WWI: causes tensions from Age of Imperialism

secret alliances building up of arms assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand

WWI: connection to WWII

Allies’ harsh punishment of enemies Germany forced to pay $56 billion reparations

The Great Depression high unemployment in Germany in ability to pay back debts

WWI: connection to WWII Hitler’s rise restore pride (promised “right the wrongs” of the Treaty of Versailles)

economic relief prevent spread of communism – Germans did not want gov’t to take property

blamed the Jews for Germany’s problems

The Rise of Hitler Nazis elected to gov’t positions

1933 Hitler named Chancellor (like Prime Minister)

declared martial law, took away freedoms, named himself Chancellor for life

The Rise of Hitler

C. Fascist 1. strongly anti-Communist2. extreme nationalism (“We are the best”

attitude)3. dictatorship established4. power is absolute5. used military for power6. suppressed opposition with secret

police

D. Used propaganda to spread ideas

Propaganda“The attention span of the masses is very short, their understanding limited; they easily forget. For that reason effective propagandahas to concentrate on very few points and drive them home through simple slogans until even the simplest can grasp what you have in mind.”

- Adolf Hitler

Propaganda

Hitler’s Acts of Aggression

II. Acts of Aggression

A. Why?1. wanted to unite all German speaking people2. needed more “living space” for “superior race” (Aryans)

B. Appeasement: policy adopted by Allies which caused them to make concessions to Germany in order to preserve peace.

Acts of Aggression

C. Actions1. 1933:

a.strengthened military

b.against T of V2. 1936:

a.formed an alliance with Italy

b.also fascist gov’t

3. 1938:a.invaded Austria

b.many German speaking people

4. 1938-9: a.given Sudetenland

b.seized all of Czechoslovakia

5. 1939: a.non-aggression pact signed with Soviets

b.invaded Polandc.war declared by GB1.alliance with Poland

2.France allied with GB

The Major Players“The Bad Guys”

Leaders of the Axis PowersGermany

Adolf Hitler

ItalyBenito

Mussolini

JapanEmperor Hirohito

The Major Players“The Good Guys”

Leaders of the Allied PowersGreat Britain

Winston Churchill

FranceCharles De Gaulle

USA

USSRJosef Stalin

Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry Truman

The World At WarIV. European TheaterA. 1941

1. Germany invades USSR2. “Battle of Britain”3. Germany declares war on USA

B. 1942-31. Soviets stop Germans at Stalingrad2. Allies advance in North Africa, invade Italy

The World At War

C. 19441. June 6 -> “D-Day”: Allies land in France2. Soviets advance to the west

D. 1945

Germany surrenders

The World At WarV. Pacific Theater

A. 1937Japanese launch major drive into China

B. 1940Japan joins alliance with Italy and Germany

C. 1941a. December 7->

attack on Pearl Harbor

The Pacific Theater

The Pacific Theater

->

D. 19421. Japanese empire at its height2. Tide turns, Americans advance

E. 19451. Japanese econ collapses2. August 6 & 9 -> atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki (200,000 killed)3. August 14 -> Japan surrenders

The HolocaustI. The Holocaust

A. 1933-1945B. definition: the systematic annihilation of 6 million Jews by the NazisC. 5 million others killedD. occurred over time

The HolocaustII. The Nazis

A. Beliefs1. Germans are “racially

superior”2. struggle between them

and “inferior races” (Jews, Gypsies, handicapped)

The Holocausta. threaten biological purityb. had to be exterminated

3. Jews a. scapegoat: group blamed

for problems b. why?

1. centuries of anti-Semitism

2. not able to fight back3. used propaganda

The Holocaust4. Other inferiors

a. Slavic peoples1. Poles, Russians, etc.2. destined for slave labor

b. political enemies1. communist2. socialist

c. social enemies1. Jehovah’s Witnesses2. homosexuals

Hitler’s 4 Step Process B. Treatment

1. Identified

2. Restricted

3. Separated

4. Exterminated

The HolocaustC. done in secret

1. euphemisms used to hide the truth

2. victims were fooled to prevent resistance

3. disbelief that something like this could happen

The HolocaustIII. Methods of genocide

A. handicapped1. late 1930s2. lethal injection3. poisonous gas

B. mobile killing units1. 1941 Soviet invasion2. shot people in fields and ravines

The HolocaustC. Extermination centers

1. est. in Poland2. killed by gassing3. bodies cremated4. conducted systematically:

a. carried on using step-by-step procedures; orderly

b. victims deported to centers from W. Europe

The HolocaustD. Other deaths occurred in concentration camps and ghettos

1. forced labor2. starvation3. exposure4. brutality5. disease

6. execution

The HolocaustIV. Reaction

A. By 1942 US & GB know, but did not react

1. anti-Semitism2. fear of massive influx of refugees3. goal was to defeat Germany4. 1944 some rescue efforts made

B. Some Europeans collaborated with the Nazis

C. Some people resisted and aided those persecuted.

1945

V. How it All EndsA. German and Italian troops begin surrendering throughout EuropeB. Concentrations camps are liberatedC. Hitler commits suicideD. USA dropped two atomic bombs on Japan days apartE. Japanese agree to unconditional surrender

The Final CountWorld War II Casualties

• Total for Allies Powers – 9,186,111• Total for Axis Powers – 5,380,000• Total in war – 60,000,000 (killed & wounded)• USA Killed – 418,000• USA Wounded – 670,846

Holocaust Causalities• Approximately 6,000,000 Jews• Approximately 5,000,000 Non-Jews (POWs, gypsies, mentally/physically disabled)

The Final Count

Other OutcomesIV. Post-War Effects

A. End of colonialism1. Increased nationalism2. Fighting for democracy/against

dictatorships3. European powers too weak to maintain

colonies

Other OutcomesB. Cold War

1. USA/USSR emerge as two strongest nations

2. Resume mistrust of each other3. “Iron Curtain” falls over Eastern

Europe (Soviet occupation zones4. Communists led by Mao Zedong defeat

nationalists in Chinese Civil War