2 the many faces of jack cole 1964 1970 19731977 1982
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The Many Faces of Jack ColeThe Many Faces of Jack Cole
19641964
197019701973197319771977
19821982
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DEA Briefing Book 2001DEA Briefing Book 2001
1970 1.5 %$6.00
$0.80 38 %
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DEA Staffing and AppropriationsDEA Staffing and AppropriationsFY 1973-2000FY 1973-2000
YearYearTotal Total
EmployeesEmployeesSpecial Special AgentsAgents
Support Support StaffStaff
BudgetBudget($ in Millions)($ in Millions)
19731973 2,8982,898 1,4701,470 1,4281,428 74.974.9
20012001 9,1329,132 4,5614,561 4,5714,571 1,5501,550
Employees-3 times as manyEmployees-3 times as many
Budget-20 times largerBudget-20 times larger
Marijuana Arrests and Total Drug Arrests in the US
YearTotal Drug
Arrests
Total Marijuana
Arrests
Marijuana Trafficking/Sal
e Arrests
Marijuana Possession Arrests
2000 1,579,566 734,497 84,271 620,541
1999 1,532,200 704,812 84,271 620,541
1998 1,559,100 682,885 84,191 598,694
1995 1,476,100 588,964 85,614 503,350
1990 1,089,500 326,850 66,460 260,390
1980 580,900 401,982 63,318 338,664
Total Drug ArrestsTotal Drug Arrestsper year Tripledper year Tripled
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Metro SectionMetro Section February 5 1994, page 23February 5 1994, page 23
The New York TimesThe New York Times
Nancy Siesel/The New York Times
Cocaine Seized in Industrial Machine Imported from Venezuela
The police and Federal authorities recovered 4,800 pounds of cocaine, with an estimated street value of up to $350 million, and arrested four men unpacking the drugs at a warehouse in the Corona section of Queens. Police officers and agents from the United States Customs Service and the Drug Enforcement Administration strained to load the drugs into a truck.
4,800 pounds of cocaine4,800 pounds of cocaine
Street value of $350 millionStreet value of $350 million
Not worthy of an article!Not worthy of an article!
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Drug seizures in 1994Drug seizures in 1994New York Times, July 15, 1994, B3New York Times, July 15, 1994, B3
Three tonsThree tons of cocaine hidden in of cocaine hidden in cargo at the Port of Newark cargo at the Port of Newark
Federal agents recovered Federal agents recovered five tonsfive tons of cocaine in Houston in May, of cocaine in Houston in May,
three tonsthree tons in San Francisco in June in San Francisco in June and and five more tonsfive more tons in El Paso in in El Paso in
July.July.
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How Has Prohibition ChangedHow Has Prohibition ChangedDrug Use in US Schools?Drug Use in US Schools?
““THIS SURVEY confirms that THIS SURVEY confirms that our drug-prevention efforts are our drug-prevention efforts are working and that when we work working and that when we work together and push back, the drug together and push back, the drug problem gets smaller.”problem gets smaller.”
US Drug Czar John WaltersUS Drug Czar John Walters
Monitoring the Future 2002Monitoring the Future 2002
An ongoing study of the behaviors, An ongoing study of the behaviors, attitudes, and values of American attitudes, and values of American
secondary school students, college students, secondary school students, college students, and young adultsand young adults
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How Has Prohibition ChangedHow Has Prohibition ChangedDrug Use in US Schools?Drug Use in US Schools?
Between 1991 and 2002 Between 1991 and 2002 marijuana usemarijuana use among among students in all school students in all school
gradesgrades increased.increased.
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How Has Prohibition ChangedHow Has Prohibition ChangedDrug Use in US Schools?Drug Use in US Schools?
30 % increase30 % increase forfor
12th graders12th graders
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How Has Prohibition ChangedHow Has Prohibition ChangedDrug Use in US Schools?Drug Use in US Schools?
65 % increase65 % increase forfor
10th graders10th graders
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How Has Prohibition ChangedHow Has Prohibition ChangedDrug Use in US Schools?Drug Use in US Schools?
88 % increase88 % increase forfor
8th graders8th graders
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How Has Prohibition ChangedHow Has Prohibition ChangedDrug Use in US Schools?Drug Use in US Schools?
School children report it School children report it is easier to buy illegal is easier to buy illegal drugs than it is to buy drugs than it is to buy
beer or cigarettesbeer or cigarettes
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International Trade in International Trade in Illicit DrugsIllicit Drugs
Annually generates:Annually generates:
$400 billion$400 billion
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Alternative Policy SolutionAlternative Policy Solution
Remove the Remove the profit motiveprofit motive
continuously enhanced for 30 years by thecontinuously enhanced for 30 years by the
United States policy of aUnited States policy of a
WAR ON DRUGSWAR ON DRUGS
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End ProhibitionEnd Prohibition1. Legalize Drugs1. Legalize Drugs
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Won’t legalization cause Won’t legalization cause everyone to use drugs?everyone to use drugs?
10th graders in Holland who have tried marijuana:
28 %28 %1010thth graders in the graders in the
U.S. who have U.S. who have tried marijuana:tried marijuana:41 %41 %
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Outcomes ofOutcomes ofLegalizationLegalization
1.6 million less people 1.6 million less people arrested each year arrested each year
69 Billion Dollars saved 69 Billion Dollars saved each yeareach year
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Outcomes ofOutcomes ofLegalizationLegalization
Lower InstitutionalizedLower InstitutionalizedRacism in theRacism in the
Criminal Justice SystemCriminal Justice System
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Federal Household SurveyFederal Household Survey
Whites constitute Whites constitute 72% of all drug 72% of all drug users in the USusers in the US
Blacks constitute Blacks constitute 15% of all drug 15% of all drug users in the USusers in the US
But 37% of those But 37% of those arrested for drug arrested for drug
violations are Blackviolations are Black
Over 42% of Over 42% of those in those in
federal prisons federal prisons for drug for drug
violationsviolations are are blackblack
African-Americans African-Americans comprise almost comprise almost 60% of those in 60% of those in state prisons for state prisons for
drug feloniesdrug felonies
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Bureau of Justice StatisticsBureau of Justice Statistics
Punishment is 100 Punishment is 100 times worse for times worse for Crack than for Crack than for
powder cocainepowder cocaine
DisenfranchisementDisenfranchisementOver 10% of the total voting Over 10% of the total voting
population of black men have population of black men have lost their right to vote due to lost their right to vote due to
felony convictions.felony convictions.
Black male born Black male born today has a one in today has a one in
four chance of four chance of serving time in serving time in
prisonprison
Of convicted defendantsOf convicted defendants 33% of whites received a 33% of whites received a
prison sentenceprison sentence 51% of African-Americans 51% of African-Americans received prison sentences received prison sentences
In New York State prisons Nine in 10 of those serving
mandatory sentences for drug offenses are black or Latino
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End ProhibitionEnd Prohibition1. Legalize Drugs1. Legalize Drugs
2. Have the federal 2. Have the federal government produce government produce
those drugsthose drugs
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Outcomes ofOutcomes ofGovernment ProductionGovernment Production
•Quality controlled Quality controlled production for purityproduction for purity
•Standardized Standardized measurement and potencymeasurement and potency
•End of overdosesEnd of overdoses
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1. 1. Legalize DrugsLegalize Drugs2. Government production2. Government production
3. Distribute free maintenance doses of
drugs to any adult requesting them
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Results of treating heroin Results of treating heroin addiction with heroinaddiction with heroin
SwitzerlandSwitzerlandandand
HollandHolland
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Results of treating heroin Results of treating heroin addiction with heroinaddiction with heroin
Full-time Employment Full-time Employment more than doubled,more than doubled,from 14% to 32%from 14% to 32%
Crime was cut Crime was cut by 60%by 60%
Cocaine use among the Cocaine use among the addicts plummeted from addicts plummeted from
35% to 5%35% to 5%
Unstable housing Unstable housing situations dropped by situations dropped by
nearly 2/3rdsnearly 2/3rds
from 49 to 21%from 49 to 21%
Homelessness Homelessness dropped from dropped from 12 % to ZERO12 % to ZERO
Drug-caused deaths dropped 34 %
between 2001 & 2002
Unemployment was Unemployment was cut in half,cut in half,
from 44% to 22%from 44% to 22%
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Outcomes ofOutcomes ofFree Governmental DistributionFree Governmental Distribution
•No profit motive for drug distributionNo profit motive for drug distribution•No individuals selling drugsNo individuals selling drugs•No crimes committed to obtain drugsNo crimes committed to obtain drugs•No criminal association for drug users No criminal association for drug users •No diseases passed by sharing needlesNo diseases passed by sharing needles•Users able to stabilize their addictionsUsers able to stabilize their addictions
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Outcomes ofOutcomes ofLegalization and free distributionLegalization and free distribution
•No shootings of dealers by other dealersNo shootings of dealers by other dealers•No kids caught in crossfireNo kids caught in crossfire
•No police killed fighting drug warNo police killed fighting drug war•No one killed by police in the drug warNo one killed by police in the drug war•No advertisement to further drug useNo advertisement to further drug use•No one soliciting one more drug userNo one soliciting one more drug user
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1. 1. Legalize DrugsLegalize Drugs2. Government production2. Government production3. Distribute free doses3. Distribute free doses
4. Redirect money saved to 4. Redirect money saved to programs that offer people programs that offer people
hope for the futurehope for the future
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Programs offering hopePrograms offering hope
Rehabilitation Rehabilitation CentersCenters
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Programs offering hopePrograms offering hopeGuaranteed MinimumsGuaranteed Minimums
Housing -Housing -
Health Care -Health Care -
Education -Education -
Job TrainingJob Training
EmploymentEmployment
Livable WagesLivable Wages
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Results of offering people Results of offering people hope for the futurehope for the future
Less need to use drugsLess need to use drugs
Less drug addictsLess drug addicts
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1. 1. Legalize DrugsLegalize Drugs2. Government production2. Government production
3. Distribute free doses3. Distribute free doses4.4. Create hope for the future Create hope for the future
5. Redirect money saved 5. Redirect money saved to programs that offer true to programs that offer true
education about drugseducation about drugs
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Does Education Work?Does Education Work?
1965196541.9 %41.9 % of the adult of the adult
US population US population smoked tobaccosmoked tobacco
19981998Only Only 24%24% of the adult of the adult
US population US population smoked tobaccosmoked tobacco
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1. 1. Legalize DrugsLegalize Drugs2. Government production2. Government production
3. Distribute free doses3. Distribute free doses
4. Create hope for the future4. Create hope for the future
5. Educate users and public5. Educate users and public
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Albert Einstein on ProhibitionAlbert Einstein on ProhibitionThe prestige of government has The prestige of government has undoubtedly been lowered undoubtedly been lowered considerably by the Prohibition considerably by the Prohibition law. For nothing is more law. For nothing is more destructive of respect for the destructive of respect for the government and the law of the government and the law of the land than passing laws which land than passing laws which cannot be enforcedcannot be enforced. It is an open . It is an open secret that the dangerous secret that the dangerous increase of crime in this country increase of crime in this country is closely connected with this.is closely connected with this.
Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein
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Prohibition - When will we learn?Prohibition - When will we learn?
Members of the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform pose for a photograph in 1932 (courtesy of the Hagly Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware). We are having to relearn the same lesson today that they learned 69 years ago.
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Does Drugs or Drug Prohibition Does Drugs or Drug Prohibition cause crime?cause crime?