan to graduate in the fall of 2002. I am interested in the WTC project because it isallowing me to be included in the biggest design project in history, and one which will play avital role in the future of Lower Manhattan. I am excited to incorporate my own conceptualideas as well as green technology and sustainable architecture into the design for the TradeCenter.

Michael KnollMichael KnollMichael KnollMichael KnollMichael Knoll - I was born outside New Orleans and spent my childhood growing up in theOzark Mountains in Arkansas. I moved to Colorado when I was 13 and plan to graduate from

f f

Jeffrey A. MarckJeffrey A. MarckJeffrey A. MarckJeffrey A. MarckJeffrey A. Marck - I am a senior planning student from Pueblo, Colorado. I am planning onpursuing a career in the public sector, I am interested in transportation planning. I plan onmoving into the private sector in the future of my career.

Duane MartinezDuane MartinezDuane MartinezDuane MartinezDuane Martinez I am from Monte Vista, Colorado, and am 21. I am a junior planning majith t i bl i t h i d th i t di i ith h i i


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with a sustainable environments emphasis and an ethnic studies minor with emphasis in cross-

cultural comparatives. My interests include: affordable housing, neighborhood planning andurban areas; and residential architecture. I hope to get a Masters of Urban Planning,Architecture, or Urban Studies. Eventually, I plan on expanding good urban design to the oftenneglected economic classes in our society.

Jessica Marie MeyerJessica Marie MeyerJessica Marie MeyerJessica Marie MeyerJessica Marie Meyer - I was born and raised in Pueblo, Colorado. I have always lovedexploring things and figuring out how things work and go together. I grew up admiring twopeople more than anyone: my grandfather for his ability to fix and build anything, and my

mother for her persistence and hard work. It is these traits that I believe have carried me this fin my architectural education. In my own designs, I have always looked to explore new ways tcreate, and I have always strived to develop those ways as far as possible. I believe that newideas, methods and techniques will determine the future of architecture in the world, and thatthey can be successfully developed with persistence and hard work.

Nicole RasmussenNicole RasmussenNicole RasmussenNicole RasmussenNicole Rasmussen - I was born in a small town in Iowa and was raised in Colorado Springs,

Colorado. Then I moved to Boulder to start my college experience, which will end in May.Working on this project has been emotionally challenging, yet undeniably exciting. Through thproject and my senior seminars I have learned to think about how the built environment effectsour lives.


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Appendix C: Large

format drawings

Manhattan from the Hudson River SideManhattan from the Hudson River SideManhattan from the Hudson River SideManhattan from the Hudson River SideManhattan from the Hudson River Side


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Manhattan From the East River SideManhattan From the East River SideManhattan From the East River SideManhattan From the East River SideManhattan From the East River Side


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WTC Site from the EastWTC Site from the EastWTC Site from the EastWTC Site from the EastWTC Site from the East


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WTC Site From the WestWTC Site From the WestWTC Site From the WestWTC Site From the WestWTC Site From the West


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WTC Site From THe NorthWTC Site From THe NorthWTC Site From THe NorthWTC Site From THe NorthWTC Site From THe North


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Section of the WTC Site Showing the PATH Trains, SubwaySection of the WTC Site Showing the PATH Trains, SubwaySection of the WTC Site Showing the PATH Trains, SubwaySection of the WTC Site Showing the PATH Trains, SubwaySection of the WTC Site Showing the PATH Trains, Subway

lines and the depth of the original parking garage.lines and the depth of the original parking garage.lines and the depth of the original parking garage.lines and the depth of the original parking garage.lines and the depth of the original parking garage.

Also depicted in this section is a Buried West SiteAlso depicted in this section is a Buried West SiteAlso depicted in this section is a Buried West SiteAlso depicted in this section is a Buried West SiteAlso depicted in this section is a Buried West Site

Highway.Highway.Highway.Highway.Highway.

wtc - rebirth/reincarnation

Documents