wwii causes, conflict, and consequences, 1919-1945

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WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

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Page 1: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

WWII

Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Page 2: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Exploitable Frustrations with Tr. Of Versailles

• Polish Corridor

• Reparations

• Tariffs

• Security provisions require enforcement

Page 3: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945
Page 4: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Totalitarianism

• Individual Subordinated to the state• Strong dictators created a cult of personality that

tied the individual to the glories of the state• Dictators linked popular frustration to popular

scapegoats• Economic woes—first in early Weimar Germany

—and then in the late 1920s across the globe fueled discontent and strengthened the appeal of the dictators.

Page 5: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)

• Played on frustrated Italian nationalism and fear of communism.

• March on Rome

• Other parties outlawed

• Corporatism

• Vatican Accord

Page 6: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945
Page 7: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Josef Stalin (1879-1953)

• Political skills helped him triumph over rivals following Lenin’s Death

• 5 year plans

• Purged army, party, and Kulaks

Page 8: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945
Page 9: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Adolf Hilter (1889-1945)

• War Hero

• N.S.D.A.P.

• Beer Hall Putsch

• Mein Kampf--lebensraum

• Enabling Act of 1933

• Nuremburg Laws

• Kristallnacht

Page 10: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945
Page 11: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Japan

• Tension between militarists and liberals

• Depression

• Murder of Hamaguchi Yuko

• Militarists seize cabinet

• Movement toward “Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere”

Page 12: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Aggression by the Dictators

• Manchuria invaded 1931• Ethiopia invaded 1935• Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936• Spanish Civil War• Anschluß with Austria 1938• Sudetenland crisis 1938• Remainder of Czechoslovakia seized 1938• Non-aggression treaty with Russia• Poland invaded 1939

Page 13: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Munich Conference: Chamberlain and Hitler

Page 14: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945
Page 15: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Appeasement

• Belief that WWI treaties were unfair

• Lack of belief in liberal democracy

• Anything is better than war

• “peace in our time”

• War finally declared by Britain and France in September 1939.

Page 16: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

WWII

• Following sitzkrieg, Germany invaded and conquered France and subjected Great Britain to aerial assault.

• Loosing patience, Hitler ordered his army to launch Operation Barbarossa against Russia

• U. S. began to supply aid—Cash & Carry, Destroyers for Bases, Lend-Lease—to Great Britain and Lend-Lease aid to Russia.

Page 17: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Pearl Harbor

• Japanese desire to get raw materials and oil for Indonesia necessitated attacks on the Philippines and Pearl Harbor

• Attack on Dec. 7, spurred U. S. to declare war on Japan on Dec. 8.

• Germany declared war on U. S. in response to its declaration of war on Japan.

Page 18: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945
Page 19: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

War Aims and Strategies

• Atlantic Charter—better international economics and collective security as a war aim.

• Focus on Germany first

• Led to coordinated attacks in North Africa and expulsion of German military there.

Page 20: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Key Military Operations

• Pacific secured following Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal in 1942

• Sicily invaded in 1943

• Russian counterattack from Stalingrad

• Allies won Battle of Atlantic by Spring ’43

• Operation Overlord

• Battle of the Bulge

Page 21: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

The Beaches at Normandy became a vast staging area

Page 22: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945
Page 23: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Key Military Operations

• Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945—VE day is May 8

• Island Hopping strategy in Pacific• Philippines reoccupied, then Iwo Jima, and

Okinawa• Huge losses make Operations Coronet and

Olympic too deadly to undertake, especially with Japan’s ketsu-go defense

• Atomic Bombs dropped on August 6, 1945 (Hiroshima) and August 9, 1945 (Nagasaki)

Page 24: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Outcomes

• Holocaust leads to Nuremburg Trials—Crimes against humanity

• Nuclear Arms Race/Cold War—defined by need for security and nuclear bombs

• Huge loss of life

• War cost over a trillion dollars.

• United Nations Created

Page 25: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Some of the 6,000,000 dead due to the Holocaust

Page 26: WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

Nuremberg Trials