www.soran.edu.iq general psychology firouz meroei milan memory 1
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Memory
Memory persistence of learning over time
via the storage and retrieval of information
Flashbulb Memory a clear memory of an emotionally
significant moment or event
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Memory
Memory as Information Processing similar to a computer
write to file save to disk read from disk
Encoding the processing of information into the memory
system i.e., extracting meaning
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Memory
Storage the retention of encoded information
over time Retrieval
process of getting information out of memory
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Memory
Sensory Memory the immediate, initial recording of
sensory information in the memory system
Working Memory focuses more on the processing of
briefly stored information
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Memory Short-Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
Long-Term Memory the relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system
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A Simplified Memory Model
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
Sensory inputAttention to importantor novel information
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieving
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Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding
Effortful Automatic
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Encoding Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information space time frequency
well-learned information word meanings
we can learn automatic processing reading backwards
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Encoding
Effortful Processing requires attention and conscious
effort Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage
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Encoding
Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1, the
fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 Spacing Effect
distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice
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Encoding
20
15
10
5
08 16 24 32 42 53 64
Time in minutestaken to relearnlist on day 2
Number of repetitions of list on day 1
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Encoding: Serial Position Effect
12
Percentage of words
recalled
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Position of word in list
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list
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What Do We Encode?
Semantic Encoding encoding of meaning including meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding encoding of sound especially sound of words
Visual Encoding encoding of picture images
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Encoding
Imagery mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially
when combined with semantic encoding Mnemonics
memory aids especially those techniques that use vivid
imagery and organizational devices
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Encoding
Chunking organizing items into familiar, manageable units
like horizontal organization--1776149218121941 often occurs automatically use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s
Ice Cream
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Encoding: ChunkingOrganized information is more easily recalled
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EncodingHierarchies
complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Encoding(automatic or effortful)
Imagery(visualEncoding)
Meaning(semanticEncoding)
Organization
Chunks Hierarchies