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Unit III


Views

• A table that is derived from other tables

• Considered as a virtual table

• Does not store data physically


Views in SQL

• The syntax

CREATE VIEW "VIEW_NAME" AS "SQL Statement"


Views in SQL

• CREATE VIEW DEPT_INFOAS SELECT DNAME, COUNT(*), SUM(SALARY) FROM DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE WHERE DNUM = DNO GROUP BY DNAME;


Views in SQL

• ADV:– Simplification of certain queries– Can also be used as a security mechanism

• View is always up-to-date.

• To dispose a view, DROP VIEW is used


Updation in Views

• A view with single defining table is updatable if the view attributes contain the primary key or some other key of the base relation.

• Views defined on multiple tables using joins are not updatable

• Views defined using grouping and aggregate functions are not updatable


Need for views

• Views provide a shorthand or “macro” capability

• Allow the same data to be seen by different users in different ways at the same time

• Provide automatic security for hidden data

• Views can provide logical data independence


Views

• Principle of Interchangability– There must be no arbitrary and unnecessary

distinctions between tables and views.

• Principle of Database Relativity– User works with a mixture of base tables and

views called an expressible database.


View Retrievals

• Let D be a database and V be a view on D

• V = X ( D )– Expression X is some funnction on D

• Let RO be a retrieval operation on V. The result of the retreival is

RO (V ) = RO ( X ( D ) )

Thus the result of retrieval is equal to the result of applying X to D


View Retrievals

• Retrieval can be of two methods– Materialization

• Materializing a copy of the relation that is the current value of view V and then applying RO to that materialized copy

– Substitution

• Materialization cannot be used for update operations

• Substitution is quite straightforward and works well in theory


View Updates

• View updatability is a semantic issue. Not a syntactic one.

• View updation must work correctly in the special case when the view in a base relvar

• The updating rules must preserve symmetry where applicable.

• The updating rules must take into account any applicable triggered actions, including in particular referential actions such as cascade delete


View Updates

• It is desirable to regard UPDATE as a short hand for DELETE-INSERT sequence.

• All updates on views must be implemented by the same kind of updates on the underlying relvars.

• Rules must be capable of recursive application. I.e, updates on views are all or nothing.


View Updates

• UnionUnion::

• Insert Rule for A UNION B– The new tuple must satisfy PA or PB or both.

If it satisfies PA, it is inserted into A. If it is satisfies PB, it is inserted into B, unless it was inserted into B already as a side effect of inserting it into A


View Updates

• UnionUnion

• Delete Rule for A UNION B– If the tuple to be deleted appears in A, it is

deleted from A. If it appears in B, it is deleted from B


View Updates

• UnionUnion

• Update Rule for A UNION B– The tuple to be updated must be such that the

updated version satisfies PA or PB or both. – If the tuple to be updated appears in A, it is

deleted from A without performing any triggered actions and without checking the predicate for A. This may have the side effect of deleting from B also.


Contd…

UnionUnion

• Update Rule for A UNION B– If the tuple (still) appears in B, it is deleted

from B.– If the updated version of the tuple satisfies

PA, it is inserted into A. If the updated version satisfies PB, it is inserted into B , unless it is inserted into B already as a side effect of inserting it into A


View Updates

• IntersectIntersect

• INSERT– The new tuple must satisfy both PA and PB. If

it does not currently appear in A, it is inserted into A. If it (still) does not appear in B, it is inserted into B.

• DELETE– The tuple to be deleted is deleted from A. If it

(still) appears in B, it is deleted from B.


View Updates

• UPDATE– The tuple to be updated must be such that the

updated version satisfies both PA and PB.

The tuple is deleted from A without performing any triggered actions or predicate checks. If it (still) appears in B, it is deleted from B

If the updated version of the tuple does not currently appear in A, it is inserted into A. If it does not appear in B, it is inserted into B


View Updates

• Difference• Rules for updating A MINUS B• INSERT: The new tuple must satisfy PA and not

PB. It is inserted into A• DELETE: The tuple to be deleted is deleted from

A• UPDATE: The tuple to be updated must be such

that the updated version satisfies PA and not PB.The tuple is deleted from A and the updated version is inserted into A


View Updates- Project

• Let X and Y be two groups of attributes on relation A. Consider the projection of A over X. A{X}

• INSERT : Let the tuple to be inserted be {x}. Let the default value of Y be y. The tuple (x,y) is inserted into A. (If no default values exists, it is an error


View Updates- Project

• DELETE : All tuples of A with the same X value as the tuple to be deleted from A{X} are deleted from A

• UPDATE: Let the tuple to be updated be (x)and the updated version is (x’). Let a be a tuple of A with the same X value x, and let the value of Y in a be y. All such tuples a are deleted from A. Then for each value y, the tuple (x’, y) is inserted into A


View Updates - Join

• Consider the join J = A JOIN B where

A, B and J have the headings {X, Y}, {Y,Z} and {X, Y, Z} respectively. Let the predicates for A and B be PA and PB respectively. Then Predicate for J is PJ and is equal to PA(a) and PB(b)


View Updates- JOIN

• INSERT: The new tuple j must satisfy PJ. If the A portion of j does not appear in A, it is inserted into A. If B portion of j does not appear in B, it is inserted into B

• DELETE: The A portion of the tuple to be deleted is deleted from A and the B portion is deleted from B


View Updates- JOIN

• UPDATE: The tuple to be updated must satisfy PJ. The A portion is deleted from A and the B portion is deleted from B.

If the A portion of the updated version does not appear in A, it is inserted into A. If the B portion does not appear in B, it is inserted into B.


View Updates- JOIN

• Implications of the rule for the cases– One-to-one– One-to-many– Many-to-many


Functional Dependencies


Definition

• Let r be a relation and let X and Y be arbitrary subsets of the set of attributes of r.

Then , Y is functionally dependent on X if and only if each X value in r has associated with it precisely one Y value in r.It is written symbolically as X YIn other words whenever two tuples of r agree on their X value, they also agree on their Y value


Trivial and Nontrivial Dependency

• A dependency is trivial if it cannot possibly fail to be satisfied.

• A dependency is trivial if and only if the right side is a subset of the left side.


Closure of a set of dependencies

• The set of all FDs that are implied by a given set S of FDs is called the closure of S, written as S+ .

• Armstrong’s axioms allow to compute S+ from S

• Armstrong’s axioms

A set of inference rules by which new FDs can be inferred from given ones

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