xa glossary of farming termsx

8/13/2019 XA Glossary of Farming TermsX

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Glossary

A glossary of farming terms

Your first port of call for farming terminology. This glossary will be added

to from time to time so bookmark the page and come back often!

This page will probably have opened in a new window. if so, when you

have looked up your word just close the window and carry on where you

left off browsing.

If the word you are seeking is not here then you may ask a farmerand

we'll email you the meaning. We might add it to the glossary too. Please

allow a few days for us to reply - we arefarmers and we are not always

on line.

An alternative source of detailed answers to some common queries are the Farm-Direct

FAQs.

A

A| B| C| D| E| F| G| H| I| J| K| L| M|N| O| P| Q| R| S| T| U| V| W| X| Y| Z

Ambient storeA store in which the temperature is maintained at a level that best suits the

harvested crop.

AphidsSmall insects that feed by sucking the sap from plants.

Artificial insemination (AI)Semen from a bull is collected, divided into small packets called straws and

preserved by freezing. Straws are sold on to any farms that want offspring from

that particular bull. The semen in the straw is inserted into the cow or heifer, either

by the farmer, by a vet or by a specially trained contractor. AI allows a farmer to

produce calves from particularly good bulls without having to have the animal on

the farm. It also gives greater control over when calving takes place.

Avian InfluenzaA group of diseases that affect all birds and sometimes other animals, including

humans. See our more detailed pages on the diseases of livestock.

B


Baconer
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A finished pig sold for bacon. Older and larger than a porker.

BartonSee Yard.

Bird-Flusee Avian Influenza

Blob MarkerA device that leaves a temporary trail of foam blobs - a bit like bubble bath foam -

so that a tractor driver can see where he has already been when working in a

manner that leaves no tracks (Spreading slug pellets for example).

Bovine Spongiform EncephalopathyOne of a group of diseases that cause dementia in many animals. See our more

detailed pages on the diseases of livestock.

Bovine TuberculosisA disease caused by a bacterium that can infect a great many animals and humans

too. It is the main reason for the pasteurisation of milk. See our more detailed

pages on the diseases of livestock.

BSEsee Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

BullocksMale cattle which have been castrated. The effects of castration are to make the

cattle grow more quickly and to stop them reproducing.

Busk CalfA calf sold at weaning: 6-10 months old.

C


CakePelleted feed usually made from a mix of feeds and minerals. Usually about 8mm in

diameter and 20mm long. The feeds are often byproducts from the food industry.

As examples Sugar beet pulp is what is left when sugar has been extracted from

the sugar beet, maize pulp is left when corn syrup is extracted from maize, and

rape meal is what is left when rape oil is extracted from rape seed, normally for use

in cooking oils. Any of these may be combined with other ingredients and

compressed into cake.Calf Pellets

See Cake - Calf pellets are usually smaller versions with a slight change in

ingredients.

CastCast or 'draft' ewes are older hill sheep that are sold on for continued breeding in

less harsh, lowland conditions.

Chick CrumbsSmall particles of specially formulated feed suitable for very young poultry.

ClartsMud (Dialect N England & S Scotland.)

CoccidiosisA disease caused by microscopic, single-cell organisms called coccidia. It is
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particularly harmful in poultry flocks.

Common fell grazingCommon fells are uplands where sheep flocks from several different farms graze

freely without fences or walls.

CompounderA 'feed compounder' or 'feed mill' that produces animal feed for sale. Usually they

produce a fixed specification feed using a blend of a variety of ingredients to

produce the required specification at least cost using a computer program.

Cow CakeSee Cake

Crop rotationVarying from year to year what is grown on a particular piece of land. This

practice helps to avoid the build-up of pests and diseases specific to a particular

crop. One crop may also put back into the soil nutrients taken out by another.

Cross-bredSheep produced by crossing two different recognised breeds Often leads to a

stronger, more disease-resistant animal.

CubiclesIndividual partitions withing a cattle shed. The partitions are not separated by

barriers, the lying areas are separated by barriers where cows can lie inside

buildings. They differ from stalls in that the animal is not fastened in the stall and can

come and go as it pleases.

Cull ewesEwes that have reached the end of their productive life on the farm.

D


DagWool clogged with dung. Usually forms teardrop shaped pendants dangling under

the tail and around the anus of sheep. If allowed to remain dags may become

infested with maggots which in some cases may go on to infest the flesh of the living

sheep.

Dagging

The process of trimming away dags. An unpleasant job if the dung has had time toferment.

DairyThe place where milk is processed or stored. On farms the building housing

stainless steel tanks where milk is stored and cooled.

DraftSee 'Cast.'

DrillA machine towed by a tractor that plants seeds in rows a fixed distance apart. An

alternative to broadcasting where seed is thrown into the air, either by hand ormachine, and lands in a random pattern across the field. See Tull, Jethro.

Dry offMilk production is stimulated by the birth of a calf. It continues as long as the calf
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or the milking machine keeps removing the milk. It dries up completely if the calf

does not drink or the cow is not milked.

DubsMud (Dialect S Scotland.)

DurumA hard grained, high-protein variety of wheat that is preferred for pasta

production. Durum is usually half-ground to produce the very coarse flour known

as semolina.

F


Fallow landLand that is being given a temporary rest from crop production.

FarmyardSee Yard.

Feed MillA place where animal feeds are manufactured.

FertiliserA substance added to the soil to increase its productivity.

FlinkThe word flink is (supposed to be) used for twelve or more cattle in a group. It

appears to be a term local to parts of North America, mainly central USA and

even there does not seem to be in common use. The only modern usage we can

find is by crossword compilers stuck for a word.

Fodder beetA type of sugar beet grown for feeding to cattle or sheep.

Foot and Mouth DiseaseA highly contagious disease of cloven hooved animals - see the Foot and Mouth

Disease FAQs on this site.

FungicideA chemical used to control or destroy fungi in crops.

G


GeltAn adult, female sheep that is not in lamb when others are. Often she has been

kept away from the ram because of problems at a previous lambing. Gelt ewes are

fattened for sale to the meat trade at a time when lamb is in short supply.

GimmerA female sheep that has been weaned but not yet sheared. i.e. about 6 months to

15 months old.

Grass leyGrass that is sown in the expectation that it will only last for a limited period before

being ploughed up. There are short-term leys (1 or 2 years), medium-term leys (up

to 5 years) and long-term leys (5-7 years). Beyond that the land will probably be

permanent pasture.
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Grower PelletsThe poultry feed equivalent to weaner pellets - suitable for fast growing juvenile

birds.

H


Hagberg Falling NumberA measure of the quality of wheat and its suitability for certain processes. In

practice it is a measure of the viscosity of a broth made from the grain. A sample of

the grain is ground, mixed with water and heated. It is put into a narrow tube and

the time taken in seconds for a weighted plunger to fall a fixed distance is noted.

HaulmsThe stems of potato plants

HayDried grass used for animal feed. It is cut, left to dry in the field and then baled. It

is fed to livestock through the winter when fresh grass not available. Nowadaysrarely used except for horses as it's production is unreliable in the UK climate. See

our stock and crops pages for more details.

HeftedSee hefting

Heftingthe acclimatising of a flock of hill sheep to 'their' part of the hillside. A hefted flock

is worth more to a farmer than one that has not been acclimatised as they roam far

less and are easier to manage.

HeiferA young female cow. A maiden heifer has not yet had a calf.

HerbicidesChemicals used to control or destroy weeds.

Hill farmingFarming in the upland areas of Britain.

HoggsMale or female sheep from weaning to first shearing.

I


IrrigateEncourage the growth of a crop by supplying extra water.

K


Killing out percentageThe proportion of an animal that is edible meat as opposed to inedible material

such as bones or skin.

L
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LactatingProducing milk.

LairageA place where livestock are kept temporarily. A waiting, holding or recovery area

supplied with appropriate feeding and watering facilities. They are commonly found

at markets, ports and abbotoirs.

LandBefore the invention of two-way ploughs soil could only be turned one way. For

convenience fields were divided into sections called lands which were ploughed by

going round and around turning the soil to the middle. Lands were sited in different

places each year.

Layer PelletsPoultry food suitable for birds producing large numbers of eggs.

Less Favoured Area (LFA)Area of the country designated under European Union rules as needing extra

financial support to sustain farming communities.

M


MAFFThe old Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, now replaced by DEFRA.

ManureAnimal dung generally mixed with the bedding straw and 'composted'.

Market GardenA small scale intensive farm producing (usually) vegetables and fruit for sale in local

markets, sometimes direct to local businesses and the public.

MastitisAn infection of the udder. If left untreated it can severely damage the ability of a

cow or sheep to produce milk.

MBMSee Meat and Bone Meal

Meal

A dry mix of feed ingredients, usually with the individual feeds distinguishable in themix.

Meat and Bone MealAn ingredient in animal feed and fertiliser. It is produced largely from the bits

humans don't want to or can't eat. Typically guts and bones, but also carcasses

unfit for human consumption. The meat is ground and heat treated (ie cooked) and

then dried to a meal. The product is high in fat, protein and essential minerals (like

phosphorus).

Milking Parlour

A place where cows (or other animals) are milked. Usually attached to a dairy.Mill

1: To Mill, verb - grind ingredients to make Meal OR 2: noun - a synonym for

Meal.


7/11

23/11/12 Glossary


Mole Drain/PloughA narrow, unlined drain in clay soil made with a special plough. A long narrow

blade with a cylindrical foot is dragged through poorly draining soil leaving a

circular cross sectioned hole with a disturbed section of soil above it. Mole drains

require no liners and may continue to work for several years in really sticky soils.

Muck spreadingAnimal manure contains nutrients that can benefit the soil. Farms that have a lot of

manure, removed from buildings where animals have been housed during thewinter, may spread it onto their fields to act as a fertiliser.

N


Nurse CropA shelter crop. A quick growing, hardy crop sowed thinly along with a tender,

slower growing crop in order to give shelter from harsh conditions during the early

stages of growth. The Nurse crop is then killed or harvested before the maingrowing season leaving the desired crop to grow away. For example: winter sown

oats, taken as silage in the spring, may be used to nurse field crops and birch is

used to shelter timber trees for the first twenty years of their life.

O


Over-winteringSheep from upland areas of Britain are regularly sent for the winter to lowland

areas where feed is more available and the weather less harsh. They return to the

uplands before lambing in the spring. The owner of the sheep pays the owner of

the lowland farm a certain amount per sheep

OxOxen, usually cattle trained to work as draught animals. See our farming history

pages for more details.

P


ParlourSee Milking Parlour

PesticidesChemicals used to control or destroy crop pests. They include insecticides,

herbicides (aimed at weeds), molluscicides (aimed at slugs and snails), and

fungicides (aimed at fungi).

PoachingDamage caused to grassland when animals churn up the fields during wet weather.

PorkerA finished pig sold for pork. The youngest grade of adult pigmeat.

Q
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8/11

23/11/12 Glossary



Quota - milkEvery country in the European Union has a limit to the amount of milk that it is

allowed to produce. That is its 'quota'. The total quota is divided up between all

the dairy farmers in the country. Their individual quota is the number of litres of

milk that they are allowed to produce each year. There are heavy financial

penalties for producing too much milk and going 'over quota'. A farmer who does

not use all of his quota may sell or lease it to another farmer. Anyone who wishesto start producing milk or to expand their business must first buy or lease quota.

Quota - sheepThe European Union pays a subsidy to farmers who keep sheep. This subsidy is

known as Sheep Annual Premium (SAP). There is a limit to the amount of subsidy

that any farmer can claim, governed by how much quota the farm possesses. A

farmer who has 100 units of quota may only claim the subsidy for 100 breeding

ewes or ewe lambs, even if he has many more sheep in total. Originally, every

farmer who registered was given some quota by the government. Now, if they

need more quota it must be bought or leased from another farmer who has some tospare. Quota is not needed to keep sheep, only to claim the subsidy.

R


RaddlingFitting rams with a harness that contains a paint block. The paint leaves a mark on

the rump of each ewe with whom the ram mates. Lack of a mark tells the farmer

which ewes should remain longer with the ram. Sometimes thick paint is applied

directly to the ram's chest rather than using a harness. This wears off more quickly

and must be renewed regularly.

Residual herbicideA herbicide that will remain in the soil and continue to destroy weeds long after it is

applied.

RigweltedOf sheep - overturned. A heavily pregnant, broad backed ewe may roll over and

be unable to right herself. She is rigwelted. There is also a beer called Rigwelter

due to the similar effect it is said to have on humans.

RiseA sign that sheep are ready for shearing. The previous winter's greasy wool is lifted

away from the skin by new wool that is much easier to cut. The Rise is seen as a

yellowish line.

Rough grazingGrazing on natural, unmanaged grass and other vegetation growing on mountain

slopes, moorland etc.

RuminantAn animal (they are all herbivores) that 'chew the cud'. Examples are cattle, sheep

and deer but NOT horses. They digest more of a plant than 'single stomached'

animals by having a 'rumen' (the first of several stomachs) where the plant material

they have eaten are fermented by micro-organisms to produce proteins and sugars

the animal can digest.


9/11

23/11/12 Glossary


S


SeptoriaA fungal disease of wheat and to a lesser extent of barley and oats. The spores of

septoria are spread by rain splashes and a wet spring can promote a severe

infection. Septoria reduces the number, size and quality of grains produced. The

yield of an infected crop may be cut by up to 40% and in some cases it may not beworth harvesting.

ServingMaking an animal pregnant naturally or by artificial insemination.

Set-asideLand that arable farmers must take out of production for one or more years. In

exchange for setting aside the land from production the farmer receives

compensation for the crop he would otherwise have grown

Shearling

A young sheep between its first and second shearing. Sheep are normally shearedonce a year.

SilageGrass or other crops that have been cut, allowed to wilt but not completely dry

out, and are then preserved in plastic wrapping or in a large mound or pit (called a

clamp) from which all air is excluded. Silage is fed to livestock through the winter

when fresh grass is not available. See our Stock and Crops pages for more details.

SlurryAnimal dung mixed with water or urine. It can be stored in a slurry lagoon before

being spread on fields as a fertiliser.Speaning

Northern term. Weaning, especially of lambs.

SteerSee Bullock.

StirkSee Bullock

Stogging(West Country) see poaching.

StoresAnimals bred for meat production sold before they are ready to be killed. A farmer

breeds them and rears them through their early life when they are at greatest risk

from disease but because they are small they need relatively little food. They are

sold as stores to someone who has plenty of feed available and specialises in

fattening them.

StraightsSingle ingredient animal feedstuffs. 'Straight' barley means just barley and nothing

else. Farmers may buy or grow two or three straights and mix them to produce a

balanced diet.Suckler cow

The mother of a calf raised for beef production.
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10/11

23/11/12 Glossary


T


Three-Point LinkageFerguson's invention of a connection that permitted a tractor to lift as well as drag a

plough or other implement. This made it possible to cultivate a much wider range of

soils than before.

TillerStrictly a secondary flowering/seedbearing stalk in wheat or other cereal plant.

Desirable in that the plant produces a greater number of seeds per seed planted.

The term is sometimes used loosely to refer to any, including the primary, flowering

stalk.

Top dressApply fertiliser to a growing crop.

ToppingCutting down weeds and grass that have grown too long. The equivalent of

mowing the lawn.Townsend 'Turnip'

'Turnip' Townsend devised a winter feeding regime whereby root crops were

grown for animal fodder. Prior to this most livestock was slaughtered in the autumn

and the remainder barely survived on hay until the spring. Modern silage systems

have largely replaced the root crops.

TriticaleA cereal crop that is a cross between rye and wheat.

Truck Farm(ing)

USA: Term equivalent to 'Market Garden' (see above). Truck means to trade orbarter - still sometimes used as in: 'I will have no truck with him.'

Tull JethroInvented a seed drill. The sowing of seed in rows made it possible to use a

horsedrawn hoe and thereby increase efficiency.

TupA male sheep. Another word for 'ram'.

U


Unfinished lambs - StoresButchers will only buy lambs that have reached a certain weight and level of

fatness. How long it takes a lamb to grow to this size varies according to breed,

birth weight and food available. Some lambs finish sooner than others. On hill

farms where there is not enough outdoor feed for lambs, any remaining at the end

of the year may be sold as stores, to be finished on lowland farms during the winter

and spring.

W


Weaner Pellets
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11/11

23/11/12 Glossary

See Cake. Small or juvenile animal pellets are usually smaller in size with adjusted

ingredients.

WetherA castrated male sheep.

WheatfeedA byproduct of flour milling. It contains fragments of bran, seedcoat and some

flour. Rather dusty but a useful animal food.

Y


YardMulti-purpose word describing areas in and around buildings, usually where stock

is kept, things stored, or used by traffic.

YowA slang term for a female sheep

Z


Zero grazingFields of grass are grown but the animals are not allowed to graze them. Instead,

the grass is cut regularly and taken to the animals. It has the advantage that fields

are never poached and all the grass is used rather than animals just grazing the best

bits. Against this must be set the cost of machinery, fuel and labour.

If the word you are seeking is not here then you may ask a farmerand we'll email you the

meaning. We might add it to the glossary too.

An alternative source of detailed answers to some common queries are the Farm-Direct

FAQs.

Or you could visit some of the sites on our Links Page, maybe they can help.

Last modified: Fri, 27 Jul 2007

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