www.unido.org biofuels for industrial development and poverty reduction in africa heinz leuenberger...
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Biofuels for Industrial Development and Poverty Reduction in Africa
Heinz Leuenberger
Director, Energy and Cleaner Production Branch.
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO)
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Outline
1. Global Energy Trends
2. Global and local drivers
3. Potential and opportunities for Africa
4. Key issues, potential risks and trade-offs
5. UNIDO’s biofuels activities
6. Way forward
7. Conclusions
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1. Global Energy Trends
Climate Change and peak oil shaping future energy agenda
Renewables account for about 17% of Global Primary Energy (Traditional Biomass 9%, Large Hydro 5.7% and Other Renewables 2%)
Renewables Power capacity excluding large hydro-power touched 182 GW in 2005
Investments in New Renewable Capacity touched $ 70 Billion in 2006
Fastest growth taking place in the field of liquid Biofuels – Ethanol and Biodiesel
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Rising population & increase in energy demand
Source: Basic Facts - Trends 2050 - WBCSD
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
18000
21000
24000
Primary Energy Demand (Indexed)
Developed (GDP/cap > $US 12,000)
Emerging (GDP/cap < $US 12,000)
Developing (GDP/cap <$US 5,000)
Poorest (GDP/cap < $US 1,500)
2000 Prosperous world
Low povertyBase case
2050
Population
[1,000,000 cap]
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Global energy use per capita 2000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Population (billion)
Pe
r c
ap
ita
en
erg
y u
se
(G
J/c
ap
)
North America
India
FSUEU-25
Japan
Australia & NZ
Latin AmericaAsia & China
Middle East
Africa
Source: World development indicators, 2003
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World Electricity Demand by Region in the WEO 2006 Reference Scenario
Source: IEA
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World Primary Energy Consumption 2000 vs A1 & B2 Scenario Projections for 2030 (EJ)
A1 - High Growth Scenario
B2 - Low Growth Scenario
TRANSPORT22%
BUILDINGS39%
INDUSTRIAL36%
Total 384 EJ
AGRICULTURE 3%
2000
INDUSTRIAL39%
BUILDINGS37%
TRANSPORT25%
INDUSTRIAL39%
TRANSPORT23%
BUILDINGS35%
Total 648 EJ
Total 892 EJ
2030
Source: IPCC
A1
B2
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Incremental Oil Demand 2002-2030; figures from IEA (2004)
2. Drivers of Biofuels Development – Transport Fuels
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2. Drivers of Biofuels Development – Global Context
• High and volatile oil prices
• rising demand (India, China);
• instability in major oil producing regions;
• higher exploration costs; and
• finite nature of global oil resources.
• Climate change agenda
• Agriculture and trade policies
• Sustainability issues
• Technological advances and emerging more efficient conversion technologies.
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2. Drivers of Biofuels Development - Global Energy
Region total renewables biomass hydro RE shareAfrica 21,5 10,8 10,5 0,3 50%Latin America 18,8 5,2 3,3 1,9 28%Asia 48,2 16,1 15,0 0,6 33%China 48,4 10,0 9,0 1,0 21%Non-OECD Europe 4,2 0,4 0,2 0,2 9%Former USSR 39,5 1,2 0,4 0,9 3%Middle East 16,3 0,1 0,0 0,1 1%OECD 223,3 12,7 6,8 4,4 6%World 420,3 56,6 45,2 9,3 13%
Primary Energy, in ExaJoules (EJ)
Global Resources (EJ/a) Current Use Technical Potential
Eco-potential
Hydro 10 50 20
Biomass 45 >1,000 100-500
Solar 0.2 >1,000 200
Wind 0.2 600 150
Geothermal 1.2 >1,500 200
Ocean 0 ? ?
TOTAL 56.6 >4,000 +/- 1000
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2. Global Pattern 2030
Source: IEA (2005)
=Oil export = oil & bio domestic = bio-export = bio domestic
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2. Export potential of Biofuels
Targets EU
% Bio-fuels in Transport fuels 2005 2 %
2010 5.75 %
2015 8 %
2020 10 %
Targets Germany
% Bio-fuels in Transport fuels 2010 6.75 %
2015 8 %
2020 17 %
Conclusion: To achieve these targets EU and Germany must import Biofuels from outside Europe Sustainability of Biofuels will be crucial for the future international market
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2. Alternative use of Biomass
1. Biomass used for Energy production Solid Gas Liquid
Combined Power-heat coupling Transport fuel Industrial applications for process heat
2. Biomass used as Raw Material for industrial activitiesCosmetic, washing powder, fertilizer, plastic, packing materials, Textiles, Cellulose, raw materials for pharma
products, etc.
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Africa has 13% of global population yet uses 3% of electricity used globally.
Only 1 in 4 people in Africa has access to electricity.
Under exploitation of available resources : 6% of hydroelectricity and 0.6% of geothermal potential exploited.
Abundance and decentralized availability of biomass resources
Need to raise GDP growth rate from 3.5% to 8% if Africa is to meet the MDGs & means a corresponding increase in energy demand.
2. Drivers of Biofuels Development – African Context
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3. Africa’s Biofuels Potential.
Africa has ‘vast’ land resources and conducive climates.
Estimating exact potential is complex –many variables.
Several studies undertaken and converge on the following:
1. Africa has a very large potential to produce biofuels.
2. Under a high productivity scenario Sub Saharan Africa can produce biofuels with energy content up to 410 Exa J compared to global energy consumption of 440 Exa J (very optimistic!)
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Sustainable use of Biofuels can lead to
- Reduction in oil importation bill.
- Revitalization of rural economies through higher farm incomes, creating jobs and enhance local energy security.
- Increased availability of cleaner burning fuel with both global and local environmental benefits.
- Reclaiming of degraded and marginal lands and opportunities for carbon sequestration.
3. Opportunities and Benefits of Biofuels in Africa
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4. Key issues, challenges and risks of biofuels include..
Environmental Challenges. Production chain and application should have positive energy and GHG balances. Sustainable water use and no additional water contamination Environmental responsibility and conservation of natural resources and biodiversity. Minimize soil erosion and degradation Minimum environmental emission from Bio fuels production technologiesSocio-Economic Challenges Reduce competition and strengthen synergies with food sector/land. Balancing between large-scale and small-scale production Production should lead to local and shared prosperityTechnology Challenges Identifying appropriate plants for specific regions. Appropriate technologies for communities and businesses. Increasing production efficiency
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4. Example : LCA for Bio-fuels, Indicators
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4. Example: LCA for Bio-fuels
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4. Example: LCA for Bio-fuels
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5. UNIDO’s Biofuels Activities : Objectives
Increase security of energy supply through diversification of supply and reduce reliance on fossil oil.
Increasing access to energy for poor for productive uses
reducing risks and uncertainties in investments in technologies.
promote transfer and commercialization of appropriate technologies.
demonstrating the biofuels value chain.
Stimulate debate and ideas on key issues such as sustainability standards etc.
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5. UNIDO’s Role
Biofuels Value Chain
Biomass Resource
End UseConversionSupply Systems
Agricultural crops and residues
Woody biomass
Oil bearing plants
Industrial waste.
Municipal waste.
Harvesting.
Collection.
Handling.
Delivery
Storage
Biochemical
Thermochemical.
Physical/chemical processes. e.g.
Deoxygenation
Depolymerisation.
Pyrolysis;
Gasification;
Hydrolysis;
Fermentation.
Transport fuels.
Heat
Electricity
Solid fuels
Construction materials
Plant based pharmaceuticals
Renewable chemicals including polymers
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5. UNIDO’s Biofuels Activities : Draft Strategy
UNIDO’s biofuels strategy seeks to assist developing countries in realizing the potential benefits of biofuels, especially by linking technology, investment, trade and sustainability issues, to
assist countries to formulate adequate RE policies and define/adopt recognized sustainability indicators;
reduce uncertainties regarding investment opportunities;
provide tailor-made technical assistance programmes;
strengthen SME capacities to meet international biofuels standards.
For this, UNIDO will work with networks of experts, research institutes, industrial associations, and cooperate with UN partners, multi / bilateral agencies and regional initiatives.
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5. UNIDO’s Biofuels Activities : Focal Areas
Profiling Bio-fuels (BAT, BEP, Sustainability, Employment, Costs, efficiency, emissions, maintenance
requirement, specification data, south-south cooperation for program implementation etc.)
Solid biofuels: South-South technology transfer, and commercialization (technology
transfer, south-south cooperation, cogeneration)
Liquid biofuels: Ethanol from residues and wastes – demonstrating the value
chain (technology assessments on all biofuel pathways)
Liquid biofuels: Biodiesel – building the local-global bridge for SMEs (foster
decentralized production, feedstock availability, costs quality, labor safety, environmental performance,
technology and human skills requirements etc.)
Gaseous Biofuels (biogas for industrial and transport applications)
Biorefineries: (providing clearinghouse services) in cooperation with ICS-Trieste
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Biofuels projects in: Cuba, Zambia, India, Sri Lanka, and Croatia Centre of Excellence for Biomass Gasification Technologies proposed at Indian
Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, India Applications:
– Biomass gasification for power generation & process heat in industries
– Bio-diesel and Bio-ethanol: Feasibility studies & applications
– Biogas: residential & industrial energy, motive power for small industry
– Bio-refineries: Awareness raising
Biomass Conversion Technologies on-line Information Forum (BIOTIF)
Bio-fuels Capacity Building Programme (BIOCAB)
Bio-refineries: providing clearinghouse services (ICS Trieste)
5. Proposed Biofuels Strategy: Key Projects
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• International Conference on Biodiesel in Malaysia (July 2007)
• The First High-Level AU-Brazil- UNIDO Biofuels Seminar in Africa.
• Regional Workshop on Promoting Sustainable Biofuels Production and Use in
Central & Eastern Europe. (Nov. 2007)
• Energy for Development: The Importance of South-South and North-South
Technology Exchange for Promoting Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in
Senegal, (Feb. 2008)
• Global Renewable Energy Forum in Brazil, (Mai 2008)
• Follow-up of our Seminar : Sub-Regional workshops in Africa, (2008)
5. UNIDO’s Bioenergy Activities : Global Forum Activities
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6. Way forward
Design and implement Regional Action programs and pilot projects to:
Develop appropriate policies, strategies and investment plans to promote biofuels development (Renewable Energy) within a sustainable development framework i.e energy self sufficiency should be priority.
Provide and measure datas for the discussion and verification of sustainability standards for biofuels
Create investment vehicles/funds to mobilize financial resources to invest in national priority biofuels projects.
Mainstream use of biofuels in Country Assistance Strategies ( PRSPs and CSPs) Forster market-oriented partnerships between governments, the private sector, civil society and
international development partners. Promote engagement on North-South and South-South basis and between public and private
sectors. Encourage multi-disciplinary approaches, Support biofuels research and development in Africa.
Concentrate our focus on regional initiatives for scale and markets within existing RECs, SADC, ECOWAS, IGAD
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7. Conclusions
Biofuels can play a significant role for the development in Africa Policies, research cooperations, partnerships and technology transfer should be the
basis for future biofuels program in Africa. Sustainability (GHG-Reduction, Competition with food and local applications,
Biodiversity, Environment, Prosperity and Social well being) is critical to its success Initial focus of biofuels programs should be self-sufficiency in energy with national,
sub-regional, regional and global linkages. This seminar should result in a common plan/program of action on how Africa can
exploit its biofuels potential in a sustainable manner. Follow-up action is required at the national / sub-regional level for ensuring an
consistent, integrated and multi- disciplinary approach to develop biofuels projects in a sustainable manner for improved access, increased use in industrial / transport sectors and enhancing energy security in Africa.
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Thank you for your attention
Heinz Leuenberger United Nations Industrial Development
Organisation (UNIDO)Director, ECB
E-mail: [email protected]