CausesCausesof WWIof WWI(The Great (The Great

War)War)

CausesCausesof WWIof WWI(The Great (The Great

War)War)

Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints

“ “Family Feud”Family Feud”

“ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles”

“ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”

“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied Powers Allied Powers

(Triple Entente)(Triple Entente)::Allied Powers Allied Powers

(Triple Entente)(Triple Entente)::Central PowersCentral Powers

(Triple (Triple Alliance)Alliance)::

Central PowersCentral Powers

(Triple (Triple Alliance)Alliance)::

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

1. Militarism & Arms Race1. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

2. Alliances

Germany blank check to A-H Empire Secret alliances on both sides

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

Colonial countries fight for “MotherCountries”

4. Aggressive Nationalism=

Extreme dedication and loyalty to one’s country

4. Aggressive Nationalism=

Extreme dedication and loyalty to one’s country

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 After the

Balkan wars of 1913-

1913, Balkans are

the“Powder

Keg”of Europe.

All they needed was a spark….

After the Balkan wars

of 1913-1913,

Balkans are the

“Powder Keg”

of Europe.

All they needed was a spark….

•M_______A_______I________N______ ?•Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism•Turn to your WWI map and follow the video map sequence.

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

Archduke Franz Ferdinand (A-H) is

assassinated.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand (A-H) is

assassinated.

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Funeral for Archduke Ferdinand

The Domino Effect

(1) A-H Empire issues an ultimatum to allow Austria forces to investigate and stop anti-Austrian activities

(2) Serbia refuses ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declares war

(3) Russia mobilizes army to defend Serbia (4) Germany declares war on Russia

The Domino Effect• (5) France declares war on Germany (6) Germany invades Belgium to attack

France (Shlieffen plan)

The Schlieffen Plan --->

Domino Effect

(7) Britain declares war on Germany

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

MobilizationMobilization Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war

in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!

Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war

in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Millions

1. Can you describe the setting, precipitating events, and alliances that were formed?

2. Who declared war and in what order?

3. What was the Schleiffin Plan?

4. Who was the Arch Duke Ferdinand and why did Aust-Hung. Declare war on Serbia?

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropagandPropagand

aa

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropagandPropagand

aa

Australian PosterAustralian Poster

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

What is the purpose of propoganda?

Why is it used?

The The Western Western Front:Front:

Trench Trench WarfareWarfare

The The Western Western Front:Front:

Trench Trench WarfareWarfare

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Australians Occupying German Trench

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The Stench Rotting carcasses lay around in their thousands. For example,

approximately 200,000 men were killed on the Somme battlefields, many of which lay in shallow graves.

Overflowing latrines would similarly give off a most offensive stench. Men who had not been afforded the luxury of a bath in weeks or months

would offer the pervading odor of dried sweat. The feet were generally accepted to give off the worst odor.

Trenches would also smell of creosol or chloride of lime, used to stave off the constant threat of disease and infection.

Add to this the smell of cordite, the lingering odor of poison gas, rotting sandbags, stagnant mud, cigarette smoke and cooking food... yet men grew used to it, while it thoroughly overcame first-time visitors to the front.

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

British troops and cavalry went “over the top” Shear numbers allow attack to be “successful” First day of battle 60,000 British soldiers

killed British general believed he had to attack -

used old tactics in new war 420,000 British; 200,000 French; 500,000

Germans killed

Battle of Somme

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Poison gas strikes the skin

Chlorine gas - 1st used, affected respiratory system

Phosgene gas - 18 times more potent then Chlorine gas. Can take 2 days for lungs to fill with fluid.

Mustard gas - burns eyes, skin. Swelling, vomiting follow. Able to penetrate clothing. Battlefields couldn’t be reoccupied.

Use and Effects of Gas

Trench Foot

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

Click Esc. And continue for next two slides (One and

Aftermath)

Aftermath Poem

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“War neurosis” or “Combat Stress” Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms include tiredness, irritability, lack of

concentration, headaches. Mental breakdown often occurred Came from conditions, heavy artillery Treatment not helpful - get soldiers back in the

trenches Generals saw this as cowardice

Shellshock

• If surviving the enemy was not bad enough, over 1000 soldiers were executed by their own armies.

Number Killed by Nation:

•Germany - 48

•France - 600

•Britain - 346

•Italy - 500+

•Canada - 25

Shot

at D

awn

Soldiers killed for insubordination, desertion, refusing to fight

Leaders assumed it would help discipline and morale

Those with shell-shock also executed

Military Executions

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The Tsar with General Brusilov

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

Financing the WarFinancing the War

For RecruitmentFor Recruitment

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

SpiesSpies

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy/”escort”!

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy/”escort”!

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

B. Pretend you are a colonist in Africa as you study the map on p. 852 •How might you feel if you were drafted into a war for the “mother country”?•Would it be in your best interest to fight?

Ghandi:”If we improve our status with the help and cooperation of the British…we will stand with them during their hour of need”

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

Tanks

Used invention of internal combustion engine

Early tanks very unreliable – pushed into service before fully developed

British hoped they would end stalemate on Western Front

Advantages of tank – could travel over muddy land and cut through barbed wire

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

WWI Weapons

Machine guns, grenades, <---mortars, chlorine gas

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

Armenian Massacre in Turkey

Armenian Massacre in Turkey

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Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey

1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

     

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

   

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total 2,133,190 387,800

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

John-nie, get your gun, get your gun, get your gun,Take it on the run, on the run, on the run,Hear them call-ing you and me, ev'-ry son of lib-er-tyHur-ry right a-way, no de-lay, go to-dayMake your Dad-dy glad to have had such a lad,Tell your sweet-heart not to pine, to be proud her boy's in line

O-ver there, o-ver there, send the word, send the word, o-ver there,That the Yanks are com-ing, the Yanks are com-ing,The drums rum-tum-ming ev'-ry whereSo pre-pare, say a prayer, send the word, send the word to be-wareWe'll be o-ver, we're com-ing o-ver,

And we won't come back 'til it's o-ver O-ver There!John-nie, get your gun, get your gun, get your gun,John-nie show the Hun you're a son of a gunHoist the flag and let her fly, Yan-kee Doo-dle do or diePack your lit-tle kit, show your grit, do your bitYan-kees to the ranks from the towns and the tanksMake your moth-er proud of you and the old Red White and Blue

O-ver there, o-ver there, send the word, send the word, o-ver there,That the Yanks are com-ing, the Yanks are com-ing,The drums rum-tum-ming ev'-ry whereSo pre-pare, say a prayer, send the word, send the word to be-wareWe'll be o-ver, we're com-ing o-ver,And we won't come back 'til it's o-ver O-ver There!

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

20,000,000 – 20,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

20,000,000 – 20,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

Spanish Flu strain- world-wide

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11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

Over 9,000,000 dead

Paste in Children’s Crusade

nothing escaped the war. . .

british

austrian

french

canadian

american

russian

british

german

austrian

french and german

german

russian

italian

french

german

“In death there is not much distinction, friend or foe are treated alike”

9.

12.

Who is he? Does it even matter?

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Germany-A-H Surrender

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Armistice Day

November 11, 1918

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Before

After

Before

After

Who will pay?Who will pay?Who to blame?Who to blame?Never again?Never again?