WWI to Today! Yay!

• World War I• Causes of WWI• Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism, Alliances• Imperialism

– Fighting for land to take (Africa, Asia, islands)– Once its all taken, they take from the other takers

• Nationalism – Pride in your country, need for self-rule– Austria-Hungary, Serbia

• Miliatrism– Rapid building up of military– Happens because of fears of others’ powers– Easy to do because of the new technology (industrial revolution)

• Maxim Gun (machine gun)

• Alliances• European countries unite, making an attack on one an attack on

all

• Immediate cause• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (AH) and his

wife • Hanging out in a part of AH that was just taken

from Serbia• Killed by nationalist terrorist, Gavrillo Princip of

the Black Hand • Serbia calls its big brother (Russia)• Austria-Hungary calls its big brother (Germany)• Then, more alliances lead to a world war

• The War (1914-1918)• Trench warfare, new weaponry (machine gun,

submarine, tank)– Trench foot– Mustard Gas– Barbed wire– Tanks– Machine gun– Submarines (by Germany)

• Trench Warfare– Conditions in the trenches were poor, and common infections

included dysentery, typhus, and cholera.

– Many soldiers suffered from parasites and related infections.

– Poor hygiene also led to fungal conditions, such as trench mouth and trench foot.

– Another common killer was exposure, since the temperature within a trench in the winter could easily fall below freezing

You’re gonna need to change your socks…or you’re gonna have a bad time.

Trench foot for the lose?

More trench foot? Okay!

• Mustard Gas (Yperite) was first used by the German Army in September 1917. It was one of the most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war. It was almost odourless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks. The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning. One nurse, Vera Brittain, wrote: "I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning. Great mustard-coloured blisters, blind eyes, all sticky and stuck together, always fighting for breath, with voices a mere whisper, saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke."

• Effects• Treaty of Versailles – ends the war – Austria Hungary separated, Germany needed to

pay reparations, League of Nations created– Germany had to admit guilt for starting the war

and pay for the entire war• The government in charge of Germany stinks, and

thinks it can print tons of money to pay the debt after the stock market crashes • This causes ultra inflation (1 US dollar =

1,000,000,000,000 marks)

– This will make Hitler angry and you wouldn’t like him when he’s angry.

• Russian, Mexican, Chinese Revolutions all regard land redistribution– Super-communist

• Revolt of the proletariat to take land from the bourgeoisie

• Russian Revolution (know this)– Ends 300 year Romanov Dynasty – WWI showed Russia how behind they were – Czar Nicholas II was a crappy leader• More worried about war than Russian people

– Also, Rasputin!

Also, Rasputin.

• Bolsheviks (means more) led by Lenin’s call for Peace, Land, and Bread!– Starts as a labor union • Organizes the workers to revolt• Just like Marx said

• Civil War between Red (communist) and White (anti-communist) armies – White fails because it is helped by outsiders (ENG,

US)– Nationalism joins communism here

• USSR eventually established– Union of Socialist Soviet Republics

After WWI

• After WWI, a lot of countries argued over where the new borders were

• It turns out the the League of Nations was really weak and Wilson couldn’t get Congress to agree to let the US join

• Germany is poor and tells France that they can’t pay back reparations

The Great Depression

• Germany was borrowing what money it had from the US

• 1929 – US stock market crashes which leads to Germany’s market crashing and then other European countries

• Inflation was coupled with Germany printing more money making a loaf of bread cost 200 Billion Marks

• The depression doesn’t end until all of the money is spent to fight WWII

Dictators

• Because the economies are so bad in Europe, dictators try to take over – They have simple solutions– It’s easy to get a lot of power when everyone is

weak– They look to the dictator as a hero

Mussolini

• Mussolini takes over Italy with an army called the Black Shirts

• He calls his type of government Fascism– The good of the country is more important than

the good of the individual• Has a group of secret police that kills

dissenters• Paid off the Catholic Church

Lenin/Stalin

• After WWI, Lenin is controlling Russia• He makes a “New Economic Plan” where the

government controls the crops• Changes Russia’s name to Union of Socialist

Soviet Republics (USSR)• When Lenin dies, Stalin takes over and makes

USSR industrial (factories)

Lenin

Comintern

• Lenin starts Comintern (Communist International)

• He starts convincing other countries to become communist– China– Korea (North)– Vietnam

Stalin

Franco

• Spain has a civil war and Germany and Italy help dictator, Francisco Franco take over

Hitler

• Hitler was born rich and fought for Germany in France in WWI

• He hates the French and the weak government they put in place in Germany

• He tries to overthrow the government at a bar (Beer Hall Putsch), get’s put in jail

• Writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in jail• Blames all of Germany’s problems on the Jews

Middle East

• After WWI, the Middle East is angry because they were promised their own countries by the Allies, but were taken over.

• Muslims are in control of Palestine (Israel today).

• England threatens the Muslims to let the Jews back in.

• They do for five years, but then halt immigration.

Africa

• During WWI, a lot of colonized Africans enlisted to help their colonizers.

• While at war, they saw the world and came back to Africa and tried to overthrow the colonizers.

• Most of these uprisings were crushed like pow!

India

• Mahatma (means Great Soul) Gandhi leads non-violent protests against England’s colonization

• Calls his protests “Civil Disobedience” • Remember, England was still controlling India

during WWI• His style of protesting made England look evil and

eventually led to India being free after WWII• Part of India becomes Pakistan (almost all Muslim)

because the Hindus and Muslims can’t get along

Japan

• After WWI, Japan is getting much stronger• They have huge corporations called Zaibatsus

(one is Mitsubishi)• Starts becoming imperialist, takes over

Manchuria and some other islands• US makes them sign a treaty saying they will

take no more land

Hitler after Jail

• After getting out of jail, Hitler uses persuasion to take over the weak German government

• He begins taking land from USSR and giving it to German peasants

• He starts a draft and sends troops to Rhineland– Both were banned by the Treaty of Versailles

Appeasement

• England and Germany decide to appease (satisfy the enemy so everything stays stable) Hitler

• Prime Minister Chamberland from England calls it “peace for our time”

• He’s an idiot.

WWII Starts

• Hitler makes pacts with Italy, Spain, Russia and Japan

• The then invades Poland (Official start to WWII)

Japan

• Japan keeps taking over areas in Southeast Asia for natural resources like oil

• America is threatened so they say they will stop trading with Japan

• Japan ignores them and takes more islands

The War in France

• Germany uses blitzkrieg (lightning war)– Planes bombing in front of tanks and tanks taking

out the rest• Demolishes Poland, Belgium and The

Netherlands• Goes around Maginot Line (Concrete and steel

boundary between France and Germany)– Takes over Paris and calls it Vichy France

Britain, Russia and Pearl Harbor

• Battle of Britain – Germany bombs British military and civilian targets

• Constant bombings for over a year• Germany turns on and attacks Russia, but

Russia retreats again like they did with Napoleon and defeats Germany.

• Pearl Harbor – Japan attacks Hawaii thinking US will leave them alone in the Pacific– FDR calls it “A day that will live in infamy.”

The End of the War in Europe

• US declares war on Japan, leading Germany to declare war on US

• American troops join the English troops to take back France

• They stormed the beach in Normandy, France and marched to take back Paris

• Moved through to Germany where Hitler and his girlfriend had already killed themselves

• VE (Victory in Europe) Day - 1945

The End of the War in Japan

• FDR dies and Truman takes over– Has to decide whether to use the nuke

• Says invasion would be hard and lots of American and Japanese people would die

• The first bomb “Little Boy” is dropped over Hiroshima and then “Fat Man” is dropped over Nagasaki

• August 14th, 1945, Prince Hirohito surrenders, VJ (Victory in Japan) Day

Legacy of WWII

• 17 million soldiers + 20 million civilians = 37 million deaths

• Almost four times the deaths of WWI• First and last nuclear weapon used in a war• First use of planes for bombing in a war

Jews

• Anti-Semitism was a part of life for many Europeans• The Jews were outsiders in Germany and Poland• They had come from the Middle East to flee the

Romans 2000 years earlier• They had come from Russia to flee the pogroms

(government sponsored Jew killings) 100 years earlier

• They had a different language, religion, food and culture

Hitler’s Reasoning

• Hitler and some Germans blamed the Jews for Germany’s financial crisis because many banks were owned by Jews

• A stereotype of Jews being greedy and selfish had been around since the Middle Ages where Jews weren’t allowed to own land. They, instead began lending money and charging interest to make profits.

• This was reinforced by Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice

The Holocaust

• Hitler believed that the solution to Germany’s problems was genocide (geno=race, cide=kill)

• Began with the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

• Jewish businesses and synagogues were broken into

• Nuremberg Laws made it illegal for Jews to– marry or date non-Jews– Employ non-Jew women under 45

The Holocaust Continued

• Hitler called it the Final Solution• Would force Synagogues to give the Nazis their

membership lists and go door-to-door either sending Jews to concentration camps or, towards the end, killing them

• Mass graves• Gas chambers• Ashes of burning bodies looked like snow in the

air

The Holocaust Continued

• Allies thought that the Holocaust was over exaggerated

• It wasn’t. • Six million Jews killed• Two out of every three European Jews were killed• Ten Million non-Jews killed– Gay people– Disabled people– Gypsies

After WWII

• After WWII, Russia and US are suspicious of each other

• The United Nations is formed to do what the League of Nations could not do (stop another war from happening)

• Truman wants many of the eastern European countries that Germany attacked to become capitalist, Stalin wants them to be communist

After WWII Continued

• Germany is divided up and Berlin, the capital is half capitalist and half communist. It is separated by a wall

• US saw USSR as wanting to spread communism worldwide and vice versa

• Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of England) said that “an iron curtain divided the continent” between capitalism and communism

The Cold War

• It is called the Cold War because the two main sides (US and USSR) never fought. It was a war of words.

• Both sides had nukes, but did not want to use them because they would both end up dead (MAD Mutually Assured Destruction)

• US creates an alliance called NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) to defend against the communists

• USSR makes it’s own group called the Warsaw Pact

Space Race

• USSR puts the first satellite in space (Sputnik)• USSR puts the first living thing in space (Laika)• USSR puts the first person in space (Yuri

Gagarin)• US puts the first man on the moon (Neil

Armstrong)• Both sides say they won the “Space Race”

The Korean War (1950-1953)

• North Korea becomes communist and tries to take over South Korea

• America steps in wanting to make all of Korea capitalist

• Outcome – Two countries, one communist, one capitalist

The Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

• JFK finds out that Fidel Castro took over Cuba and made it communist

• Has the CIA train ex-Cubans, gives them guns and sends them to overthrow Castro

• Fail

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

• Castro fears another US attack• His buddy, Khrushchev (USSR) sends him a

nuclear bomb that can reach Miami from Havana

• JFK sends ships to stop the bomb in the middle of the Atlantic

• The thirteen day standoff ends when JFK agrees to let Cuba stay communist as long as Khrushchev takes the nuke back to USSR

The Vietnam War (1955-1975)

• France had controlled Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia since the Opium Wars (French Indochina)

• China helps northern Vietnam kick out the French

• North Vietnam becomes communist, southern Vietnam stays capitalist

The Vietnam War (1955-1975)

• US sees south Vietnam as a domino. If it falls to communism, all of Asia will

• The draft is reinstated• Many American citizens protests against the

war• Troops were withdrawn in 1975 after a

stalemate of more than ten years of major conflict

The Cold War Ends (1989-1991)

• Regan and Gorbachev start talks to reduce nukes in 1980s

• Russia can’t keep up with US arms race (race to build up weapons) because it is too poor

• Gorbachev wants to reform (perestroika) and open (glasnost) USSR government

• Many say the fall of the Berlin Wall is the real end of the Cold War

South Africa

• England has been controlling South Africa since the Boer War (1800s)

• They really “dig” the diamonds there• In 1948, England starts Apartheid (apartness)

that makes blacks non citizens, says they have to live in the crappy parts of the country, they can’t marry whites and they can’t vote on certain things like war (doc)

South Africa Continued

• Nelson Mandela leads protests for equality in South Africa.

• He is put in prison in the 1960s and was there for 27 years

• Many countries like US protested for his freedom and the end of apartheid

• This stays the way until 1994 when he was finally released, runs for President, wins and ends apartheid

Afghanistan

• USSR takes over in 1979• US helps overthrow USSR in 1989• Taliban (theocracy) takes over in 1996• Taliban pays for 9/11 in 2001• US overthrows Taliban in 2002• US finds and kills Osama bin Laden (leader of the

Taliban) in 2011• US will end the war and withdraw most of its troops by

2014 (That’s your first “future” note in World Civ, btw)

Iraq

• Is where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are• In 1990, Iraq tried to take over Kuwait (a small

rich country)• US crushes them in the Persian Gulf War• 2003, George W. Bush gets proof that Iraq’s

leader, Saddam Hussein has weapons of mass destruction (nukes) and invades when Iraq refuses to let the US inspect

Iraq Continued

• Hussein is eventually captured and hanged• No WMDs are found– People argue to whether Bush just said it to get

Hussein or if he actually had proof• 2011, the last troop left Iraq ending the war

India and Pakistan

• Muslims and Hindus in India hate each other.• Muslims want their own country.• After WWII, England frees India and makes north

India East and west Pakistan• Then East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh after

much drama with West Pakistan• Ghandi dies and Hindus in India and Muslims in

Pakistan are still fighting in northern India over Kashmir (land between Pakistan and Bangladesh)

China

• Communists, led by Mao Zedong take over after WWII in China

• An uprising of nationalists leads to a huge civil war and push the communists 8000 miles back to rural China. This takes over a year. (Long March)

• Communist lay and wait to try to take back over China

China Continued

• Communists return and push the nationalists off to island of Taiwan

• The Chinese in Taiwan say that Taiwan is the real China (Republic of China) and mainland China (People’s Republic of China) is fake

• This is why there are two Chinas at the Olympics

Cultural Revolution

• Mao runs China very strictly forcing people to wear the same clothes and not watch Western TV

• Green means stop, red means go• Mao suit • Forced people to name their children things like

“Protect the Leaders” and “Respect Great Glory”• Teachers would try to get children to turn in their

parents for dissenting

China Today

• After Mao dies, things start to loosen up in China

• Deng Xaoping (De!) takes over• Opens China up to international trade • Today, huge companies are owned by the

government, but small businesses can be capitalist

Loose Ends

• England gave Hong Kong back to China in 1997• US gave back the Panama Canal in 1999• South Sudan broke free from Sudan after

genocide in 2011

Loose Ends Continued

• Arab Spring protests leads to revolutions in Libya, Egypt and other Middle East countries in 2011– Many say it was caused by Facebook and Youtube

• World population passes seven billion in 2011• May 2015– I took my last note in World History

We Did it