x

MI;JCIl;Jc

Ldin6idauCachslt dl,lngBang viet tatMI,lC Il,Ic

ChU'dng 1 Md dau

1.1Ba dc;mgsinhh9Cco th~ phi'mbi~t thanhnamgim1.2Cac moilienh~chungtrongloan b(>I!chsCrcuasl! song1.3Tienhoa113chude nongcot cuaSinhh9C1.4Khoah9C113phuongphaptiepc~nsinhv~td~tim hi~ubfmchat sl! song1.5Cacnhasinh h9CsCrdl,!ngphuongphapkhoah9C1.6SI! songduqc to chuGtheocaccapd(>khacnhau

1.7 amai capd(> cua h~ thong song, tong th~ luon Ian hon tong cac hO'pphan1.8SI! songxac d!nhbangm(>ttr~ttl! cau trucva lo~td~ctfnhuu the sinhthai1.9M9id~ctfnhcua sl! songdeuco cOsa hoah9C1.10Tinh lien tl,!ccua sl! songphI,!thu(>cVaGADN1.11M9icoth~sinhv~tdeucaut~obangcactebaa1.12MoicO'th~deubi~uhi~nr6nhangmollienh~giaacautrucvachuGnang1.13CaccOth~vamoitrui1ngsonghinhthanhnhangchuarlienh~n(>it~i1.14Sinhh9ClienquantmdmsongchungtatheonhieuphuongthuG

ChU'dng 2 Cd Sd hoil hQc cua slfsong

2.1ChuGnangsinhh9Cxetdualgocd(>hoah9C2.2SI!songcanthietkhofmg25nguyentohoah9C2.3Cacnguyentokhaclo~icoth~tohqpd~t~othanhcachqpchat2.4CacnguyentCrcaut~obangcacproton,n<1tronvaelectron2.5Cacchatdongv!phongx~coth~coichho~ccoh~i2.6Cachsapxepelectronxacd!nhhoatfnhcuam(>tnguyentCr2.7Caclienketion113Il!chutgiaanhCtngioncodi~ntfchtraidau2.8Caclienkethoat~doihoidungchungcacc~pelectron2.9 Nuac 113m(>tphan tCrphan cl!c2.10Tfnhphancl!ccuanuact~oralienkethydrovacacd~ctfnhI~khac2.11Caclienkethydrot~onentfnhketdfnhcuanuaca tr~ngthailong2.12Caclienkethydrocuanuacdieuhoanhi~td(>2.13Nuacdakhongd~cbangnuacatr~ngthailong2.14Nuac113m(>tdungmoilinhho~t2.15Vemathoah9C,sl!songmancamvalcactr~ngthaiaxilvabazO'2.16Muaaxilded9amoitrui1ng2.17CacphanlInghoah9CsapxepI~iv~tchatCiing co' Chtldng 2

ChU'dng 3 PMn tll' va te baa

3.1Tinh da d~ng cua 51!song dl!a tren cac d~c tfnh cua cacbon

3.2Cac nhomchuGgiupxacdjnh nhangd~ctfnhcua hqpchathcrucO3.3Te baache t~o nhieulo~id~iphan tCrtCtnhCtngti~uphanphan tCrbe hon3.4 Monosacarit103hydratcacbondongrannhat3.5Te baa lienketcac monosacaritd~ t~ocacdisacarit3.6"N99tbreibaa?.."3.7 Polysacarit103cacchuaidai gomnhieudonvi dui1ng3.8Lipitgomcacchat beD,hauhet 103nhangphantCrdl! tra nangluqng3.9Cacphotpholipit,sap,steroit103cac lipitda d~ngve chlrc nang3.10CacsteroitlamcOth~ chongto nhungGOnggaynhangtai bienIan

Trangv

viiviii

x-xxvi

3

48

101314182021222324262730

35

363839394347484950515253555556585962

67

68707173767678798283

xi

3.11Protein113thanhphanthietyeueuamQieautruevaho'.!!d(mgsong3.12CaeproteindLtqetc;lorabangm(Jtsotrongdung20IOc;liaxit amin3.13Caeaxilamincoth~dLtqenoiverinhaubangcaelienketpeptit3.14Hinhdc;lngehuyenhoaeuaproteinxaedinhehuenangeuano3.15Cautrueb~e1euaprotein113ehuoiaxilamintc;lonenproteindo3.16Cautrueb~e2euapolypeptittaDxoanhayeu(Jnbanglienkethydro3.17Cautrueb~e3113hinhdc;lngt6ngth~euam(Jtpolypeptit3.18Cautrueb~e4113ketnoinhieupolypeptiteuam(Jtprotein3.19LinusPaulinggapnhieuhi~ubietvebanchathoahoceuasl!song3.20Caeaxilnucleicdeu113polymeeuanhCtngnucleotitCtlng co' Chtldng 3

Chu'<1ng4Vongdi1itebao

4.1CaeIOc;likinhhi~nvimaeLraehotanhinvaothegiClitebaa4.2KiehthLteretebaathayd6itheeehuenang4.3Caequylu~ttl! nhiengiClihc;lnkiehcotebaa4.4Caetebaanhansadeucocobevaeautruedongilm4.5Trongtebaanhanehu~ndaphanehiathanhnhCtngvungehuenang4.6Nhan113trungtamki~mscatditruyeneuatebaanhanehu~n4.7NhieubaaquancUatebaacoquanh$verimangn(Jichat4.8 LLtClin(Jichat hc;lttc;lara mangva caeprotein4.9 LLtClin(Jichat Iranco nhieuehuenang4.10 B(Jmay Goigithu hoi, tiehtrCtva phanphoicaesanph~mte baa4.11 Lyzoxomlieu haathue an va caechatthaieuate baa4.12 Cae Iyzoxom bat thLt<'1nggay nhCtngb$nh ehet ngLtCli

4.13Chuenangcaekhongbaatrongvi$eduytritebaachung4.14Nhfn1c;l1 veh$mangtrang4.15 Ll,JeIc;lPehuy~nquangnangm~ttri:1i!hanhhaanang4.16 Caety th~ thu haanangtCtthuean4.17 Caete baaco m(Jtb(JXLtongtrang4.18 Longva roi v~nd(Jngkhicaevi onguoneang4.19 Caetamphube m~tte baabaav$, nangdo, va lienket caete baa4.20 Caebaaquante baanhanehu~nquanxuyenbon lac;liehuenang4.21 MQidc;lngsongco chungnhCtngnet canbanCtlng co' Chtldng 4

Chu'<1ng5 Ho~td9ngsongcuatebao5.1 Nang ILtqng 113kha nang sinh eong

5.2Haid!nhlu~tchiphoiehuy~nhoanangILtqng5.3CaephanlinghaahQeasinhv~ttiehluyha~egiaiphongnangILtqng5.4ATPv~nehuy~nhaanangquaIc;litrongtebaa5.5Enzymtangtoed(JphanlInghaahQenhacongLtangnangILtqngthap5.6Maienzymehuyenhaaxuelacm(Jtphanlingtebaa5.7MoltrLt<'1ngtebaaanhhLtClngdenhac;lttfnhenzym5.8Caechatueehekimhamhac;ltd(Jngeuaenzym5.9M(Jtsothuoetni sauvachatkhangsinhueehecaeenzym5.10Caemangt6ehuecaehac;ltd(JnghaahQetrongtebaa5.11Caephotphalipitxepthanhmangkephailerp5.12 Mang 113m(Jtdieh long kham hqp giCtacae phOtphalipit va protein

5.13Caeproteinlamehamangte baatra thanhm(Jth$ khamehuenang5.14V~nehuy~nthl,Jd(Jngbangkhueehtan quamang5.15Th~mthau 113eachv~nehuy~nthl,Jd(JngeuanLtere5.16Can bangnLteregiCtate baava moitrLt<'1ngrat thietyeuehasinhv~t5.17Caeproteinehuyenhaade khueehtan quamang5.18Caete baalieu thl,JnangILtqngd~v~nehuy~nehud(Jng

8485868788889090909294

99

100104105106108111111112114115116117117118119120121123125126128129

133

134135137139141143145145147147148149150151152154155155

xii

5.19Chuyenv~nxuatbaavanh~pbaacacd~ipMntll5.20Cacmangcokhuyett~tcothelammauquatalcholesterol5.21L!,IcI~pvatythelamnangIllqngcohi~uIl!c~o tongtho tebaaCling c(f Chtldng 5

Chu'dng6 Phu'dngthat te baa thu hoa nang

6.1Hohapveratungcapoxy,veragiupcactebaathaidioxitcacbon6.2HohaptebaalichluynangIllqngtrangcacphantll ATP6.3ConngllaidungnangIllqngATPtho mqiho~td(mgcelthe6.4HohaptebaasapxepI~idi~ntll trongcaclienkethoahqcthunangIllqng6.5Cacchatmanghydrochuyendi~ntll trangphan(mgoxy-hoakhll6.6TebaathunangIllqngIiI NADHsuotdqcthatcuadaychuyendi~ntll6.7HaiCelthe sanxuatATP6.8Hohapdienratheebagiaido~nchfnh6.9f)llongphanoxyhoaglucozathanhaxilpyruvic6.10Axitpyruviclachatchu~nbivehoahqctho chutrinhKrebs6.11ChutrinhKrebshoanthanhoxyhoacacnhienIi~uhiiuCel6.12Hoath~mv~nhanhhauhetcacquatrinhsanxuatATP6.13Me)tsochatde)cphavacachi~ntllqngchu~ncuahohaptebaa6.14T6ngket:oxyhoame)tphantll glucoza,thudllqcnhieuphantll ATP6.15Lenmenlame)thinhthat hohapluanphienk;'.khfvahieukhf6.16Nhieuphantll hOUCC1dunglamnhienli~utho hohaptebaa6.17Cacphantll thatantungcapnguyenli~uthotho sinht6nghqp6.18Nhienli~udehohaplayIiI quanghqpCling co' Chtldng 6

Chu'dng7 Quang hC1PSlt dl,mganh sang d~ the t~o that an7.1Cacsinhv~ttl! dllOnglasinhv~tsanxuatcuasinhquyen7.2Quanghqpdien ra trong l!,IcI~p .7.3Cayxanhgiaiphong°2 IiI quangphanIynllaC7.4Quanghqptangdungphan(mgoxyhoa-khllnhllhohaptebaa7.5Quanghqpdienratheehaigiaido~nganlienvaiATPvaNADPH7.6Cactiabucx~nhinthaydieukhiencacphan(mgsang7.7Cach~quangi1qpbaynangIllqngm~ttrai7.8D6ngelectrontuanhoanchiSlld!,lngh~quanghqpIt6nghqpATP~

7.9D6ngkhongtuanhoanSlld!,lngcahaih~I,IIt6nghqpATP,NADPH,vaO27.10Hoath~mcokhanangt6nghqpATPtrongcacphan(Jngsang7.11ATPvaNADPHcokhanangt6nghqpdllongtrongchutrinhCalvin7.12Balo~ithl!cv~tC3,C4,CAMvavikhu~nquangdllOngratthfchnghiv6'itielki~mnllaC7.13Quanghqplamgiamhi~u(mgnhakfnh,nhllngpharCtngI~ilamtang7.14T6ngquan:quanghqpSlld!,lngquangnangthe t~ocacpMntll that an7.15Quanghqpnuoisongloanthegi6'iCling co' Chtldng 7

Chu'dng 8 Cd sa te baa hQc cua sinh san va di truyen

8.1Connhatong,khonggionglongtanggiongtanh8.2MoitebaadeusinhratCtcactebaadBcotruacdo8.3Vi'khu~nsinhsanbangphandoinhan8.4Cactebaanhanchu~nconhieuthenhiemsacIanvaphuct~p8.5Cacthenhiemsacnhandoiroitachthanhhaikhiphanbaa8.6Chukytebaanhanbancactebaa8.7Phanbaalame)tchuoilient!,lccacde)ngthaibiend6i8.8Thoiteldieukhiencacphanguyenphannhan8.9Phaphantebaachatkhatnhaugll1'8tebaathl!cv~tvatebaade)ngv~t8.10M~tde)tebaa,cacnhantosinhtruC1nghoahqc,anhhllC1ngdenphanbaa

156158159160

165

166167169170171173174175177180180183185186187190191192194

199

203205207208209210218226227229231233237239240241

247

249251251252253254256259260262

8.11Caetebaaungthllthoatkhoicaeeelehekiemscatthongthll<'lng8.12T6ngquanveehLrenangnguyenphan:sinhtruCmg,thaythetebaa,sinhslmvotfnh8.13Caethenhiemsik dllgexepthanhtlmge~pdongd'ilng8.14Caegiaotlt chicom<)tb<)nhiemdeln8.15Giamphangiamsonhiemtu IllOngb<)ixuongdelnb<)i8.16T6ngquan:Sosanhnguyenphanvagiamphan8.17Dinhhll<'lngd<)eI~peuacaenhiemtronggiamphanvathl,!tinhngaunhiendandenthe

h$saubiend6i8.18Hainhiemtrongm<)te~pdongd'ilngmangthongtinditruyenkhaenhau8.19Traod6ieheolamtfnhbiend6iditruyentangthemnlraClingc(f chtldng 8

Chu'dng9 Cac phu'dngthat di truyen

9.1KhoaditruyenhqeconguongoelaudCli9.2Ditruyenhqetht!enghi$mbatdaut'ilikhuwan euam<)ttuvi$n9.3NguyenlacphanIytfnhtr'ilngeuaMendel,mieutast!phanIyeuaditruyenm<)ttfnhtr'ilng9.4Caenhiemdongd'ilngmanghaialenehomaitfnhtr'ilng9.5Nguyenlact6hgpd<)eI~p,khitheedoihaitfnhtr'ilngditruyendongthCli9.6Caenhaditruyenhqedungpheplaiphantfehdexaed!nhkieugenehllabiet9.7Caedinhlu~tMendeltuanthunhlrngquylu~txaesuat9.8Apdl,!ngcaenguyenlacMendelehoditruyennhieutfnhtr'ilngeuangllCii9.9Moiquanh$gilrakieugenvakieuhinhkhongmaydelngian9.10Tinhtr<)ikhonghoanloandandencaekieuhinhtrunggian9.11Nhieugendllged'ilidi$nbbinhieuheln2alen:gendaalen9.12M<)tgencotheanhhllangdennhieud~etfnhkieuhinh:gendahi$n9.13M<)ttfnhtr'ilngcotheehiuanhhllCmgeuanhieugen:ditruyendagen9.14St!phanIycaethenhiemsacgiaithfehcaedinhlu~tMendel9.15Caegentreneungm<)tnhiemcokhuynhhllangditruyenlienket9.16Traod6ieheosinhracaet6hgpalenmOi9.17Caenhaditruyendungdanli$uIraQd6ieheodeI~pbandogen9.18Caethenhiemsacgiaitfnhxaed!nhgiOitfnhanhieuloafsinhv~t9.19CaegenlienketgiOitfnhbieuhi$nm<)tphllelngthLreditruyend<)edaDClingco'Chtldng9

Chu'dng10Sinh hQcpMn tlicua gen10.1Caethinghi$mehLrngtoADNlav~tchatditruyen10.2Nucleotitladelnphanhoahqeeuacaecaephantlt ADNvaARN10.3ADNlam<)tm'ilehxoankep10.4It! nhandoieuaADNphI,!thu<)evaoe~pdoib6sungcaebazel10.5Kieugenquydinhcaeprotein,eelsaphantlt euacaetfnhtr'ilngkieuhinh10.6Thongtinditruyenghibangeo!JecOdonvadiehracaeehuaiaxilamin10.7Sacmilt'ilOracaethongtinditruyen10.8Caethongtinditruyendllged!ehtrongIebaachat10.9Caephantlt ARNv~nehuyensamvalngllCiiphiendiehtrongdjehmil10.10Caeriboxomlanelilaprapnencaeehuaipolypeptit10.11CodonkhbidaudanhdaudiemkhbidaueuaWngbantinmARN10.12PhakeDdaicaeaxilami~t'ilOehuaipolypeptitdent~ncodonketthue10.13Tomtal:Luongthongtinditruyenate baalaADN~ ARN~ protein10.14MilditruyenlahendaRosettaeuast!song10.15Caed<)tbiencothelamthayd6iif nghiaeuacaegen10.16ADNvirutcothetrathanhm<)tphantrongthenhiemsaceuav~tehu10.17Nhieulealvirutgayb$nhhiemngheo10.18CaevirutAIDSt'ilOADNWm<)tkhuonARN10.19NghiEmeLruvirutvanghieneLruditruyenphantlt khangkhitvOinhauClingclf Chtldng 10

xiii

263265267268269272

274276277279

285

286287291294295297297299301302304305307309310312314316318320

325

327329333338343345347350351355358359361363365368369372376377

xiv

ChU'dng11 Ki~m50at 51!bi~uhi~ncuagen11.1Bi~thoacuanhEmselvanhanchu~nphuthu(>cbi~uhi~nchc;mIqcgen11.2Proteintl1e1nglacvaiADNcoth~tatb~tcacgentheobiendbimoitrl1ang11.3Cacoperonphanthanhm(>tsodc;mgkhacnhau11.4SI!phanhoasansinhranhieud<;1ngtebaachuyenhoa11.5Cacte baachuyenhoacoth~giCftrqnv~ntiemnangditruyencuachung11.6Moid<;1ngtebaaphanhoacomotphl1angthuGbi~uhi~ngenriengbi~t11.7Cachxoancu(>nADNanhiemnhanchu~nanhhl1angdenbi~uhi~ngen11.8Bi~uhi~ngencuatebaanhanchu~ncoth~dl1qcdieuchinhkhisaDma11.9Cacdo<;1nxenkhongmahoachengiCfacacgencuasinhv~tnhanchu~n11.10mARNnhanchu~ndl1qcchapdau,noidual,cokhicandl1qcbient~pl<;1i11.11Bi~uhi~ngenluondl1qcki~msoatsuottrongvasaudjchma11.12Tbngkel:Nhieucachedieuchinhbi~uhi~ngenasinhv~tnhanchu~n11.13Cacgenki~msoatchud<;1oxacdjnhsadotbngquatcath~d(>ngv~t11.14Sinhtrl1angngoaivangki~msoat,cactebaaungthl1t<;1ocackhoiuac11.15Cacthaydbiditruyendocamnhiemvirutgayram(>tsod<;1ngungthl111.16Ungthl1lah~uquatLrcacd(>tbienxayratrangcactebaaxoma11.17Thaydbiphongcachsongcoth~giamdl1acnguycab!ungthl111.18CophaichUngtadadl1qcChl1angtrinhhoaditruyentheod(>tubi?Cungct/chu'dng 11

ChU'dng 12 Ky thu~t t6 hc;tpI~iADN12.1Vikhu~ncoth~chuy~nADNbang3condl1ang12.2Cacplasmitvi khu~ncoth~dungnhl1v~tmangd~truyengen12.3Chuy~nkhoahqc:BarbaraMcClintockkhampharacacgennhay12.4Cacplasmitdl1qcdungd~suadbicacvi khu~ntheoy muon12.5Cacenzymdl1qcdungd~"catvadan"ADN12.6Cacgencoth~dl1qcnhanbanvatfnhtrangtbhqpl<;1icacplasmit12.7Cac gennhanbanva tfnhco th~ 111utrCfl<;1itrongcac thl1vi~ngen12.8EnzymsaDchepngl1qcgiupchu~nb!ADNd~ nhanbanva tfnh12.9Cac do<;1ndo gengiamd!nhcach~va tfnhmangcacgenchuyenhoa12.10TI! d(>nghoaco th~ giuptbng hqpva xacd!nhchuoicacADNnhanhhan12.11Dungvi khu~n,nammen,te baathu sanxuat hangloatsanph~mgen12.12 Kg thu~t tb hqp l<;1iADN da cach m<;1ngGong nghiep dl1ac va y hqc ngl1c'1i

12.13Congngh~ditruyenlienquandenm(>tsoruiro12.14Nongnghi~psegiatangsad~ngGongngh~ditruyen12.15D(>ngv~tchuy~ngend~cbi~tcofchtrongnghiencCtusinhhqcphanta12.16Kgthu~ttbhqpl<;1iADNlamnaysinhnhCfngvanded<;1OducquantrqngCungc()'chu'dng 12

ChU'dng 13 89 gen ngU'di

13.1Batyc~pnucleotitquangqntrangb(>genngl1c'1i13.2Ki~unhanlabankehinhanhloanb(>cacth~nhiemsaccuam(>tcath~13.3M(>tbansaD1<;1 cuanhiem21gayrah(>ichungDao13.4Cacsl!cotronggiamphancoth~lamthaydbisoll1qngth~nhiemsac13.5KhongphanIycoth~lamthaydbicasoll1qngcacnhiemgiaitfnh13.6Cacthaydbivecautrucnhiemcoth~gayracacroi10<;1nnghiemtrqng13.7Dungphah~theodoicactfnhtr<;1ngditruyenquaI!chsam(>tgiadinh13.8 Nhieu roi 10<;1nangl1c'1ida di truyan nhl1 cac tfnh tr<;1ngMendel

13.9 Cac roi 10<;1nlien ket gic'1itfnh anh hl1ang den hau het nam giai

13.10Cacnhatl1vanditruyencoth~giupdacacc~pbom~tl1angla!13.11Xetnghi~mthaicoth~phathi~nnhieuroi10<;1nsamkhimangthai13.12Nh~nraIremangalenkhuyett~tlachien111qcchinhcuaditruyenngl1c'1i13.13Cauchuy~nkhoahqc:NancyWexler,nhanghiencuudandaucu(>ctranhluanva

381

382383386387388390391394396398399401402404405406408410411

414

416418420422423425427428429429430432435436438439440

445

446447449451453454455456460462463467

b$nhloan6c di truyen13.14PhanUchdoancat la cachc6 khanangxacdjnh nguaimangalenb$nh13.15Cacht<:lOphanling chuoipolymehoadungkhuechd<:licac mauADN13.16Ky thu~tADNva phaplu~t13.17Li$uphapgenthanhhi$nthl!c phatsinh nhieuvande d<:lOd((cnghiemtrqng13.18DI! an nghienCLrub(>gencuanguai la m(>tm<:l°hi~mkhoahqc13.19Cac vande d<:lOd((cphatsinhtrangdi truyennguaibu(>cta quantamCLingco'chlldng 13

ChU'dng 14 Cae quan th~ phat tri~n tuan tlf nhU'the nao14.1Til3nhoalam(>td~ctrungtrangUnhthongnhatvadad<:lngcuasl!song14.2Hanglo<:ltbangch((ngchapnh~nquanni$mcuaDarwinvesl!song14.4ChqnIqcII!nhienlam(>1d(>ngIl!clienhoanorb~1lrangII!nhien14.5CacquanIh~lanhCtngdonV!cualienhoa14.6Tienhoanholasl!thaydoltrangvangencuam(>tquanIh~14.7Vangenm(>1quanIh~IyluC1ngkh6nglienhoa,duyIri kh6ngdoinhieutheh$14.8PhuonglrinhHardy- Weinbergduqcdunglrangy Iec(>ngdong14.9Namdieuki$nd~d<:llcanbangHardy-Weinberg14.10Namlacnhanc6tiemnanggaylienhoanho14.11ThaydolthiGhnghiphavacanbangdiIruyencuachqnIqcII!nhien14.12Biendollaquylu~1Irongquanth~14.13HaiquaIrinhngaunhienphatsinhbiendj14.14Tongquan:t<:lisaDchqnIqcIUnhienl<:Iianhhuangdenbiend!14.15ChqnIqctl! nhiencokhuynhhuemglamgramcacbiend!lrangkhidieuki$nlufJngb(>igiupduytribiendi14.16Cacloafconguycobilieudi$1Ihuanglamgramsoluqngbiendj14.17Kh6ngphaimqibiend!diIruyendeuladoituqngcuachqnIqcII!nhien14.18YnghTathl!CIe"songsolcuad<:lngphuhqpnhal"lagi?14.19ChqnIqctl! nhienlacd(>ngtaimqisinhv~1anhhuangdencacki~ugen14.20ChQnIQcII!nhiencobaphuongIh((clacd(>ng14.21ChqnIqcd!nhhuangda 1<:10ra cacquanIh~ khangcacdich h<:liva ky sinhtrungCLingc(f chu'dng 14

ChU'dng15Nguongoecaeloai15.1Loai 113gi?15.2Khacbi$1glCfacacquanIh~va cac loaisinh hqc Ihuemgkh6ngr6 rang15.3Cac hangraosinh sangiCfchocac loaicachbi$115.4Cach Iyd!aIyco Ih~ danICIihinhthanh loaf15.5Cac quandaDla nhCfngphangthi nghi$msongve hinhthanh loaf15.6LoaimaiGOngco Ih~ phal sinhlrang cungvungdia Iy vai loaibo me15.7Thl!c v~1da b(>i1<:10com an va ao m~ccho chungla15.8Nh!pd(>lien hoa113deud~n hayquacac buacnhay?15.9Nhalien hoa ErnstMayrliep noi hqc IhuyetDarwinlrang thaiky hi$nd<:liCLingco'chu'dng 15

ChU'dng 16 Bang ehU'ng lieh slttien hoa

16.1 Hoa Ih<:lchhinhIhanhbangnhieucach16.2Cac lo<:lida tram Uch 113nguon giau hoa Ihach16.3HoaIh<:lchghi l<:IiSlrbienniencua lien hoa Ian16.4Tu6i hi$n naycuacacdla tangva hoa Ih<:lchghi mocthai grandia cRal16.5Tr6i d<:lt h:JCdladadongvaiIrachud<:lo Ironglienhoalem16.6Cacchand(>ngkien 1<:10 gay nguyhi~mchosl! songl<:Iikhuvl!C16.7CacloafluY$1di$1hang10<:11 lu6nkeDtheo nhieud<:lng songmCliradai16.8Sauchelhanglo<:ltcacthiGhnghichuchatgiuploafsongsolsinhs6i16.9Ch~mIhanhIh(,lclad~cUnhmClichuchattranglienhoacualoa;nguai

xv

467470473474475477479481

487

488492498500502503505505506509509511512

513513514515515516518519

523

524527528533535537539541545548

551

552554555558559562563565567

xvi

16.10N{mhi~u cac hllang lien hoa nhllthe nao?16.11Caychung109iphat sinh tll(.1ngtrlIngcho lichSlrlienhoa16.12Cac nhaphan109id!nh109isinhv~tbangchung109iphatsinh16.13Khongphaitfnhgiongnhaumatfnhcungnguonmrnchi to lien chung16.14Sinhhqc phantlr la m(>tGongcl,Jco sac m9nhtrongh~thonghqc16.15Cac nhah~thonghqcbancachtruyend9t dCtli~uchung109iphatsinh16.16 Cac nhasinh hqcsapxepsinh v~tthanh5 girnCungc(fchlldng 16

Chlldng 17 Nguon goe va tien hoc!sl! song Vi sinh, Sinh v~t nhan Sd va Nguyen sinh v~t17.1 Sl,Isong batdautv thuaTraif)at can Ire17.2 Sl,Isong batnguonnhll the nao?

17.3Cau chuy~nkhoahqc:Cacthi nghi~mcuaStanleychCrngminhcac phantlr hCtuCelcoth~da xuat hi~ntrenIra;dat tlt khichlla cosl,lsong17.4Cac polymedaulien co th~da hinhthanhtrenda nongva dat set17.5Cac gendaulien co th~da la ARN17.6Cac hqplac phantlr bqcmangla lien thante baachinhthuc daulien17.7Cac sinhv~tnhanSeldaClltru tren trai dat tranghangtynam17.8Sai khaccanbangiCtacacsinhv~tnhanSelvrncacsinhv~tnhanchu~n17.9Vi khu~nco nhieuhinhd9ngkhacnhau17.10Vi khu~nthuchatnuoidllong bangnhieucach17.11Cac d9ngsongdau lienco th~ lacac sinhv~thoad!dllong17.12Cac loaivi khu~nco sai khaccanbanso vai mqid9ngvi khu~nkhac17.13Cacd~ctfnhcautrucchophepvi khu~nchinhthucsonganhieud9ngmoitrllc'1ng

17.14 Vikhu~nlamdoikhi"nor(>hoanllac"trangcacmoitrllc'1ngnllac17.15 M(>tsovikhu~ngayb~nh17.16Cac.quylacdllqcKochdungd~gramd!nhcacvi khu~ngayb~nh17.17CacchutrinhhoahqctrongmoitrllC1ng quanhtaphI,)thu(>cvi khu~n17.18Vi khu~nco th~giupta giaiquyetm(>tso vande moitrlIc'1ng17.19 Tong kel:Vi khu~na v! tri sang I~psl,lsong tren Trai f)at17.20Te baa nhanchu~nco th~ bat nguontv m(>tc(>ngdongvi khu~n1~21 Cac delnbaa nhi'mchu~nva da baatrl,lch~cuachungdllqc gqi la nguyensinh v~t17.22Nguyend(>ngv~tlacacnguyensinhv~tdidllongtl,llieuhoacacthucan17.23Cacmocnhaydc;mgtebaaconhieutangdabaa17.24Cacmocnhayd9ngbaachatcocacgiaid09nmaus~csokerntheonhieunhan17.25Caenguyensinhv~tquanghqpdllqcgqilatao17.26Rangbi~nlacactaobi~ndabaa17.27D9ngsongda baaco th~ da lien hoatlt cac t~p doannguyensinhv~t17.28Qua hangtram tri~unam sl,lsongda baangayGangda d9nghoaCling co' chlldng 17

Chlldng 18 Thl!e v~t, Nam va Sl! dinh ell tren dat lien

18.1 Thl,lCv~t khac tao nhCtnggi?18.2Coth~thllC vatdatlt taoluGlienhoathanh18.3Tfnhda d~ngia manhmoi'd~ phat hi~nlichSlrlien hoacua girnthl,lcv~t18.4Sl,Ixenke cac the h~dClnb(>iva Illongb(>itrangyangdrnthl,lcv~t18.5Vangdc'1icae loai reuco giaotlr th~ lIUthe18.6Dllelngxi va hauhetcacd9ngthl,lcv~t khacco baatlr th~ lIUthe18.7 Thl,lC v~tchlla co h9t t90 nen cac "rvng than da" menh mong18.8 Thl,lcv~th9t Irand9ngthongtungthat the dancacrCtngsinh lay18.9Caythongla baatlr th~ co nonsinh sanmangcacgiaotlrth~ co be18.10Cac rCtngthongtungmenhmongb!de d09bi'1inhucaugo va gray18.11 Thl,lcv~t co h9t chiem lIUthe tranggirnthl,lCv~tngaynay18.12 Hoa la trung tam sinh san cua thl,lc v~tco h9t18.13Thl,lcv~th9t kin la m(>tbaa tlr.th~mahoaco cac giaotlr

569570571575576579582583

587588593

594596597598600603604605606608609612613615617619620621623624627629630632634636636

641

642645646650651652653654655657658659660

xvii

18.14 Cau t<;lOcua qu~ phan anh chlic nang phat tan h<;ltcua qua

18.15 Quan h$ vCli d(mg v~t anh hllang sau sac den lien hoa a thl,1cv~t h<;ltkin

18.16 Nam va thl,1cv~t cung nhau lien len c<;ln

18.17 Nam hap thl,JthUc an sau khi da lieu hoa thlic an ngoai CC!the chung

18.18Nhieud<;lngnamyangdCligom ba pha khac bi$t

18.19 Dia y gom nam c(mg sinh vcricac sinh v~t quang hqp

18.20 Cac nam ky sinh gay h<;licho thl,1cv~t va de)ngv~t18.21 Namco nhieulC!iich thllc tiem

Clingco'chlldng 18' .

ChU'dog19Tienhoacua£)ad~ng dQngv~t

19.1Thenaolame)tde)ngv~t?19.2Cothegicride)ngv~tdabatnguontCtcac nguyensinhv~tt~pdoan19.3B9tbienchilacacCC!theconhieu10tllCJngdoidC!ngran19.4NganhRue)tkhoanglade)ngv~ttoIroncocactebaotc!chich19.5Hauhetde)ngv~tcodoixlinghaiben19.6Giund~plade)ngv~tdoixling hai bendC!ngian nhat19.7Hauhetde)ngv~tcothexoang19.8GiunIroncothexoanggiavacome)tonglieuhoahoanchinh19.9Thanmemda d<;lngdeu tCtSC!do cau t<;lOCC1the chung bien d6i thanh

19.10Hauhet cacde)ngv~t co cC!thephandot19.11Giundat va cac loafgiunco than phandot khacdeu thue)cgiundot19.12Chankhcrpla nganhco solllqng loafnhieunhatva phanbo rangnhat19.13Cantrung la Icrpsinhv~tda d<;lngnhat19.14Dagarcogartrenda,cobe)xllC!ngngoaivah$ongnllcrcdev~nde)ng19.15NganhCodaysongdllqcphanbreIbangbond~cdiem19.16He)ps9 va ce)txllC!ngsonglalieuchu~ndinh lo<;licac loafco xllC!ngsong19.17 Hau het de)ngv~t co xllC!ngsongco hai hamkhcrpban Ievcrinhau19.18Calade)ngv~tcoXllCJngsongco ham,khemangva cac yaychan19.19Lllong Cll la cacde)ngv~tcoxllC!ng song ac<;lndau lien19.20Bo sat co nhieud~cdiemthfchnghivcriac<;ln nhieu hCJnIllong Cl1

19.21Chimco chungnhieud~cdiemvcrit6 lien bo satcuachung19.22ThucOnglien hoa telb6 sat19.23Cay chunglo<;liphatsinhve da d<;lngva viemcanhlien hoagiClide)ngv~t19.24Biend6ilad~ctrllngcC!bancuasl,1songvamaitrllC1ngCling co' chlldng 19

ChU'dng20 NhCtngkhai ni~m chung VI! cau true va chlic nang cua dQng v~t

20.1TrongcC! the de)ngv~t, chlic nang pM hqp vClicau truc

20.2 Cautrucde)ngv~t mangtfnhtr~t tl,1h$ thongco capde)20.3 Mala me)tnhomte baoco cau trucvachlicnang chung

20.4 Ma bieubi bao phuva lot CC!the20.5 Ma lienket nangdo va ganket cac lo<;limakhacl<;IivClinhau20.6MacC!lamchUc nangv~nde)ng20.7Mathankinhhinhthanhme)tm<;lngthongtin20.8 Nhieulo<;lima phlic t<;lPdllqc sap xep thanh cac cC!quan20.9CC!the la me)thqplac cuacach$ cC!quan20.10Ky thu~tghi hinh mClikhamphacau trucben trongCC!the20.11CC!the de)ngv~t can phaidllqc IraQd6i chatvcrlmoltrllC1ng

20.12 M9i de)ngv~t deu tl,1dieu chinh mai trllC1ngtrongcuachung20.13 Ne)ican bang phl,Jthue)cvao sl,1kiem soat lien h$ ngllqc

Cling co' chlldng 20

ChU'dng21 Dinhdll~ng va Tieuhoa

21.1 Cac de)ngv~t lieu hoa thlic an theo nhieu cach khac nhau

662663664666667669671672673

677

678681682684686687691692694698700701705708710712713714716718721723726729730

737

738740741741743746747748749755759761762764

767

768

xviii

21.2Bongiaido~ngiaGongthucantranglieuhoa21.3TieuhoadiEmratrongcackhoangchuyenhoa21.4H$lieuhoacuangLIaigomonglieuhoakerntheenhieutuyenlieuhoa21.5Tieuhoabatdaungaytrangkhoangmieng21.6C<1thl,fcquanvakhfqU<3ndeumoratrangcohQng21.7Thl,fcquandonthucanxuongd~day21.8Dadaygill thucanI~ivadungaxilcungcacenzymd~phangiaithucan21.9Viemloetd~dayphatsinhneudichvilieuhoacabi~umolatd~day'21.10Ru(Jtnon113c<1quanlieu hoahoahQcva hap thuchat dinhdLIongchinh21.11Ru(JtgiaSlrd\mgl~inLIOCcandLI21.12Cac d~nghelieu hoacuad(Jngvat co XLI<1ngsongphananhkh~uphan21.13M(Jtkh~uphancolqi chosac khoephaithoa manba nhucau21.14NangILIqngthuc an t~o nguonll,fcchoC<1th~21.15MocuaC<1th~ va mocuakh~uphanthuc an21.16Chin lo~iaxil amin113cacchat dinhdLIongthietyeu21.17Kh~uphanco lqi chosac khoegomdu 13lo~ivitamin21.18Cac chatkhoangthiet yeucanchonhieuchuGnangcuaC<1th~21.19Cac nhanmaGILI<1ngthLIcthl,fcph~mcho ta breInhCfnggi?21.20Kh~uphananhhLIongdencacb$nhtim m~chva ungthLICtJngc(fCht/dng21

Chu'dng 22 Trao d6i khi va he)Mop

22.1Trao doi khi lienquanho hap,vanchuy~nkhi, phucvu cac mote baa22.2Bongvat IraQdoi °2 va CO2quacac be matho hap~mcuaC<1th~22.3 Mangda thiGhnghivoi IraQdol khftrongcac moitrLIangnLIOC22.4 Sl,fngLIqcdongtrongcac phienmangda daymanhIraQdoi °222.5 He ongkhicon trungIraQdol khftrLIctiepvoi te baaC<1th~22.6Cac d(Jngv~t co XLI<1ngsonga c~nIraQdoi khi quaphoi22.7 Hut thuocla, m(Jttrangcac lac nhangaychetbaGnhat phahe ho hap ta22.8 Nhiptho da thongkhi phoi22.9Hit vao tho radLIqcki~mscat motcachtl,fd(Jng22.10Mauchuy~nv~ncac khfho hapbangdunghemoglobinchuyenchooxy22.11Hemoglobingiupv~nchuyenCO2va lamchatdemcho mau22.12Thai ngLIaiIraQdol khfvoi mauILIUthongcuam~CtJngc(f Cht/dng22

Chu'dng23 H~tuanhoan

23.1H$tuanhoanlienh$marthietvoiloanb(JcacmoC<1th~23.2ad(Jngv~tdalienhoamotsoki~uhetuanhoan23.3Cach$timm~chcuad(Jngv~tcoXLI<1ngsongphananhlienhoa23.4Hanhtrinhcuamauquah$timm~chthu23.5Cautruccuacaclo~imachmauphuhqpvoichuGnangcuachung23.6Quatimcogrannh!pnhang23.7Trungtam dannh!ptim23.8Thenaolam(JtC<1ndautim?23.9ApIl,fccuamaulacdonglencacvachm~ch23.10Bohuyetapcoth~phathi$ncacvandetimm~ch23.11CactebaaC<1ki~mscatsl,fphanphoimau23.12CacmaDm~chchophepv~nchuy~nv~tchatquavachcuachung23.13Cactebaamau1<1llrngtranghuyettLI<1ng23.14Cactebaahongcauvanchuyenoxy23.15B~chcaugiupphongv$C<1the23.16CaccycmaudongbitkincacchorokhicacmachmaubithLI<1ngton23.17TebaagocthuankhietchlladLIqcmautrangvacacb$nhvet8baamauCtJngco' Cht/dng 23

771772775777778779779781782786787789789790792793796798799801

805

807808810812812813816817819820822823824

829

831832834835837838840841843844846847848850851853854855

xix

ChU'ang24 H~mien dich24.1H$phangv$kh6ngchuyengomda,cacthuGbaavaproteinkhangkhu&n24.2Phc'mlingviemhuyd(mgcacIlfcIuelngph6ngvekhongchuyen24.3Dap ling miEmdjchchongl<:Iicacd<:lngxam Iuelcchuyenhaa24.4Cactebaabachhuyettrangb!chacathemotIlfcIuelngph6ngv$kep24.5H$b<:lchhuyettrathanhchientruongchuyeusuottrangnhiemtrung24.6Cackhc:mgnguyenc6nhrrngvungchuyenhaadegancackhangthe24.7ChQnlacd6ngvatfnhhqpnhatcacIucIuelngph6ngvekhangnguyen24.8Ketqualathuduqcm9td<:lng"trfnha"miendich24.9Tongquan:cactebaaB lacacchienSlcuamiendichthed!ch24.10CackhangthelavOkhfcuamiendichthedich24.11Cackhangthedanhdaucackhangnguyendehuydi$t24.12KhangthedCIndangvatfnh,Gongcl!cuaph6ngthinghiemvalamsang24.13CactebaaT tangwangphangv$trunggrantebaa24.14CactebaaTdaud9Ctebaac6thephangnglJaungthu24.15 H$ mien d!ch phI,! thu9C VaGcac "van lay phan tCt"cua chOng ta24.16Thieu khanangmiend!chgay ra motso b$nh24.17OJ linglaphanlingquam<:lnhtruackhangnguyenmoitruangxacdinh24.18AIDSbe ngeCelthe kh6ngphangv$Clingcii Chtldng24

ChU'ang25 SI!ki~msoat cua n(>imoi25.1Nhietthuduelchoacbimattheeboncach25.2Dieuhoanhi~tph0thu9CVaGcasinhnhietI~mthunhietha~cmatnhiet25.3T~ptfnhthuanganhhuangtaithannhie!25.4H6nmedetielki$mnangluqng25.5Dieuhoaapth&m:mQid9ngv~ttlf candoithu,thainuacvacacchattan25.6Tietmohoic6thegayratinhtrangmatnuacnghiemtrQng25.7Nhieud9ngv~tnuacngotphaidoim~tvaislfcomatnuactheemuavu25.889ngv~tcan10<:libecacchatthaichlianitel25.9H$bartielc6m9tsovaltraquantrQngtrongcanbangn9imoi25.10CacchlicnangcClbanchatIQC,hapthl! l<:Ii,tiel,baitielnuaclieua th~n25.11Xetr5helnquatrinhtlJchatIQCcuamaudennuaclieu25.12Mayth&mtachthaychlicnangth~ndacliumangnhieunguaisuyth~n25.13Ganc6valtrasongcantrongcanbangn9imoi25.14Cacroilo<:lnihuangthayah$ baitielClingco'Chtldng25

ChU'ang26 SI!dieu tiet hoahQc26.1Cactinhi$uhoahQcphoihqpdieukhiencacchlicnangcuaCelthe26.2Cachocm6nlacd9ngtaicactebaadichbanghaicache26.3H$n9itielcuad9ngv~tc6xuelngsong26.4Vungdualdoiganb6vaituyenyen,lacaunoihethankinhvahenoitiel26.5Vungduaidolvatuyenyenc6nhieuchlicnangnoitiel26.6Tuyengiapdieuhanhslf phattrienvaquatrinhchuyenhaacacchat26.7Cachocm6ncuatuyengiapvatuyenbengiapduytrinoicanbangcanxi26.8Tuyt<:lngkiemscatmlicduangglucozatrangmau26.9TleuthaodUC1nglam9troilo<:lnn9itietrho bien ,26.10Cactuyenthuqngth~nhuyd9ngcathelingph6tamtr<:lngGangthang26.11Cacglucocooctic6itgramdautot,tuykh6tranhcacruironghiemtrQng26.12Cactuyensinhdl,!ctietcachocmongiaitfnhCling co' Chtldng 26

ChU'ang 27 Sinh san va phat tri~n phoi

27.1Casinhsanhrrutfnhvasinhsanvatfnhdeurho bientronggiaidongv~t

859860862863865867869870871873875876877879882883883885886893897899900902902903906907908910912913915916918919

923

924926928931932935936938940941944945947

951

952

xx

27.2Caut~ogiaiphaueuaeoquansinhdl,!enlrgiC1i27.3Caut~ogiaiphaueOquansinhsannamgiai27.4SlfhinhthanheuatinhtrungvatrCrngquagiamphan27.5Caehoemondongb(>hoabiend6iehukytrongbuongtrCrngvad~eon27.6DapCrngtinhdl,!eeuanguC1idiemraquabongiaido~n27.7Ho~td(>ngtinhdl,!eeoth~truyenb~nh27.8Caebi~nphaptranhthaiph6ngngCtamangthaingoaiymuon27.9Thl,!tinht~ohgptv,vambdauehophattri~nphoi27.10Phaneathqptv t~onenphoituilam(>tkhoieaurangnhieuphoibaa27.11Slfhinhthanhphoid~t~oram(>tphoibalap27.12QuatrinhhinhthanhphoidC;JhoantatthibatdauphanhoaeaeeOquan27.13D6id~ng,ehuy~neha,quantl,!tebaa,thenehoteuaphattnenphoisam27.14CamCrngphoikhO'id(>ngquatrinhhinhthanheoquan27.15Phuongtheret~ohinhdat6ehCreneneoth~d(>ngv~t27.16SlfpMt tri~nbnguC1itrongthangmangthaidaulien27.17Quatrinhphattri~nphoithainguC1itUthl,!thaidensinhnotheobaquy27.18SinhnolaquatrinheamCrngbanghoemon,dienbientheobagiaido~n27.19Apdl,!ngeongngh~sinhsanehopheptangkhanangsinhdekeho~ehCung c(f Chtldng27

Chlfdng 28 Cae h~ than kinh

28.1Caeh~thankinhnh~neamdauvao,xv Ii,phatI~nhdapCrngthfehdang28.2CaenoronladonviehCrenangeuaeaeh~thankinh28.3PMnbi~th~thankinhtrunguangvah~thankinhngo~ibien28.4Naronduytrim(>tdi~nthenghfsom~tngoaivC1im~ttrongmang28.5M(>ttinhi~uthankinhbatnguontUm(>tthayd6itrongdi~nthenghf28.6Di~nthetaed(>ngtlf talsinhdandgetheonaron28.7Caenorontruyend~tthongtind~ngtinhi~uthankinhquaeaexinap28.8Caeehatehuy~ngiaothankinhkiehthiehhayCreeheeaenoron28.9Nhieuehatkiehthfeh,ehatkimhamthankinhtaed(>ngleneaexinaphoa28.10Trameamluonlienquandenmateanbangehatehuy~ngiaothankinh28.11TienhoaeuagiC1id(>ngv~tdatUngfratquanhieud~ngh~thankinh28.12H~thankinhngo~ibiend(>ngv~teoxuangsonglam(>th~thongeaeehCrenang28.13Haih~giaoeamvadoigiaoeamho~td(>ngdoikhangdieuehfnhn(>imoi28.14Tuysongsansinheaet~ptfnhdangrannhat0d(>ngv~teoXlJangsong28.15T~ptfnhphCret~ptangtientfnhphCret~p0naod(>ngv~teoxuongsong2~.16NaonguC1ieoeautruenhum(>tmaysieuvitfnhsong28.17Vonaolakhamhqpeuaeaevungtuongtaeehuyenhoa28.18RogerSperryphathi~n2baneaunaotraiphaieoehCtenangkhaenhau28.19Suettronggiaengunaovanho~td(>ng28.20Xued(>ngvatrinhcrnam0h~limbieeuanao28.21CaenghieneCruvehget~p0d(>ngv~tkhOngXlJangsonglaphonganeaehgilranOronvat~ptfnh .

Cung co' Chlldng 28

Chlfdng 29 Cae giae quan

29.1Caedauvaothl,!eamduqenaotfehhqpthanheamgiaevanh~nthere29.2Caetebaathl,!eamehuy~nkiehthiehthanhehuaimadi~nthetaed(>ng29.3Caeeoquanthl,!eamehuyenhoapMntaeheaelo~ikiehthiehkhaenhau29.4Daxuathi~nbalo~imattronglienhoad(>ngv~tkhongXlJOngsong29.5Caed(>ngv~teoXlJongsongeolo~imatm(>tth~thuytinh29.6Th~thuytinhthayd6ivitriho~ehinhd~ngd~h(>itl,!anhlenmangluC1i29.7Th~thuytinhthlfehi~nhi~uehfnhrasao?29.8CaetebaaquevatebaanontrongmangluC1imattathl,!eamanhsang29.9Taiehuy~neaesongkhiapthanhdi~nthetaed(>ngd~naotfehhqpamthanh

957960964968971971972976979980983986987988989993996998

1000

100510061008101010121013101410161018102010221022102510261028102910301033103510361038

10401041

1045

104610471050105310561057105810591061

xxi

29.10TaitrongchltacOquanliendinhgiltthangbangcOth~ 106529.11cargldagayracamgiacsaysongbuannon? 106629.12Cacthl,!quankhltugiacvavigiacphantachcaclo,?ihoachat 106729.13T6ngket:H$thankinhtrungl1ongganketkichthichdidoivendapltng 1069Ctlngc(fChu'dng29 1070

ChU'dng30E>~mgv~t di chuy~n nhU'the nao ? 107530.189ngv~tlienhoadahinhthanhnhieuphl1ongthltcdichuy~nkhacnhau 107630.2Chltcnangnangdo,v~nd9ngvabaav$cuab9Xlfong 108030.3B9Xl1ongngl1c1ilam9tbiend,?ngd9CdaDcuam9tnguyenmauc6 108330.4Cacroilo,?nveb9Xl1onghanhh,?hangtri$ungl1c1itrentraidat 108630.5Xl1onglacOquancoho'?td9ngsongphltct'?P 108630.68~ctrllngchfnhtrongphattri~ncuaconngl1c1ilaXlfongluonsinhtrl1<1ng 108830.7B9Xlfongvacacbapcotl1onglacIannhautrongv~ndong 109030.8MoitebaaCOcob9mayriengd~thl,J'chi$nchltcnangcocuano 109030.9BapcOcokhicacxOmanhcuacackhUctocotrl1qtsauvaocacxoday 109230.10Cacnoronv~nd9ngkfchthichsl,J'cocO 109430.11Robotbatchl1accachv~nd9ngcuacacloaI d9ngv~t 109530.12Cosacautruc-chltcnangcuamQib9ph~nvaho'?td9ngcuad9ngv~t 1097Ctlngco'Chu'dng30 1099

ChU'dng31 Caut~o, sinh san va phat tri~n cua thl/c v~t 110531.1CauchuY$nkhoahQc:KatherineEsaunhanghienCltuxuatsacvecautrucvachltcnangthl,J'cv~t110631.2Thl1CvathatkinchiathanhhainhomIan:motlamamvahailamam 110831.3Co'th~ihl,J'~v~tmangm9th$revam9th$thancanh 111031.4Nhieuloafcaycoh$revah$thancanhbiend6ikhacmaucoban 111331.5Tebaavamothl,J'cv~tratdad,?ngvecautrucvachltcnang 111431.6Bah$thongmot'?onencacb9ph~ndad,?ngcuaCOth~thl,J'cv~t 111831.7Chieudaicuarevathantangdoquatrinhsinhtrl1angSOcap 112231.8Chuvicaythanm9c100themtheechieungangdosinhtrl1angthltcap 112531.9T6ngquanvongdOisinhsanhCtutinhcuathl,J'cv~tcohoa 112931.10QuatrinhphattMn cuah'?tphanvacactuinoanketthucbangthl,!tinh 113231.11Sauthl,!tinhtuinoanphattri~nthanhh'?t 113431.12Sauthl,!tinhbaunhuY.phattMn thanhqua 113631.13 SI,J'naymamcuah'?ttiepnoivongdc1i thl,J'cv~tquacac the h$ 113831.14Quatrinhsinhsanvotinht'?ocacdongvotinhcuanhieuloafthl,J'cv~t 114131.15Sinhsanvotinhthl,J'cv~tla r11OOgc9tcuanennongnghi$phi$nd,?i 1143Ctlngco'Chu'dng31 1145

ChU'dng 32 Hap thl;lva v~n chuy~n Dinh dU'ang d thl/c v~t 1149

32.1Thl,J'cv~tphallaychatdinhdl1angtCrdatvakhongkhi 115032.2Nl1acvacacchatkhoanghoatanvaorequahaicondl1<1ng 115232.3SI,J'thoathoinl1accualalad9ngll,J'ctrenhutnl1acdanglencacm,?chgo 115332.4Cactebaagac10khidieukhi~nhi$ntl1qngthoathoinl1ac 115532.5M,?chlibev~nchuy~ncaclo,?idl1ang 115732.6Caykhoem,?nhthudukh~uphancacchatdinhdl1ongvocothietyeu 116032.7TI,J'ch~ndeancaytrongnhatrongwan thieum9tsodinhdl1angkhoang 116232.8Valtrocuadattrangtrongdc1isongthl,J'cv~t 116432.9Baov$dattrangtrQtlaratthietthandoivaisl,J'songcuanhanlo,?i 116632.10Chutr,?iStephenMooredungphanhCtuCOchltkhongdungphanhoahQc 116832.11Namdagiuphauhetcaycoihapthl,!cacchatdinhdl1ongtCrdat 116932.12Gienthl,J'cv~tcongamc cacloafthl,J'cv~tkysinhvathl,J'cv~tanthit 117032.13Hauhetthl,J'cv~tphI,!thu9Cvaovikhu~ncungcapnito 117232.14CaccayhQ8~u tl,J'pMt trl~nvi khu~ncod!nhd,?mtrongcacnotsanre 117332.15Ml,!clieunghienCltunongnghi$platangham111qngproteincaytrang 1174

xxii

32.16Kythu~tditruyencokhanangtangcaesanILtcrngcaytrongCLing crj'Chllo'ng 32

ChLfdng 33 Cae h~ dieu himh Sinh trLfang va phat tri6n athlfe v~t

33.1Caethi nghi$mve thl!e v~thLtClngsangdlm Wiphat hi$nhoemonthl!e v~t33.2 Namlo<.lihoemondieuhanhsinhtrLtcrngva phattrien euathl!e v~t33.3Caelo<.liauxinkiehthiehcaete baaeuathan va eanhnonkeDdai ra33.4Caexytokininkiehthiehphfmbaa33.5 Caegiberilineotaed(mglamthandai themkernnhieulac dongkhaenLra33.6Axit absxisiekimhamnhieuquatrinh euathl!e vat33.7 EtylenkhClid(mgquachin va khClid(mgcaequatrinh lac hoakhae33.8 Caehoemonthl!ev~t co nhieuungd\mgtrangnongnghi$p33.9 CaetfnhhLtangdieuehinhsinhtrLtcrngthl!e v~tphuhqpvai moi trLtClng33.10Thl!e v~tco nhieudonghe bentrong33.11Thl!ev~tdanhdaucaemuabangeachdo d(>dai ehuky anhsang33.12Phytoeramla b(>do anhsanggiup lenday l<.Iidongho sinhhqe33.13Cau ehuY$nkhoahqe:Nhathl!e v~t RuthSatterII! ke ve eu(>edClinghiemeuuvagiangd<.lYeuaminhCLing crj'Chllo'ng 33

ChLfdng 34 Sinh quy6n: moi trLfdng da d~ng tren trai dat

34.1 SinhthaihqenghieneCrunhieucapd(>tLtcrnglac sinhv~t vClimoitrLtClng34.2 Sinhquyenla tonghoamqih$ sinh thai tremtraidat .34.3 M(>ts6 van de moi trLtClngb(>e1(>cae h<.lnehe eua sinh quyen34.4Caenhant6sinhthaiphisinhv~tquantrqngtrangsinhquyen34.5QuaehqnIqeII! nhiensinhv~tthie~nghicaenhant6phisinhvasinhv~t34.6Khih~uvunganhhLtangtaiphanboeuacaequanxasinhv~t34.7Caed<.li dLtcrngchiemphanIanbem~ttraidat34.8Caequanxa nLtaengqteLttru tren ho aD,songsuoi34.9 Caequanxa a e<.lnehinhdLtqegqi la caesinhquan34.10 Caerung nhi$td<'JieI,Jml<.Iiganxiehd<.lo34.11Cau ehuyenkhoahqe:Nhasinhthai MyAriel Lugobay to quandiemea nhanve rung

nhi$tdai34.12Caesavanla thao nguyenxencayeoi thLtathat34.13Caesam<.ledLtqexaedinhtheemued(>khoh<.lnd~etrung34.14Caecay bI,Jigargoeth6ngt~ nhcrngquanhqpcay gar"ehaparan"34.15Dongco Bik My eOngthu(>elo<.lithao nguyenon d<'Ji34.16Cay rI,Jngla thonglinhcaekhurirngon dai34.17Cay la kimphonthjnhtrangrungtaiga34.18Muadongl<.Inhkhik nghi$tkeDdai d~etrLtngeholanh nguyen"tundra"ClIng co ChU'Clng34

ChLfdng35 Caed{mg thai eua quan th6

35.1CaequanthedLtqexaedinhtheenhieueach35.2M~td(>mauvakieupMntanmaulacaebiens6quantrqngeuaquanthe35.3CaemohinhIytLtanggiuptatimhieusl!sinhtrLtcrngeuaquanthe35.4 Caenhant6 gi<'Jih<.lnsinh trLtcrngquanthe phI,Jthu(>eva khongphI,Jthu(>em~td(>35.5M(>ts6 quanthe co caeehukY"bungnova suy thoai"35.6Tien hoadinh hinheho liehsa eathe

35.7 Bangsuesongneucaety 1$songsotva eheteuaquanthe theed(>tuoi35.8 Cau true tuoi eua m(>tquan the b(>e1(>xu hLtang sinh trLtang tLtcrnglai

35.9Quanthe ngLtClida p~t.lrren thee hammOtv hangthe ky nay35.10CauehuY$nkhoahqc~TLtcrnglai nhan lo<.lise the nao?CauIra ICIieuangLtClibi quanva ngLtClil<.IequanCLing co' Chllo'ng 35

11751177

1181

118211851186118811891190119211931195119711991201

12031205

1211

1213121512161217121912211226123012321233

123512371238124012411243124412451247

1251

125212531256125912621263126612671270

12731275

ChLtdng36CaequanX3vaeaeh~sinhthai36.1Quanxalaloanb(Jsinhv~tsongchungtrangmotvungriengbreI36.2C<;1nhtranhc6then~ysinhkhisudungchungm(Jtnguonlqic6giaihan36.3SanmoidandennhClngthiGhnghidadangi'JcavatsanmoiIanconmoi36.4Hi$ntlfqngsanmoic6theduytri tfnhdad<;1ngtrangmotquanxa36.5Cacquanh$Gongsinhgiupdiu trucnencacquanxa36.6CacnhieuloantLrbenngoaic6thelamthayd5it~ngoccautrucquanxa36.7HaiquatrinhCCJbancuacach$sinhthai:dongnangIlfqngvachutrinhhoahQc36.8Cautrucdinhdlfangquyetdinhcacd(Jngthaicuahesinhthai36.9CacchuGithuGanlienkefvalnhaut<;10thanhIlfaithuGan36.10NguoncungcapnangIlfqnggiaih<;1nchieudaicuacacchuGithuGan36.11TMpnangIlfqnggiaithiGht<;1isaDthitlailaxaxiph~mdoivCliconnglfai36.12Cac hoachat da chuchuyengiClachat hCluCCJva cac nguonphisinhv~t36.13NlfaCdichuyenkhapsinhquyentheom(Jtchutrinhloancau36.14Chutrinhcacbonphythu(Jcvaoquanghqpvahohap36.15ChutrinhnitC1chuyeudlfavaovi khu~n36.16Chutrinhphotrho phuthu(Jcvaoslfphonghoada36.17Ch~ttryirLrnglamdaDl(JncacchutrinhhoahQc36.18M(Jth$sinhthaibiend5ilamcach$sinhthaikhacthayd5idaychuyen36.19 Mi'Jr(Jngcac khu baa ton nham daD nglfC1ctinh tr<;1ngpha va h$ sinh thaiCtlng co' ChllO'ng36

ChLtdng37Thieh nghi t~p tinh vdi moi trLtdng37.1T~ptfnhhQcnghienccrucachd(Jngv~tLingxuvalmoitrlfangtlf nhien37.2L~ptrinhditruyenvarutkinhnghiemdeud6ngg6pvaocackieut~ptfnh37.3T~ptfnhb~msinhthlfangthehienkieuhanhd(JngchUGikhongthayd5i37.4HQcth6iquenlathayt~ptfnhdC1ngianbanggiaiquyetvandephuct<;1P37.5GhisaudauanlahQcth6iquenlienquantalcat~ptfnhb~msinhvakinhnghi$m37.6Nhieud(Jngv~thQcth6iquenbangkefhqpvabatChlfaC .37.7Sangt<;1oth6iquenlagiaiquyetvandekhongcanc6kinhnghi$mtrlfaC37.8T~ptfnhcuam(Jtd(Jngv~tphananhmuclienhoacualoafd(Jngv~td637.9CacnhipsinhhQckhienchocactaptfnhhaihoadongbovalmoitrlfang37.10T~ptfnhdichuyenvadinhhlfangdlfadongvatdennhClngmoitrlfangthu~nIqi37.11Cacd(Jngv~tdiClfdinhhlfangnhlfthenao?37.12Cact~ptfnhUmthuGantoilfUgiupd(Jngv~tthunangIlfqngc6hi$Uqua37.13T~ptinhxah(Jilam(JtthanhphanquantrongcuasinhhQcquanthe37.14NhClngdauhi$unghenhchienlienquantaitaptinhcanhtranhthlfanggiaiquyet

nhClngcu(Jc ch<;1mIran giClanhClngsinh vat c<;1nhtranh37.15Tonti thongtridlfqcduytribi'Jitaptfnhcanhtranh37.16CauchuY$nkhoahQc:Nhat~ptfnhhocd(Jngv~tJaneGoodallbanvecactonti thongtr!vakhanangnh~nthuGcuahactinhtinh37.17T~ptfnhchiavunglanhth5vekhonggiansinhsongvavenguonlqi37.18T~ptinhgiaophoithlfangkerntheocacnghithuGvevan37.19 T5 chuG xa h(Jiphuc t<;1Pxoay quanh hi$n tlfqng t<;1otin hi$u phuc hqp37.20T~ptfnhvithac6thedlfqcgiaithiGhbanglienhoa37.21Sinhxah(JihQcmi'Jr(Jngthuyetlienhoachohanhvixah(Jiloainglfai37.22Vanhoac6thecLIngcohanhvi xah(Jib~msinhCtlngco'ChllO'ng37

ChLtdng38Tienhaavataed9ngsinhthaieualaaingLtdi38.1NglfCiilakephaho<;1imoitrlfangm<;1nhnhattrongsod(Jngv~tdatLrngc638.2LichsuloainglfCiibatdaubangthLrakedisant5lienlinhtrlfi'Jngdel<;1i38.3Linhtrlfi'JngkhongduallahQhanggannhatcualoafnglfaichungta38.4NhanhnglfCiimCiichitachrakhoicaylinhtrlfi'Jngcachnayvaltri$unam38.5NhClngnglfaiVl!qndauliensinhsongvakiemantalcacxavanCMuPhi

xxiii

1279

1280128212841287128912911294129512981299130113021303130413051306130713101311131313171318132113221325132613291331133313341337133713401344

13441345

13461348135013521355135713591360

1365

13671368137113741376

xxiv

38.6Nguaidungth~ngHomoereetuslatolientrlfetier euachungta38.7Nguaihiend<:lixuathi~nkhinaovaanhClngdau?38.8Vanhoademl<:Iisacm<:lnhkhong10dechungtalamthaydoimoitruang38.9Timkiem- hailuqm- sanbanlagiaido<:lndauliencuavanhoa38.10Nongnghi~plagiaido<:lnphattrienthuhaicuavanhoa38.11Thaid<:liC<1khihoalagiaido<:lnphattrienthubacuavanhoa38.12Congnghi~pvabungnodansocunghqpIlfclacd(>nglensinhquyen38.13SIfgiatangCO2vacaclo<:likhfkhacvaokhfquyendanggayn6nglenloancau38.14Ch~tpharangnhi~tddicl,lcb(>dantClih~uqualamthaydolsinhquyen38.15Nhieuloafsinhv~tbienmatnhanhcanhbaasinhquyendangb!dedo<:l38.16Chiriengb(>linhtruangGOngtdi25loafdangc6nguyc<1tuy~tchung38.17Muondamtrachcacquyetd!nhvemoitrudngphaiamhieugiditlf nhie!nCung co' Chlldng 38

Chu'dng 39 £)a d~ng sinh h9C cua thien nhien hoang dii

39.1f)a d<:lngloafla bieuhi~nc<1bantrangba bieuhi~ncuada d<:lngsinh hqc39.2 Cacdieu canchu I; khi danhgiada d<:lngloaf39.3 f)a d<:lngdi truyenla bieu hi~nthu haicua da d<:lngsinh hqc39.4f)a d<:lngh~sinhthailam~tbieuhi~nthubacuadad<:lngsinhhqc39.5f)a d<:lngvecach~sinhthairangchinh39.6 f)a d<:lngquanxad(>ngv~ttrongcac kieurangchfnh39.7 f)a d<:lngve caeh~ sinhthaidongco, thao nguyenva xavan39.8 f)a d<:lngve cach~ sinhthaisa m<:lc39.9 f)a d<:lngve cach~ sinhthainul39.10 f)a d<:lngve cach~sinh thaiBacclfc va Namcl!c39.11 f)a d<:lngve cac h~ sinh thai lanh nguyen "tundra"39.12 f)a d<:lngve cac h~sinhthaidaD39.13 f)a d<:lngve cac h~sinhthaiao he,songsuai nudcngqt39.14 f)a d<:lngve cac h~sinhthaivungsinh lay nudcngotva barthan bun~m39.15 f)a d<:lngve cac h~ sinh thai dam lay nudc 1<1va rCtngng~p m~n

39.16 f)a d<:lngve caeh~sinhthaivungbartrieu39.17 f)a d<:lngcac h~sinhthai bien39.18 B(>men d!a II; d(>ngv~t glOp hieu r6 phan ba loan cau cua cac loai

Cung co' Chlldng 39

Chu'dng40 Nguon I~i thl/c v~t va d9ng v~t hoang dii

40.1Baihqckhoiphl,lcd<:libangdautrangBacMytCtngc6nguyC<1tuy~tchung40.2M(>tsaloaithOtCtngb!dedo<:lbienmatdienhinhtrangtheky2040.3M(>tsaloaichimtCtngb!dedo<:lbienmatdienhinhtrongtheky2040.4CacloafmClituy~tchungvalbathekyhaydangnguycaptrongtheky2040.5ConnguClilakedavadangphahuythiennhienhoangdam<:lnhnhat40.6 Lqi va h<:likhi du nh~p cac loaf xa 1<:1vao m(>tkhu vlfc

40.7ConnguaidongthaiGOngbaav~thiennhien40.8VuanthO,beca,vudnbachthaD,nganhangh<:ltgiang40.9Wan quacgia,khubaatonthiennhie!n,khudlf tn!quacgia,cacbi~tkhu40.10Nuoisinhsancacloafdangnguycapthatral<:lithiennhienhoangda40.11ChauPhiI~ptr<:lid(>ngv~thoangdabaatondad<:lngsinhhqc40.12CactochuGdamtrachbaatonthiennhienhoangda40.13Banbathongnhatcacchinhsachvalu~tI~baatonquacgiavaquacte40.14Quyd!nhtrachnhi~mquanII;vathamgiabaatonthiennhienhoangda40.15Trq glOpva d~ym<:lnhhO<:ltd(>ngbaaton trangph<:lmvi loancauCung co' ChLldng 40

Chu'dng41 Nguon I~i cay trong v~t nuoi toan C3U

41.1 Cac nguonlu<1ngthlfc thlfc ph~mloancau

1378137913811382138413851386139013931395139614021404

1409

1409141314171423142414301446146214721476148214861491149915021507151115191525

1531

1531153615391541155015581563156415681570157215731575157815801583

1587

1588

41.2Nongnghi~plienSLrvathaidi~mbatdauthuanhoacaytrangv~tnuoi41.3Nongnghi~pthaiLaMacOdc;liphattri~nnongc~,khotang,vatLtainLtClC41.4Nongnghi~pthaiphongkienphattri~nkinhte ti~unongvadientrang41.5Nongnghi~ptranggiaidoc;lncachmc;lngkhoahqckythu~tngaynay41.6Ynghiathl,tctiemcuacacIOc;licaytrangdadLtgcthuanhoa41.7CacloaingCicoclamnguanILte1ngthl,tcchfnhloancau41.8Banhmy,comvacacsanph~mchebientCtb(>t41.9Cacloaid~uthl,tcph~mgiaudc;lmthl,tcv~t41.10Cacloafcaycocugiauchatb(>tlamILtongthl,tcthl,tcph~m41.11Cacloafrauxanhthl,tcph~m41.12Cayanquanhi~tdaivaondCli

41.13Congngh~lenmen,chLtngcatrLtguvang,bfa,rLtgutrangvarLtgumau41.14Trang,khaithacvaGongngh~chebiencaphe,che,cacao41.15Cacloafcaylamgiavi valamhLte1ngIi~u41.16M~tong,mia,cucaidLtOng,dLtongvacacsanph~mchebiencodLtong41.17Caccaylays<;livalaydau41.18Caylamthuocvat~pquandungdLtgcthao41.19Phattri~nrClngtrangthuanIOc;lid~buIc;litocd(>matrUngdanggiatang41.20NguanIgigiasucvacacsanph~mchebientCtgiasuc41.21NguanIgigiacamvalienb(>kythu~tnuoigiacamki~uGongnghi~p41.22Nguan1<;Iithuyhaisannuoitrang41.23Quanh~giCtahainghenuoivadanhca,khaithacthuyhaisanthegiCli41.24Kh~uphannguand(>ngv~t,nguanthl,tcv~tvathl,tcph~mtrangtLte1nglai41.25Cacchatph~giavam~clieuanloanILtongthl,tcthl,tcph~mhi~nnay41.26CacvandeblicxuctranghOc;ltd(>ngnongnghi~pngaynay41.27Cauchuy~nkhoahqc:RichardJ.Mahoneybanvechuy~ngiaoGongngh~sinhhqc

chocac nLtClCdangphattri~nCtlng co' cht/dng 41

Chu'dng42 H~thongpMn lo~i 5 gidisinhv~t: gi<~itien nMn, gidi Nguyensinhv~t,gidi nam

42.1Ynghiacuah~thonghqc42.2OanhphapphanIOc;lisinhv~t42.3Cach~phanIOc;lichinhvacacvanded~tratrangphanIOc;litl,tnhien42.4Virutchiemvi trftrunggrangiCtagiClivosinhvagiClihCtusinh42.5GiCliVikhu~nBacteriahayf>onv~tMonera(cOvikhu~nvavi khu~nthl,tc)42.6BongiClivanguangoccuavl,tcSinhv~tnhanchu~nEukaryota42.7PhanIOc;ligiCliNguyensinhv~tProtoctista42.8PhanIOc;liGiCliNamMycobiontes(Fungi)Ctlng co' Cht/dng 42

Chu'dng43PMn lo~igidiThlfcv~t43.1 Phanloc;litOngquat giCliThl,tcv~t Plantae43.2 PhangiCliTaoPhycobionta(Algae)haygiCliTaosac Chromista43.3 PhanIOc;linganhReu Bryobiontes(Bryophytes)43.4 PhanIOc;licac phannganhThl,tcv~t co mc;lchhoa~n Pteridophytes43.5 Phan IOc;liphannganhHc;ltIran Gymnospermes43.6 PhanIOc;liphannganhThl,tcv~t hc;ltkin Angiospermes

Chu'dng44PMn lo~igidi£>9ngv~t44.1PhangiClif>(>ngv~tthl,tcbaaPhagocytelloza:nganhf>(>ngv~thinhtamPlacoza44.2PhangiClif>(>ngv~tbenIedabaaParazoa:nganhThan10Porifera44.3NganhRu9tkhoangCoelenteratacongqinganhCotebaachichCnidaria44.4NganhSlia ILtgcCtenophora44.5Liennganhf>(>ngv~tkhOngth~xoangAcoe/omata

xxv

1592159515981603161116131619162116231625162916361644164916541660166316691673169216981712171717231727

17331735

1739

173917401742174617511765177017781792

1795

179517991806181018161830

1957

19591960196419791980

xxvi

44.6 Ngc'mhGiunmongngl,i'aPhoronoidea44.7 NganhD(>ngv~t hinhfeUBryozoa44.8 NganhD(>ngv~t lay eu(>nBrachiopoda44.9 NganhGiundE,JpPlathelminthes44.10NganhGiunvoi Nemertini44.11D(>ngv~t co thexoanggiaPseudocoelomata44.12NganhThan memMollusca44.13NganhGiundot Annelida44.14Nganhco moeOnychophora44.15NganhChankhapArthropoda44.16NganhDa gaiEchinodermata44.17NganhHamIC1Chaetognatha44.18NganhDaysong Chordata.Phannganh1:Songduoi Urochordata.

Phannganh2: Songdau Cephalochordata44.19Phannganh3: D(>ngv~tCoXllC1ngsong Vertebrata44.20NhomD(>ngv~tco ham Gnathostomata44.21Tong lap4 ehanTetrapoda:lap LllC1ngCl1Amphibia44.22LapBo sat Reptilia44.23.LapChimAves44.24LapTM Mammalia

BANGTRAcAc MI)C TCf

BANGTRAE>.~CDIEM,V!TRf PHANLOAI,HINHMINHHOASINHvAT THEOT~N TII~NGVI~T

BANGTRADAc DIEM,V! TRf PHANLOAI,HINHMINHHOASINHvAT THEOTENTII~NGLA TINH

G<;11Y Tl,fTRAc NGHI~McAu Hal vA BAITAp

PHI) LI)C ANH MAU

Minhho'ilehllC1ng7: quanghqp(tr.215.216);caeh$ quanghC1p(caetr. 219,220,222)

Minhho'ilehllC1ng9: da dangdi truyencaephanloai eualoalVetduoi dai Oe(tr,2417)Minhho'ilehllC1ng42: m(>tso d'ilngDjay (Ir. 1789)Minhho'ilehllC1ng43: -ho Thuoephi$n(Ir. 1845)

- h9Hoahong(tr.1898)- h9Longdam,h9Ca(tr.1905)- h9Cau(Ir.1930)- h9Hu$laycon99ih9Loaken(Ir.1942)

Minhho'ilehllC1ng44:-lap Halquy,lapSanho(Ir.1974);caer'ilnsanho(tr.1978)-lap Chanb~ng(tr.2021);lapChandau(tr.2034)- b(>Ml1<'1i ehan (tr. 2077)- b(>Canhv~y(tr.2079)-lap Ca(tr.2134)-lap LllC1ngell (Ir.2148)-lap Bosat(tr.2152)-lap Chim(tr.2184)-lap ThO:b(>Ancontrung,b(>DC1i,b(>G~mnham(tr.2198).lapTM: b(>An thil, b(>Chanmang(tr. 2200)-lap ThO:b(>Cavoib(>(tr.2201)-lap ThO:b(>Guoeehan,boGuoeIe(Ir.2203)-lap ThO:b(>Khihau(Ir.2205)

Tai Ii~uthamkhao

19811981198319841965199720142036205120522104211521152118212021252143215121682188

2215

2244

2304

2364

2415-245862415-2416

241724182419242024212422242324242426242824292430243124322433243424352436243724382439