X The Twentieth Century David Gillard

General Works Most of the books listed stress the century’s more sombre aspects; an exception is Harry F. Dowling, Fighting Infection: conquests of the twentieth century (Harvard U.P., $15.00), a comprehensive study of research into infectious diseases and of their treatment, especially by antibiotics and vaccines. Changes in the relative power of white and coloured peoples is the theme of Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict and the International Order: from empire to United Nations (Macmillan, 25.95; pbk 22.50), an addition to ‘The Making of the Twentieth Century’ series. Michael D. Biddiss, The Age of the Masses: ideas and society in Europe since 1870 (see index), parts 2 and 3 of which deal with the period since 1914, shows how complex ideas about society can be popularised and debased. The most horrific consequence of such debasement is examined in Yisrael Gutman and Livia Rothkirchen, eds., The Catastrophe of European Jewly: antecedents, history, reflections; selected papers (N.Y., Ktav Publishing House, $17.50). International terrorism is the subject of comparative studies by Richard Clutterbuck, Guerrillas and Terrorists (Faber, 24.25) and by Walter Laqueur, Terron’sm (Weidenfeld, 28.50). Renzo De Felice, Inteqwetations of Fascism (Harvard U.P., 210.25) is a translation of an important critical survey by the controversial biographer of Mussolini. Hugh Purcell, Fascism and Richard Evans, Socialism (Hamish Hamilton, f3.25 each) are the first titles in a series for teenagers, ‘Peoples and Politics’. Archie Brown and Jack Gray, eds., Political Culture and Political Change in Communist States (Macmillan, 210) studies the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Cuba.

International relations: the two world wars Gwyn M. Bayliss, ed., Bibliographic Guide to the Two World Wars: an annotated survey of English language reference materials (Bowker, P 15) is an extremely useful list of bibliographies and other aids. Two collections of articles, Brian Bond and Ian Roy, eds., War and Society: a yearbook of military history, vol. 2 (Croom Helm, 28.50) and Gerald Jordan, ed., Naval Wa$are in the Twentieth Century, 1900-1945: essays in honour of Arthur Murder (Croom Helm, 26.95) include several contributions on the post-19 14 period. Andreas Hillgruber, Deutsche Grossmacht-und Weltpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Dusseldorf, Droste Verlag, DM 58) and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Von der Strategie der Gewalt zur Politik der Fnedenssicherung: Beitrage zur deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert (msseldorf, Droste Verlag, DM 5 2 ) each consists of previously published essays, some not easily accessible to foreign readers; their importance to controversies over German policy-making justifies their reprinting. Sergio Pistone, Ludwig Dehio (Naples, Guida Editori, L.3,800) discusses the work of another distinguished contributor to the debate on Germany’s role in international politics. Ian Nish, Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869-1942: Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka (Routledge, 26.25) shows how far the personalities and thinking of Japan’s foreign ministers shaped its international role, while Michael Blaker, Japanese International Negotiating Style (Columbia U.P., $18.75) examines their bargaining techniques prior to Pearl Harbour.

Current research on the formulation of war aims during the first world war is summarised in Barry Hunt and Adrian Preston, eds., War Aims and Strategic Policy in the Great War, 1913-1918 (Croorn Helm, 26.95). It does not include Austria- Hungary or Russia, but the former’s wartime experiences are studied in R. A. Kann,

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B. K. Kiraly and P. S. Fichtner, eds., The Habsburg Empire in World War I (Columbia U.P., $17.50), and Milyukov’s foreign policy is the subject of Robert H. Johnston, Tradition versus Revolution: Russia and the Balkans in I91 7 (Columbia U.P., $14.00). George H. Cassar, Kitchener: architect of victory (Kimber, 29.95) defends his work at the war ofice between 19 14 and 19 16, and John Terraine, The Road to Passchendaele: the Flanders oflensive of 1917; a study in inevitability (Leo Cooper, 211.50) is a defence of Haig. Recollections of what training and war were like for those on the lower deck are provided by Victor Hayward, H.M.S. Tiger at Bay: a sailor’s memoir, 1914-18 (Kimber, E4.95). American attitudes to civil war in Russia are discussed by Robert J. Maddox, The Unknown War with Russia: Wilson‘s Siberian Intervention (San Rafael, California, Presido P., $9.95).

Hiden, Germany and Europe, 1919-1939 (Longman, 25.95; pbk 22.95), and Anthony P. Adamthwaite, The Making of the Second World War (Allen & Unwin, €6.95; pbk 23.50), which includes an excellent selection of documents. The economic background to international relations can be studied in Derek H. Aldcroft, From Versailles to Wall Street, 1919-1929 (Allen Lane, 27). Valuable guidance to a familiar controversy is supplied by William R Rock, British Appeasement in the 1930s ( h o l d , pbk E2.50), while Anthony P. Adamthwaite, France and the Coming of the Second World War, 1936-1939 (Cass, 212) is a major contribution to a relatively neglected theme. Esmonde M. Robertson, Mussolini as €mpire-Budder: Europe and Africa, 1932-36 (Macmillan, €6.95; pbk €2.95) shows why the traditional interpretation of Mussolini’s foreign policy is open to challenge, and a related work is George W. Baer, Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations (Stanford, California, Hoover Inst. P., 1976, $14.95). James T. Emmerson, The Rhineland Crisis, 7 March 1936: a study in multilateral diplomacy (Temple Smith, €10) and Roy Douglas, In the Year of Munich (Macmillan, 27.95) explain how the crises looked to the policy-makers of the time. British policies in Asia are discussed by Lars-Erik Nyman, Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese Interests in Sinkiang, 1918-1934 (Stockholm. Lund). and by Peter Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins ofthe Pacific War: a study of British policy in east Asia, 1937-1941 (Oxford: Clarendon, 28.50). Alvin D. Coox, The Anatomjg of a Small War: the Soviet-Japanese struggle for Changkufeng/Khasan. 1938 (Westport, Conn., Greenwood P., $25.00) concludes that the conflict was the result of misunderstanding rather than a deliberate test of strength. Several studies of bilateral relationships have appeared: Jacques Bariety. Les relationsfianco-allernarides apres la premiere guerre mondiale, I0 novenibre 1918-10 jawier 1925 (Paris. Pedone. Fr.140); Gabriel Gorodetsky, The Precarious Truce: Aiiglo-Soviet reiations, 1924-27 (C.U.P., €9); Thomas Spira. Ger~na~~-Huiigan’aii Relations and the Swabiari Problem: from Karolyi to Gonibos, 1919-1936 (Columbia U.P., $17.50); Ludmilla Zhivkova, Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1933-1939 (Secker & Warburg. S). translated from the Bulgarian; John S. Koliopoulos, Greece and the British Connection (O.U.P., €10): and Philippe Marguerat, Le I I P Reich et lepetrole roumain. 1938- 1940: contribution a l’etude de la penetrction econoniique allemande duns les Balkans a la veille et au debut de la seconde guerre moiidiale (Leiden. Sijthoff).

For the second world war. A. G. S. Enser. A Subject Bibliography of the Second World War: books in English, 1939-1974 (Deutsch, 211 .95) is a useful compilation. The war economies of the principal belligerents are compared in an important work by Alan S . Milward, War, Economji arid Societj*, 1939-1945 (Allen Lane, 27): Milward was one of the contributors to an international conference, mostly on the German war economy, papers from which are published in Friedrich Forstmeier and

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Two useful works of synthesis on international relations between the wars are John

Hans-Erich Volkrnann, eds., Kriegswirtschaft und Riistung, 1939-1945 (Diisseldorf, Droste Verlag, D M 39). Rival German views as to the government of conquered peoples are examined in Hans Umbreit, Deutsche Ivfilitarverwaltungen 1938-39: die militarische Besetzung der Tschechoslowakei und Polens (Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, DM 48). Charles W. Sydnor, Jr., Soldiers of Destruction: the SS Death’s Head Division, 1933-1945 explains its development in pre-war concentration camps and its role in the Nazi system of conquest. Patrick Beesly, Very Special Intelligence: the stor?, of the Admirally’s Operational Intelligence Centre, 1939-1945 (Hamish Hamilton, €5.95), Leopold Trepper, The Great Game: the srory of the Red Orchestra (Michael Joseph, f6.95), and Ronald W. Clark, The Man who Broke Piirple: the l$i? of the world’s greatest cr,yptologist, Colonel William F. Fn‘edman (Weidenfeld, f5.25) are valuable additions to the literature of wartime intelligence. Charles Cruickshank, The Fourth Ann: psychological wa$are, 1938-1945 (Davis- Poynter, 26.50) studies British propaganda in Europe. David Irving, Hitler’s W a r (Hodder & Stoughton, f 9 . 9 5 ) is a very thorough narrative of Hitler’s conduct of the war, accompanied by some controversial generalisations. John Lukacs, The Last European War, September 1939-December I941 (Routledge, €7.95) offers an original treatment of familiar events. Franqois Kersaudy, Strateges et Norvege, 1940: les jeux de la guerre et du hasard (Paris: Hachette, Fr.45) uses Scandinavian sources a s well as those of the major powers. Churchill’s conduct of the war is criticised by Stephen Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals (Collins, 58.50) and by Glen St. J. Barclay, Their Finesf Hour (Weidenfeld, €4.95). British disasters in Asia are reappraised in Martin Middlebrook and Patrick Mahoney, Battleship: the loss of the ’Prince of Wales’ and the ‘Repulse’ (Allen Lane, €5.95), Louis Allen, Singapore, 1941-1942 (Davis-Poynter, €6.50), and Raymond Callahan, The Worst Disaster: the furl of Singapore (Delaware U.P., $18.00). Germany’s victories and defeats in North Africa are described by Ronald Lewin, The Life and Death of th Afrika Korps: a biography (Batsford, €5.95) and by James Lucas, Panzer Army Afn’ca (Macdonald & Jane’s, 26.95), and there are biographies of two of the commanders in that theatre: David Irving, The Trail of the Fox: the lij5e of Field-Marshal Erwin Rommel (Weidenfeld, 27.95) and Roger Parkinson, The Auk: Auchinleck, victor at Alamein (Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, f9.50). The war in Italy is dealt with in an American official history, Ernest F. Fisher, Jr., The ilfediterranean Theater of Operations: Cassino to the Alps (Washington, D.C., Center of Military History, United States A m y , S17.00), while Geoffrey Cox, The Race f o r Tn’este (Kimber, 25.95) shows why the British backed their former enemy on this issue. How American political and military leaders used their diplomatic weight in the alliance to protect their national interests is the theme of James R. Leutze, Bargaining for Supremac.v: Anglo- .4merican naval collaboration, 1937-1941 (Chapel Hill, N. Carolina U.P., $17.95) and of Mark A. Stoler, The Politics of the Second Front: Amen‘can militaty planning and diplomacy in coalition warfare, 1941-1943 (Westport, Conn., Greenwood P., S 16.95). Gotz Bergander, Dresden im Lufrkrieg (Cologne, Bohlau Verlag, DM 58) is a balanced study of the controversial raid. Joseph Goebbels, Tagebiicher, 1945: die letzten Aufzeichnungert (Hamburg, Hoffmann SC Campe, DM 36) is an important addition to the sources for the last months of Nazi rule.

Methods used in the resettlement of 16 million Germans displaced by the war and its aftermath are criticised by Alfred M. de Zayas, Nemesis at Potsdam: rhe Anglo- .-ltnericatis and t/7e expulsion of the Germans; background, execution. consequences (Routledge. €5.95). For the origins of U.N.O. there is Clark M. Eichelberger, Organizing for Peace: a personal histoty of the Jbimdirig of the Utiited ‘Varions (N.Y.. Harper & Row. 515.00) and P. J. Reynolds and E. J. Hughes, Tire Hisroriatz

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as Diplomat: Charles Kingsley Webster and the United Nations, 1939-1946 (Martin Robertson, €7.85). The origins of the Cold War in Europe are the theme of Michael S. Sherry, Preparing for the Next War: American plans f o r postwar defense, 1941- 45 (Yale U.P., €9), while Yonosuke Nagai and Akira Iriye, eds., The Origins of the Cold War in Asia (Columbia U.P., $25.00) consists of essays by Japanese, American and British scholars. Walter Lipgens, Die Adange der Europaischen Einipngspolitik, 1945-1950 (Stuttgart, Nett, DM 88) charts the growth of federalist ideals in western Europe; Martin McCauley, ed., Communist Power in Europe, 1944-1949 (Macmillan, €10) explains the ways in which the communists united eastern Europe. Lilly Marcou, Le Komirlform: le communisme de guerre fmide (Paris, Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, Fr.120) studies the thinking and behaviour of communist leaders in the satellite states. American attempts to evaluate Soviet power are described by Lawrence Freedman, US. Intelligence and the Soviet Strategic Threat (Macmillan, f10), and Galia Golan, Yom Kippur and After: the Soviet Union and the Middle East Crisis (C.U.P., €9) analyses a specific use of that power. For the elusive concept of detente there is Coral Bell, The Diplomacy of Detente: the Kissinger era (Martin Robertson, €8.50).

United Kingdom and Ireland The third and fourth volumes of Chris Cook, ed., Sources in British Political History, 1900-1951 (Macmillan, €15 each) provide a guide to the private papers of M.P.s. There are two general studies of party politics and government in the inter-war years: Robert Rhodes James, The British Revolution: British Politics, 1880-1939, vol. 2: from Asquith to Chamberlain, 1914- 1,939 (Hamish Hamilton, €8.50), and John P. Mackintosh, ed., British Prime Ministers in the Twentieth Century, vol. 1: Balfour to Chamberlain (Weidenfeld, f8.95). Liberal failure to adapt to new circumstances is discussed by Michael Bentley, The Liberal Mind, 1914-1929 (C.U.P., $9.50) and by John Campbell, Lloyd George: thegoat in the wilderness, 1922-1931 (Cape, f10).

War, 1914-1918 (Croom Helm, €6.95; Fontana, pbk 22.50) and Cate Haste, Keep the Home Fires Burning:propaganda in thejirst world war (Allen Lane, €7.50). John Stevenson, Social Conditions in Britain between the Wars (Penguin, pbk 21.75) presents a balanced assessment, and there are excellent studies of two of the men who tried to improve them by Jose Harris, William Beveridge: a biography (Oxford: Clarendon, O.U.P., 29.50) and by D. A. Reisman, Richard Titmuss: werfare and society (Heinemann, f6, pbk f2.50). Susan Howson and Donald Winch, The Economic Advisory Council, 1930-1939: a study in economic advice during depression and recovery (C.U.P., €1 7.50) discusses the handling of expert ideas, including those of Keynes. Kenneth Richardson, The British Motor Industly, 1896- 1939 (Macmillan, 28.95) is useful for this period. Lucy Middleton, ed., Women in the Labour Movement (Croom Helm, 27.50) explains their importance despite their paucity in parliament; Ben Pimlott, Labour and the Left in the 1930s (C.U.P., 26.50) explains the failure of the Left despite its prominence in the party, and Granville Eastwood, Harold Laski (Oxford Mowbray, f7.50) recalls the career of one of its most distinguished leaders. Alan Clinton, The Trade Union Rank and File: trades councils in Britain, 1900-1940 (Manchester U.P., 211.50) is a sympathetic treatment. Raymond Challinor, T h e Origins ofBritish Bolshevism (Croom Helm, f8.50) deals with the tiny Socialist Labour Party, which had Leninist aspirations.

J. A. Cross, Sir Samuel Hoare: a political biography (Cape, 210) offers a sympathetic reappraisal of Hoare’s career as a whole. There are important studies of the two most famous military thinkers of the period: Brian Bond, Liddell Hart: a

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Studies of the home front in the first world war include Arthur Marwick, Women at

study of his militaly thought (Cassell, f7.95), and A. J. Trythall, ‘Boney’ Fuller: the intellectual general, 1878-1966 (Cassell, 26.95). Robert P. Shay, Jr., British Rearmament in the Thirties: politics and profits (Princeton U.P., $ 1 8.50) explains its inadequacy in terms of fiscal orthodoxy and deference to business interests; the problems of what to rearm with are among topics discussed in an interesting collection of essays, Bryan Ranft, ed., Technical Change and British Naval Policy, 1860-1939 (Hodder & Stoughton, f8.50). The process by which the Canadians and Indians secured independence is examined in Philip G. Wigley, Canada and the Transition to Commonwealth: British-Canadian relations, 191 7-1926 (C.U.P., 212.50) and in Nicholas Mansergh and Penderel Moon, eds., The Transfer of Power, 1942-7, vol. 7: The Cabinet Mission, 23 March-29 June 1946 (H.M.S.O., 235).

C. J. Bartlett, A History of Postwar Britain, 1945-1974 (Edward Arnold, f7.95; pbk f4.50) is a useful survey. Britain’s changing international role can be studied in Peter Jones, Keith Sainsbury and Avi Shlaim, British Foreign Secretaries since 1945 (David & Charles, 26.50) and in John Baylis, ed., British Defence Policy in a Changing World (Croom Helm, 29.95). An unusual and interesting work about the immediate postwar period is Henry Faulk, Group Captives: the re-education of German prisoners of war in Britain, 1945-1948 (Chatto & Windus, 27.50) by the man in charge of this attempt to transmit democratic and humanitarian values.

The Easter Rising and its aftermath figure prominently in three very different books on Irish history: George Dangerfield, The Damnable Question: a study in Anglo- Irish Relations (Constable, f6.95), which explains the failure of British Liberalism to cope with Irish nationalism; David Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, 1913-21: provincial experience of war and revolution (Dublin, Gill & Macmillan, 215), which approaches the revolutionary movement through political life in County Clare; and Ruth Dudley Edwards, Padraic Pearse: the triumph of failure (Gollancz, f6.95), a biography of a leading figure in the Rising. There is a relevant comparative study by Tom Bowden, The Breakdown of Public Security: the case of Ireland, 1916-1921 and Palestine, 1936-1939 (Sage, 210, pbk E5). A more wide-ranging approach to Irish social and political problems is provided by E. Rumpf and A. C. Hepburn, Nationalism and Socialism in Twentieth Century Ireland (Liverpool U.P., 210). T. Ryle Dwyer, Irish Neurrality and the U.S.A., 1939-47 (Totowa, N.J., Rowman & Littlefield! $16.50) explains De Valera’s international policy.

France Michel Gervais, Marcel Jollivet and Yves Tavernier, Histoire de la France rurale, vol. 4 (Paris, Seuil, Fr.120) is the fmal volume of this major work; it deals with the period since 1913, and the completion of the process by which the peasantry was absorbed into the modem economic system. Jack E. Reece, The Bretons against France: efhnic minoriv nationalism in twentieth century Bn‘rtany (N. Carolina U.P., $16.95) examines one form of resistance to integration. Patrick Fridenson, ed., 1914- 1918: l’aurre front (Pans, Editions Ouvrieres, Fr.54) consists of articles on the home front. mostly about France’s war economy, by both French and foreign historians. The reasons why ‘the Left’ in the Third Republic failed to realise its aims in office are discussed in Jean-Noel Jeanneney, Leqon d’histoire pour une gauche au pouvoir: la faillite du Cartel, 1924-1926 (Paris, Seuil, Fr.30), in Guy Bourde. La defaire du front populaire (Paris, Maspero. Fr.52), and in Jean Lacouture. Leon Blum (Paris, Seuil. Fr.59). an impressive biography of its best known leader. Rene Rernond and Janine Bourdin. eds., Edouard Daladier, chefde gou~ernement: avril 1938- sepreinbre 1939 (Paris. Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques. Fr.95) is the first of two volumes of conference papers. which invite reappraisal of the view that the Third Republic was by then in desperate straits even without the war,

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and suggest it was entering a period of revival. Antoine Prost, Les Anciens Combattants et la societe francaise, 1914-1939, (3 vols., Paris, Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, Fr. 1 10 each vol.) is a thorough and perceptive analysis of France’s three million strong veterans’ movement; there is a briefer account of this social phenomenon by the same writer, Les Anciens Combattants, 1914-1940 (Paris, Gallimard-Julliard, Fr.17.50). Alistair Home, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962 (Macmillan, 28.95) is a well-written account of the dramatic struggle.

Germany The German ambassador in London at the outbreak of war in 1914 is the subject of a sympathetic study by Harry F. Young, Prince Lichnowsky and the Great War (Georgia U.P., $1 1 .OO). Kurt Doss, Das deutsche Auswarnge Amt im hergang vom Kaiserreich zur Weimarer Republik: die Schulersche Reform (msseldorf, Droste Verlag, DM 58) describes Edmund Schuler’s attempt to modernise the German foreign service at the end of the war. Heinz Hiirten and Georg Meyer, eds., Adjutant im preussischen Kriegsministerium, Juni 1918 bis Oktober 1919: Aufieichnungen des Hauptmann Gustav Bohm (Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, DM 28) presents the diary of a young conservative army officer, who observed the German Revolution and the founding of the Weimar Republic, and a key figure in those events is discussed by Gerhard W. Rakenius, Wilhelm Groenar als Erster Generalquartienneistec die Politik der Obersten Heeresleitung. 1918-1 9 (Boppard, Boldt, DM 38). For the young republic’s economic problems there are Gerald D. Feldman and Heidrun Homburg, Industrie und Inflation: Studien und Dokumente zur Politik der deutschen Unternehmer, 1916-1923 (Hamburg, Hoffmann und Campe, DM 58) and Gerald D. Feldman, Iron and Steel in the German Inflation, 1916-1923 (Princeton U.P., $26.50). Hagen Schulze, Otto Brriun oder Preussens demokratische Sendung: eine Biographie (Frank€urt/Main, Propylaen, DM 78) is a thousand page work on the SPD leader in Prussia. Two of the politicians whose miscalculations helped Hitler to power are more briefly dealt with by John A. Leopold, Arfed Hugenberg: the radical nationalist campaign (Yale U.P., 212.60) and Jiirgen A. Bach, Franz von Papen in der Weimarer Republik: Aktivitaten in Politik und Presse, 1918-1932 (nsseldorf, Droste Verlag, DM 36). The background to the miscalculations of another group of politicians is portrayed in Rosa Levine-Meyer, Inside German Communism: memoirs of Party life in the Weimar Republic, ed. by David Z. Mairowitz (Pluto P., di4.80), in which the widow of a KPD leader recalls vividly the people she knew and the issues which preoccupied them. Robert G. L. Waite, The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler (Harper & Row, di7.95) is an interesting and impressive example of how psychological theories can open up new lines of historical enquiry, though some of his propositions about Hitler’s early life will reinforce the scepticism of those hostile to ‘psychohistory’ altogether. Why so many German students were attracted to Nazism even before it secured mass support is explained by Michael S. Steinberg, Sabers and Brown Shirts: the German students’ path to National Socialism, 1918-1935 (Chicago U.P., 317.50). Alan D. Beycheren, Scientists under Hitler: politics and the physics community in the Third Reich (Yale U.P.. f 1 3 . 3 5 ) is a valuable study of Nazi attempts to ‘aryanize’ physics. Marlis G. Steinert, Hitler’s War and the Germans: public mood and attitude during the second world war, ed. and transl. by Thomas E. J. De Witt (Ohio U.P., $20.00) uses the regime’s police reports to reveal an apathetic population engrossed in its own hardships. Josef Hofmann, Journafisf in Republik, Dikratur und Besatzurgszeit: Erint~erutigeti, 1916- I947, comp. by Rudolf Morsey (Mainz: iMatthias-Gninewald-Verlag) consists of selections from the

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manuscript memoirs of a leading Centre Party journalist who survived the war to become one of the founders of the CDU. There is a usehl history of the latter by Geoffrey Pridham, Christian Democracy in Western Germany: the CD U/CSU in government and opposition (Croom Helm, €9.95). After the personal recollections of the first volume, Dieter Blumenwitz, et al., eds., Konrad Adenauer und seine Zeit, vol. 2: Beitrage der Wissenschaft (Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags h s t a l t , DM 48) surveys the current state of knowledge and opinion about Adenauer’s chancellorship and suggests future lines of research; the twenty-eight essays complete an impressive centenary project.

The Soviet Union continues with two works severely critical of Russian liberalism: Raymond Pearson, The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism. 1914-1917 (Macmillan, €8.95) and E. D. Chermensky, I V Gosudarstvennaya i svenhenie tsanima v Rossii (Moscow, Izdatel’stvo ‘Mysl’, 1976, 1 rub. 56 k.); both see the effect of its policies as helpful to tsarism rather than the cause of democracy, though they approach the problem from different standpoints. Voenno-Morskoy Revolyutsionny Komitet: sbornik dokumentov (Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’, 1975, 1 rub. 20 k.) prints material on the role of the Military-Naval Revolutionary Committee during the October Revolution and the early stages of the civil war. John Keep, The Russian Revolution: a study in mass mobilization (Weidenfeld, E12.50) is an important work on the revolution from below by peasants and urban workers hoping to end centralised and authoritarian rule, while another work which looks beyond events in the capital is Michael Palij, The Anarchism of Nestor Makhno, 1918-1921: an aspect of the Ukrainian revolution (Washington U.P., $14.50). Mary McAuley, Politics and the Soviet Union (Penguin, pbk 21.50) is a very useful textbook, both for its historical treatment and for its critical discussion of writings on the Soviet Union. Robert C. Tucker, ed., Stalinism: essays in historical intelpretation (N.Y., W. W. Norton, $19.95) consists of conference papers by both east European and Western scholars; out of line with these and probably all other current interpretations is a work by the late Rudolf Schlesinger, Histoo1 of the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R., Past and Present (Bombay, Orient Longman, Rs 100). Two works of interest on aspects of the Stalin period are Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Storm Petrels: the first Soviet defectors, 1928-1938 (Collins, 25.95) and Dennis J. Dunn, The Catholic Church and the Soviet Government, 1939-1949 (Columbia U.P., $21.25). R 3 y A. Medvedev and Zhores A. Medvedev, Khrushchev: the years in power (O.U.P., 23,95) is a translation of a valuable study by the two prominent Soviet dissidents, and there is a second edition of Archie Brown and Michael Kaser, eds., The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev (Macmillan, 210, pbk f4.95), extending the treatment of events to June 1977.

Controversy over Russian politics during the first world war

Other European countries Development: the Portuguese Experience (Massachusetts U.P., $20.00) is the fullest study in English of the Salazar period. On Spain, there is a very useful general work by Raymond Carr, The Spanish Tragedr: the Civil War in perspective (Weidenfeld, ElO), a careful study of one of the most controversial episodes in the Civil War and of the way it was handled abroad: Herbert R. Southworth, Guernica! Guernica! a studj, ofjournalism, diplomacy, propaganda and histoiy (California U.P., $19.95), and an account of how the victor used his power by Jose Amodia. Franco’s Political Legacj.: from dictatorship to facade democrat!! (Allen Lane, 29). On Italy, Gramsci continues to command attention in studies by James Joll. Gramsci

On Portugal, Howard J. Wiarda, Covoratism and

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(Fontana, pbk 85p), an addition to the ‘Modem Masters’ series, and by Martin Clark, Antonio Gramsci and the Revolution that Failed (Yale U.P., $15.00), which examines his role in the Turin labour movement between 19 14 and 1920. John N. Molony, m e Emergence of Political Catholicism in Italy: Partito Popolare, 1919- 1926 (Croorn Helm, f7.95) explains the relative failure of Stuno’s PPI as a political force. On Belgium, John Gillingham, Belgian Business in the Nazi New Order (Ghent, Jan Dhondt Foundation) argues that Belgian business leaders found collaboration convenient in making the economy efficient and profitable. On Austria, F. L. Carsten, Fascist Movements in Austria: from Schonerer to Hitler (Sage, f10, pbk 25) is a valuable contribution to fascist studies. On Czechoslovakia, there are general histories by William Wallace, Czechoslovakia (Benn, f9.95), a balanced treatment which takes 1848 as its starting point, and by the late Josef Korbel, an associate of Benes and Jan Masaryk, Twentieth Century Czechoslovakia (Columbia U.P., $18.75). Francois Fejto, Le coup de Prague, 1948 (Paris, Seuil, Fr.39) and Frank Kaplan, Winter into Spring: the Czechoslovak press and the refonn movement, 1963-1968 (Columbia U.P., $17.50) are illuminating on its communist period, as is Yeshayahu Jelmek, The Parish Republic: Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party. 1939-1945 (Columbia U.P., 1976, $18.75) on the Nazi period. On Hungary, there is a study of the Bela Kun episode and its international repercussions: Peter Pastor, Hungary between Wilson and Lenin: the Hungarian revolution of 1918- 1919 and the Big 27zree (Columbia U.P., 1976, 29.45). The partisan war in Yugoslavia is the theme of the third volume of memoirs by Milovan Djilas, Wartime (Secker & Warburg, €7.95), and there is a thorough study of Yugoslav development after the break with Stdin in Dennison Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948- 1974 (C. Hurst, 29.50). M. K. Dziewanowski, Poland in the Twentieth Cenrury (Columbia U.P., $18.70) is a useful introduction, and one of its grimmer themes, Polish anti-semitism and the response of Poland’s Jews, is examined by Celia S. Heller, On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland between the two world wars (Columbia U.P., €8.80). Interest in twentieth century Sweden is not matched by an adequate supply of books, so, although it deals with the whole of Sweden’s past, mention should be made in this section of Franklin D. Scott, Sweden: the nation’s history (see index), which includes excellent and extensive discussion of the period.

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