WWIWWI

Total warTotal war► Channeling a Channeling a

nations entire nations entire resources into the resources into the war effortwar effort

►Gov’t takes stronger Gov’t takes stronger role in economic role in economic and cultural lives of and cultural lives of its peopleits people

►Govt’s institute:Govt’s institute: Raise taxesRaise taxes Borrow large Borrow large

amounts of money to amounts of money to pay for warpay for war

DraftsDrafts Food/product Food/product

rationingrationing Economic controlsEconomic controls

►Setting pricesSetting prices►Forbidding strikesForbidding strikes

Economic WarfareEconomic Warfare► British blockded British blockded

Germans in North Germans in North SeaSea

► Looked for Looked for “contraband”“contraband” What would this be?What would this be?

►German response?German response?

U-BoatU-Boat

Unrestricted Submarine Unrestricted Submarine warfarewarfare

►German subs would sink any vessel German subs would sink any vessel headed towards Britain.headed towards Britain.

►““Lusitania “Lusitania “ Sunk in May of 1915 off of IrelandSunk in May of 1915 off of Ireland 1,200 people killed. Including 128 americans1,200 people killed. Including 128 americans U.S. upset U.S. upset

►Threatens to cut all relations with GermanyThreatens to cut all relations with Germany►Germany agrees to stop unrestricted submarine Germany agrees to stop unrestricted submarine

warfare……..for nowwarfare……..for now

LusitaniaLusitania

U.S.A,U.S.A.,U.S.A!!U.S.A,U.S.A.,U.S.A!!► Up until 1917 the U.S. had remained “neutral”Up until 1917 the U.S. had remained “neutral”

U.S. had traded with the countries on both U.S. had traded with the countries on both sides of WWIsides of WWI

The U.S. had huge economic investments The U.S. had huge economic investments with the allieswith the allies►Amount= 2-5 billion dollars ( today Amount= 2-5 billion dollars ( today

somewhere around 500 bil to 1.3 trillion)somewhere around 500 bil to 1.3 trillion)►France and England were financing their France and England were financing their

war with US loans.war with US loans.►In addition, they were buying massive In addition, they were buying massive

amounts of arms from the US on credit.amounts of arms from the US on credit. IMPORTANCE OF ALL THIS??IMPORTANCE OF ALL THIS??

Presidential election of 1916Presidential election of 1916►Wilson wins 277-254Wilson wins 277-254

Wilson's election slogan “he kept us out of Wilson's election slogan “he kept us out of the war”the war”►Was portrayed as the antiwar candidateWas portrayed as the antiwar candidate►Close election says something about this thoughClose election says something about this though

►Wilson calls for "peace without victory“ Wilson calls for "peace without victory“ January 22, 1917January 22, 1917

►He proposed peace terms for ending the war and He proposed peace terms for ending the war and defined the traditional use of victory as being defined the traditional use of victory as being useless to the establishment of peace among useless to the establishment of peace among nations nations

Deja vuDeja vu►Germany resumes unrestricted Germany resumes unrestricted

submarine warfare January 31, 1917submarine warfare January 31, 1917 Germany thought this might bring the U.S. Germany thought this might bring the U.S.

into the conflictinto the conflict Germany thought this help would be to Germany thought this help would be to

late, Germany seeks to starve England late, Germany seeks to starve England into submissioninto submission

►Wilson denounces Germany for thisWilson denounces Germany for this

Invasion?Invasion?►Zimmermann note discovered in Zimmermann note discovered in

February 1917. February 1917. ►Sent from Berlin to Mexico CitySent from Berlin to Mexico City►German Foreign minister Zimmermann German Foreign minister Zimmermann

asks Mexico to join Germany in asks Mexico to join Germany in exchange for return of southwest U.S. exchange for return of southwest U.S.

►British intercepted the messageBritish intercepted the message►Reaction from U.S. Public?Reaction from U.S. Public?

April 6April 6thth 1917 1917►Congress passes declaration for warCongress passes declaration for war►Wilson: “ we are not in this war for any Wilson: “ we are not in this war for any

selfishselfish reason. We are in this war to reason. We are in this war to make the world safe for democracy….. make the world safe for democracy….. This is a war to end war”This is a war to end war”

The country prepares for war The country prepares for war May 1917May 1917

► Food Administration Food Administration formedformed Herbert Hoover heads Herbert Hoover heads

effort to conserve food effort to conserve food and boost agricultural and boost agricultural output output

► Creel Committee Creel Committee propaganda propaganda Daily "Official Bulletins" Daily "Official Bulletins"

seek to convince seek to convince Americans of the Americans of the crusade for freedom crusade for freedom and democracyand democracy

the bestial nature of the bestial nature of the "Huns“the "Huns“

► War Industries Board War Industries Board created created Led by Bernard BaruchLed by Bernard Baruch set prices set prices determined what goods determined what goods

should be produced by should be produced by private industryprivate industry

► Selective Service Act Selective Service Act Nearly 10 million men Nearly 10 million men

are listedare listed a lottery chooses first a lottery chooses first

687,000 to serve687,000 to serve Eventually 3,000,000 Eventually 3,000,000

men serve as draftees in men serve as draftees in the war the war

WILSONS 14 POINTSWILSONS 14 POINTS► January 1918 January 1918 ►Wilson lists his goals for a war-free Wilson lists his goals for a war-free

world, including a League of Nations world, including a League of Nations

The turning of the tideThe turning of the tide► Cantigny May 1918Cantigny May 1918

First victory for American troopsFirst victory for American troops► Chateau-Thierry May 1918 Chateau-Thierry May 1918

French and American troops block German advance French and American troops block German advance ► Second Battle of the MarneSecond Battle of the Marne July 1918 July 1918

Allied forces defeat Germans who begin retreat east Allied forces defeat Germans who begin retreat east ► Sedan October 1918Sedan October 1918

American troops cut German supply lines 50 miles behind German American troops cut German supply lines 50 miles behind German frontfront

► Germans surrender on November 11 1918 expecting Germans surrender on November 11 1918 expecting a peace drawn up under Wilson's generous 14 Points a peace drawn up under Wilson's generous 14 Points the worst war in world history is over the worst war in world history is over

► Estimated 20-35 million people killed including Estimated 20-35 million people killed including soldiers and civilianssoldiers and civilians

► What were reasons total was so high?What were reasons total was so high?

How would Wilsons points deal with

►Germany?►unrestricted submarine warfare?►The alliance system?►Arms races?►Nationalism?►French territory? Belgium?►Serbia?►Ottoman empire?►League of Nations?

Treaty of VersailleTreaty of Versaille►Germanys Fault alone!Germanys Fault alone!

Article 231 (Article 231 (the "War Guilt Clause"the "War Guilt Clause") ) ►lays sole responsibility for the war on lays sole responsibility for the war on

Germany, which is to be accountable for all Germany, which is to be accountable for all damage to civilian populations of the Allies. damage to civilian populations of the Allies.

Issue with this?Issue with this?

Military restrictionsMilitary restrictions► The Rhineland will become a The Rhineland will become a

demilitarized zone demilitarized zone administered by Great Britain administered by Great Britain and France jointly. and France jointly.

► German armed forces will German armed forces will number no more than number no more than 100,000 troops, and 100,000 troops, and conscription will be abolished. conscription will be abolished.

► German naval forces will be German naval forces will be limited to 15,000 men, 6 limited to 15,000 men, 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 6 destroyers and 12 torpedo destroyers and 12 torpedo boats No submarines are to boats No submarines are to be included. be included.

► The manufacture, The manufacture, import, and export of import, and export of weapons and poison weapons and poison gas is prohibited. gas is prohibited.

► Armed aircraft, tanks Armed aircraft, tanks and armored cars are and armored cars are prohibited. prohibited.

TerritoryTerritory►Alsace-Lorraine French againAlsace-Lorraine French again►Austria-Hungary broken upAustria-Hungary broken up►Poland, Czechoslovakia and YugoslaviaPoland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia►Finland gained complete Finland gained complete

independence from Russia, while independence from Russia, while Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were made independent countries. made independent countries.

ReparationsReparations►The total sum of war reparations The total sum of war reparations

demanded from Germany—around demanded from Germany—around 226 billion Reichsmarks—was decided 226 billion Reichsmarks—was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission. In 1921, it was reduced Commission. In 1921, it was reduced to 132 billion Reichsmarks then $31.4 to 132 billion Reichsmarks then $31.4 billion. billion.

► League of NationsLeague of Nations League's primary goals included preventing war League's primary goals included preventing war

through collective security, disarmament, and through collective security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitrationnegotiation and arbitration

Who am I?