www.oeko.de social impacts of electronics production and recycling by andreas manhart r07, davos the...
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Social Impacts of Electronics Production and Recycling
by Andreas Manhart
R’07, Davos the 03.-05. September 2007
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The Electronics Industry:
„The most globalized industry“
Brand-name headquarters
Mass-assembly locations
CPU-fabrications
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Philippines 57.9 %
Singapore 44.3 %
Malaysia 42.6 %
Taiwan 29.9 %
China 29.7 %
South-Korea 29.1 %
Costa Rica 23.9 %
Thailand 21.7 %
Mexico 17.7 %
Japan 16.5 %
United States 13.9 %
Israel 13.1 %
European Union 9.0 %
Indonesia 7.9 %
Morocco 6.2 %
Turkey 4.4 %
Vietnam 3.7 %
“Exports of office &telecom equipment”
in % of the totalmerchandise exports
(Source: WTO International Trade Statistics 2006)
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Merkel promises help for AMD[…] So far the American company manufacturedall of their microprocessors in the Saxon capital.The Federal Government and the Province Administration attracted AMD with significant subsidies.With the current extension of the production site by AMDin Dresden, the investment volume climbs to 8 billion US$.With this sum, the AMD-plant is one of the biggest foreigninvestments into the new German provinces. […]
Süddeutsche Zeitung, 15.10.2006
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Süddeutsche Zeitung, 16.04.2007
A question of business location in Dresden[…] In March, Georg Milbradt (German politician) raisedalarm: The Saxon chip-production-site is endangered sincethere are not enough subsidies. […] The investment(by AMD) is endangered because the US State of New Yorkannounced far better support than Saxony can ever grant.The offer by New York is said to sum up to half a billion US$.[…]
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The Electronics Industry builds on global value chains
It spurred the economic rise of Japan, S-Korea & Taiwan
It is regarded as strategic industry worldwide
Countries actively compete against each others inattracting investments by the industry.
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65.5 billion US$trade surplus or64.2% of China’stotal surplus
PR China:
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Total profits[100 million
RMB]
Taxes andother charges[100 million
RMB]
Taxes inpercentage of
the total industryprofits
Manufacture of communication equipment, computers and other electronic equipment
823.86 25.96 3,2%
Manufacture of textile wearing apparel, footware and caps
173.15 25.50 15,3%
Manufacture of plastics 218.99 35.16 16,1%
Manufacture of textiles 317.82 62.00 19,5%
Recycling and disposal of waste 98.38 16.39 20,6%
Manufacture of transport equipment 813.19 217.39 26,7%
(Source: National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2006)
PR China:
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Between 2.27 and 6.3million people are employedin the electronics industryin China.(Source: NBSC 2006, ILO 2007)
The electronics industryis currently amongst thethree most importantChinese manufacturingindustries from anemployment creationperspective.
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Electronics Production E-waste recycling
Taxes paid 3.2% 0% or 20.6%
Contribution to the national economy
10.2%of industrial production
0.12%of industrial production
(whole waste sector)
Employment 2.27 to 6.3 million ~ 700,000
Health & safety risks Problems in the manufacturing of parts
Especially severe for 20% of the workforce
Freedom of association & right to collective bargaining
no no
Workforce composition & discrimination
Young female migrant workers
Migrant workers
Child labour No major problem ?
Monthly wages 690-810 RMB
+ bonusesAverage: ~ 840 RMB
Minimum: ~ 300 RMB
Monthly working hours ~ 192 - 330 h ~ 240 h
Employment security Short term contracts No contracts
Social insurances Health, unemployment, old age pension
No insurances
Pollution Severe in the production of some electronic parts
Specially severe in material recovery and final disposal
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What about e-waste?
• Increasing use of ICTs in emerging economies
• One-laptop-per-child project & donations
• Under-cover exports to non-OECD-countries
China is also a major player
Also a global industry
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Electronics Production E-waste recycling
Taxes paid 3.2% 0% or 20.6%
Contribution to the national economy
10.2%of industrial production
0.12%of industrial production
(whole waste sector)
Employment 2.27 to 6.3 million ~ 700,000
Health & safety risks Problems in the manufacturing of parts
Especially severe for 20% of the workforce
Freedom of association & right to collective bargaining
no no
Workforce composition & discrimination
Young female migrant workers
Migrant workers
Child labour No major problem ?
Monthly wages 690-810 RMB
+ bonusesAverage: ~ 840 RMB
Minimum: ~ 300 RMB
Monthly working hours ~ 192 - 330 h ~ 240 h
Employment security Short term contracts No contracts
Social insurances Health, unemployment, old age pension
No insurances
Pollution Severe in the production of some electronic parts
Specially severe in material recovery and final disposal
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e ko
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !
Contact:
Andreas Manhart
+49 (0)761 – 45295 44