WWIWWI

1914-19181914-1918

CAUSES OF WWICAUSES OF WWI

►Competition for land and powerCompetition for land and power►Growing sense of NationalismGrowing sense of Nationalism►Creation of alliancesCreation of alliances►MilitarismMilitarism

TWO MAIN ALLIANCESTWO MAIN ALLIANCES►CENTRAL POWERSCENTRAL POWERS

GermanyGermany Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary Bulgaria and Turkey Bulgaria and Turkey

►ALLIED POWERSALLIED POWERS Great BritainGreat Britain FranceFrance RussiaRussia Belgium and later Italy (also Serbia, Belgium and later Italy (also Serbia,

Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Greece Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Greece and Portugal)and Portugal)

MAJORMAJOR EVENTS:EVENTS:

ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND –FRANZ FERDINAND –

►Heir to the Austrian Heir to the Austrian thronethrone

► Visited Serbia with Visited Serbia with wife Sophiawife Sophia

►Was assassinated Was assassinated by members of by members of Serbian terrorist Serbian terrorist organizationorganization

► Sparked WWISparked WWI

DECLARATIONS OF WARDECLARATIONS OF WAR

► Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and began an invasion – July 28, 1914began an invasion – July 28, 1914

► Russia (allied w/ Serbia) ordered mobilization Russia (allied w/ Serbia) ordered mobilization of its troops – July 28-29of its troops – July 28-29

►Germany (allied w/ Austria-Hungary) Germany (allied w/ Austria-Hungary) responded by declaring war on Russia and responded by declaring war on Russia and attacked France (Russia’s ally) thereby attacked France (Russia’s ally) thereby declaring war with them as well – Aug 1 and 3declaring war with them as well – Aug 1 and 3

►Great Britain declared war on Germany – Aug 4Great Britain declared war on Germany – Aug 4

CHARACTERISTICS OF WWICHARACTERISTICS OF WWI

►Government propagandaGovernment propaganda►Fought on two frontsFought on two fronts►Trench WarfareTrench Warfare►Use of airplanesUse of airplanes►New weapons (machine guns, poison New weapons (machine guns, poison

gas, etc.)gas, etc.)►Unrestricted submarine warfare (U-boats)Unrestricted submarine warfare (U-boats)►TOTAL WARTOTAL WAR

THE U.S. JOINS THE WARTHE U.S. JOINS THE WAR►The U.S. had maintained a policy of The U.S. had maintained a policy of

isolationism, which kept the it out of the isolationism, which kept the it out of the war for 3 yearswar for 3 years

►The U.S. joined the war in 1917The U.S. joined the war in 1917 Angered by the use of unrestricted Angered by the use of unrestricted

submarine warfare (sinking of unarmed submarine warfare (sinking of unarmed civilian vessels)civilian vessels)

Zimmerman Note – offer to Mexico to Zimmerman Note – offer to Mexico to give them U.S. lands if Mexico joined the give them U.S. lands if Mexico joined the war and attacked the U.S. (intercepted war and attacked the U.S. (intercepted by U.S. intelligence)by U.S. intelligence)

LAST YEAR OF THE WARLAST YEAR OF THE WAR

►U.S. involvement gave the allies the U.S. involvement gave the allies the upper handupper hand

► In July of 1918, Germany was pushed In July of 1918, Germany was pushed back to the German borderback to the German border

► In November, the Kaiser abdicatedIn November, the Kaiser abdicated►November 11, 1918 the Germans November 11, 1918 the Germans

signed an signed an armisticearmistice (agreement to end (agreement to end the war)the war)

THE WAR AT HOMETHE WAR AT HOME►The Selective Service Act – registered The Selective Service Act – registered

American men for the draftAmerican men for the draft►The War Industries Board – controlled The War Industries Board – controlled

industrial production (government industrial production (government spending increased rapidly between 1916 spending increased rapidly between 1916 and 1918)and 1918)

►Espionage and Sedition Acts – targeted Espionage and Sedition Acts – targeted socialists and labor leaders (made it a socialists and labor leaders (made it a crime to criticize the war effort)crime to criticize the war effort)

►Women and African-Americans filled the Women and African-Americans filled the jobs of almost 2 million men that fought jobs of almost 2 million men that fought in Europein Europe

AMERICAN HEROESAMERICAN HEROES

►General John J. Pershing – led the General John J. Pershing – led the American Expeditionary Force American Expeditionary Force (instrumental in the Battle of Argonne (instrumental in the Battle of Argonne Forest)Forest)

►Alvin York – won the medal of honor Alvin York – won the medal of honor for bravery and his capturing of many for bravery and his capturing of many German troopsGerman troops

THE PEACE AGREEMENTTHE PEACE AGREEMENTThe Paris Peace ConferenceThe Paris Peace Conference

Excluded the Central PowersExcluded the Central PowersThe Big Three – U.S., Great Britain, France The Big Three – U.S., Great Britain, France

negotiated the peacenegotiated the peace

The Peace of ParisThe Peace of ParisFive separate peace treatiesFive separate peace treaties

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES (most important)(most important)Germany was punished harshlyGermany was punished harshly lost landlost land military restrictionsmilitary restrictions payment for war damagespayment for war damages

Establishment of the League of NationsEstablishment of the League of Nations

EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR IEFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I

►European boundaries changedEuropean boundaries changed►European monarchies ceased to existEuropean monarchies ceased to exist►Political and Social disarrayPolitical and Social disarray►Genocide of Armenians and other Genocide of Armenians and other

ethnic groupsethnic groups►Millions lost their livesMillions lost their lives►Hardships placed on Germany gave Hardships placed on Germany gave

rise to political changes and the rise to political changes and the eventual takeover by Hitlereventual takeover by Hitler

Europe – before and after Europe – before and after WWIWWI

In 1914In 1914 In 1921

Germany’s Territorial Losses: A new independent Poland was created. Germany lost territory to France and Poland, as well as all of its overseas colonies.

Austria-Hungary and Turkey: The Austro-Hungarian Empire was divided into several new national states. Turkey lost its territories in the Middle East

THE PEACE TERMS ENDING WORLD WAR I

Punishing Germany:Germany lost its navy, while its army was reduced to a small police force. Germany was forced to accept blame for starting the war in the “war Guilt Clause” and was required to pay huge reparations (payments for damages) to the Allies.

League of Nations: The Treaty created the League of Nations, an organization of nations pledged to defend each other against aggressors. The League was severely weakened when several major powers, such as the United States and Russia, failed to join it.

Activity: Read the articles below from the Covenant of the League of Nations and answer the question that follows.• Article 10. The members of the League undertake to…preserve against external

aggression the territorial integrity and political independence of all members.• Article 11. Any war or threat of war, … is hereby declared a matter of concern to

the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise to safeguard the peace of nations.

• Article 12. Members of the League agree that, if there should arise a dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter … to the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after a report by the Council. The award of the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time.

Based on these articles, how did the authors of the Covenant believe the League could prevent future wars? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Germany’s Territorial Losses:

Austria-Hungary and Turkey:

THE PEACE TERMS ENDING WORLD WAR I

Punishing Germany: League of Nations:

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

In 1919, for the first time, the U.S. Senate rejected a peace treaty. The Senate failed to reach its required two-thirds majority when just 39 of 55 senators voted for the treaty. Though President Woodrow Wilson had personally negotiated the treaty following World War I along with his idea for a League of Nations, the Senate could not agree. “Reservationists”, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, would only approve the treaty if certain reservations or alterations were adopted, while the “Irreconcilables” opposed it in any form. This expressed the view of many former American leaders, including George Washington – that the United States need not “entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition”

The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles, nor did it join the League of Nations. However, in 1921, Congress approved resolutions that formally ended hostilities with both Germany and Austria-Hungary.

If you were a senator in 1919, would you have voted for the Treaty of Versailles? Would you have voted to join the League of Nations? Explain your answers.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________