wwi 1914-1918
DESCRIPTION
WWI 1914-1918. Causes. (See the Dynamite Notes) M ilitarism A lliances I mperialism N ationalism. Beginning Alliances. Triple Alliance:. Central Powers. Germany Austria-Hungary Italy. Beginning Alliances. Triple Entente:. Britain France Russia. Allied Powers. Immediate Cause. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
WWI1914-1918
Causes(See the Dynamite Notes)MilitarismAlliances ImperialismNationalism
Beginning AlliancesTriple Alliance:
CentralPowers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Beginning Alliances
Britain
France
Russia
Triple Entente:
Allied Powers
Immediate CauseArchduke Francis Ferdinand, (heir to Austrian throne) was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist
Assassin: Gavrilo Princip
Member of the “Black Hand”
Supported Serbian Nationalism
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife some minutes before they
were assassinated
Gavrilo Princip was taken into custody after the
assassination
Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife,
Sophie, riding in an open carriage at Sarajevo shortly before their assassination,
June 28, 1914.
Austria blamed Serbia for killing Ferdinand and declared war
Because of the alliances, “friends” joined war tooRussia –– Serbia
France and Britain join too
Germany –– Austria-Hungary
War Starts: 1914
Because of the Alliance System, a dispute between two countries full European war
“Total War”
Animated Map: Europe Plunges Into War
Central Powers Austria-
Hungary Ottoman
Empire Germany Bulgaria
Allied Powers Britain France America (entered
1917) Italy – changed
sides! Russia (withdrew
1917)
VS.
Sides
Schlieffen Plan: Germany invaded France
Goal: defeat France quickly to avoid war on two fronts
Chose to go through neutral Belgium
1st Stage: 1914-1916
Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914) Germans stopped 60 miles from Paris
Ended goal for quick victory on Western Front
Both sides dug trenches trench warfare
WWI primarily fought in trenches of France
German soldiers in their trenches near Antwerp (September 1914)
American soldiers in their trenches
British trench – soldier on the right is on guard, the others are resting.
Dead bodies in a trench after an attack
Life in the Trenches
Trench foot
Trenches Today
Major Theaters: Multi-Front War
Western Front – France–Trench warfare–Stalemate – no one is winning
–War of Attrition – just trying to wear down the other side
Eastern Front – Russia–Russians invade Germany on the east but are beaten back
British entered the war:Naval blockade around Europe so Germany couldn’t get supplies
Germans started building submarines
WWI = NEW kind of War
First industrialized war using machines
New weapons stalemate–Most deadly war to date
1. New types of artillery (huge cannon, grenade, mortars, shrapnel)
2. Machine guns ended frontal assault trench warfare
3. Tanks (originally British – not as advanced as in WWII)
4. Zeppelins (airships; used mainly for observation of troop movement)
5. Poison gas (first used by Germans)
Poison gas attack
British troops blinded by tear gas
A soldier with mustard gas burnsVarious gas masks employed on
the Western Front during WWI
6. Submarines (U-boats, developed and used by Germans)
German U-Boat U-Boat Crew
United States entered the war
Russia left the war because of the Communist (Bolshevik) Revolution of 1917
2nd Stage: 1917-1918
Sussex Pledge: Germans promised not to sink any more American ships
Why did the US enter?
Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by German U-boats – 128 US citizens killed
Americans really were
carrying ammunitio
ns and supplies to Britain and the allies
on the Lusitania, despite it being a
passenger ship.
Still, the American public was outraged.
Unrestricted German submarine warfare against neutral countries
Ties with Great Britain–Trade and loans–Allied propaganda
Zimmerman Note – Germany promised Mexico part of US territory if they fought with the Central Powers
Woodrow WilsonPresident who brought the
US into the warHoped to make
this the “War toEnd All Wars”to make theworld safe fordemocracy
US Entry More manpower, money,
and weaponsTurned the tide in favor of
AlliesEnded American
isolationism
Wilson’s 14 Points January 1918 – Wilson’s
speech before CongressListed 14 ideas he had for
a lasting peace settlement
First 5 points: to settle problems that caused the war
1.No secret deals between countries
2.Freedom of the seas3.No economic/trade
barriers4.Reduce arms supplies in
all countries5.Peaceful settlement of
colonial claims
Next 8 points: to settle problems of conquered nationalities
Last point: create a League of Nations to prevent future wars
“A general association of nations” to protect countries and settle
problems
Effects of the 14 Points
Raised morale of Allied soldiers
Encouraged Germans to surrender, knowing they would be treated fairly
End of the WarUS troops got to Europe
in 1918 and strengthened Allies
Allies won – Central Powers surrendered
Armistice – an agreement to stop fighting until a treaty could be written–Signed on 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918
Treaty of
Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
Meeting held in Paris between leaders of winning countries
“Big Four”
Big Four and Their Goals
David Lloyd George – Britain –Expand British power
–Make Germany payGeorges Clemenceau –
France –Ensure French security
–Make Germany pay
Woodrow Wilson – US –Provide just peace
–Create better world
Vittorio Orlando – Italy –Expand Italy's European lands and empire abroad
Big Four and Their Goals
Treaty of VersaillesBlamed Germany for WWI
(war guilt clause) Germany had to pay
reparations Payment for damages$33 billion over 30 years
League of Nations created
Territories of defeated nations became mandates –Governed by the League of Nations until deemed ready for independence
Became “colonies” of the League
–People in mandates were angry because they wanted independence after supporting the Allies in the war
Treaty of Versailles
German DisarmamentReduced army and navy
War industries prohibited
Problems that caused WWI and hatred still existed
Treaty of Versailles
Organization of countries to keep world peace
US never joined because Senate votes “no” – went back to policy of isolation
Weak organizationFailed to keep dictators like Hitler down
Dissolved when WWII began
League of Nations
Effects of WWI
SocialAlmost 10 million soldiers
were killed and over 20 million wounded
Millions of civilians diedWorld aflame with hatred
and nationalismFamine and malnutrition
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
WWI Casualties
EconomicCost $350 billion
–Heavy taxes, inflation –Lower standards of living
International trade suffered
Russia began new socialist/ communist economic system
Economic problems 1929 depression
PoliticalUS emerges as world
powerDynasties in Austria,
Russia, and Germany fellNew nation-states createdLeague of Nations
established to promote peace
Struggling countries dictatorships (ex: Russia)