xi std salt analysis

GENERAL PROCEDURESYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTSL.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.Colour and appearance a) Colour of the salt.

b) Appearance of the salt. (a) Colourless

(b) Crystalline(c) Powdery

(a)May be absence of copper and iron salts.(b)May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.(c) May be presence Carbonate or Sulphide.

2.Solubility Test:- A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube.(i) Soluble in water (ii) Insoluble in water(i) May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.(ii) May be presence Carbonate or Sulphide

3.Action of heatA small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. (i) Colourless gas evolved which turns lime water milky.(ii)Reddish Brown gas evolved(iii) The salt is yellow in hot white in cold.(iv) Ammonia smell gas is evolved which gives dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in conc.HCl is shown in it. (v) No characteristic change.(i) May presence of Carbonate.(ii) May be presence of Nitrate salt.(iii) May be presence of Zinc salt.(iv) May be presence of Ammonium salts.(v) May be absence if Carbonate,Nitrate,Zinc and Ammonium.

4.Flame testA small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the non-luminous part of the Bunsen flame. (i) Brick red flame.(ii) Apple green flame.(iii) No characteristic coloured flame(i) Presence of Calcium.(ii) Presence of Barium.(iii) May be absence of Calcium or Barium salt.

5.Ash test:A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame. (i) Blue ash

(ii) Green ash.(iii) Pink ash.

(iv)No characteristic coloured ash. (i) May be presence of Aluminium(ii) May be presence of Zinc (iii) May be presence of Magnesium.(Iv) May be absence of Aluminium, Zinc and Magnesium.

6.Action of dilute hydrochloric acidTo a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube.(i) Brisk effervescence , Colourless, odourless gas evolved which turns lime water milky.(ii) Brisk effervescence , Colourless, rotten egg odour gas is evolved which turns lead acetate paper (A piece of filter paper dipped in lead acetate solution).black.(iii) No characteristic change.

(i) PRESENCE OF carbonate acid radical IS CONFIRMED.

(ii) PRESENCE OF sulphide acid radical IS CONFIRMED

(iii) Absence of Carbonate and sulphide.

7.Copper turning testA little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4).(i) Reddish Brown gas evolved.

(ii) No reddish brown gas

(i) presence of nitrate.

(ii) Absence of Nitrate.

8.Action of sodium hydroxideA little of the salt is heated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.(i) ) Ammonia smell gas is evolved which gives dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in conc.HCl is shown in it.(ii) No ammonia smell.(i) Presence of Ammonium.

(ii) Absence of Ammonium.

9. Chromyl chloride testTo a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4). (i) Red orange vapour evolved when passed it turns water yellow and becomes yellow ppt with lead acetate solution.(ii) no red orange vapour.(i) Presence of chloride

(ii)absence of chloride

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:-A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract. 10Silver nitrate testTo a little of the extract dilute nitric (HNO3) acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (agno3) solution is added. (i) Curdy white ppt soluble in excess of NH4OH solution is obtained. (ii) Black ppt is obtained

iii)No white or black ppt.(i) Presence of chloride.

(ii) Presence of Sulphide.

(iii)Absence of Chloride and sulphide

11.Lead acetate testTo a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added.(i) A white precipitate soluble in ammonium acetate and sodium hydroxide mixture is obtained.(ii) A black precipitate soluble in hot dilute nitric is obtained(iii) No white or black ppt(i) Presence of Sulphate

(ii) Presence of Sulphide

(iii)Absence of Sulphate and sulphide

12.Barium chloride testTo a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride(BaCl2) solution is added.(i) A white precipitate insoluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid is obtained.(ii) No white ppt.(i) Presence of sulphate.

(ii) Absence of Sulphate

13.Brown ring testTo a little of the extract dil.H2SO4 is added until the effervescence ceases and then treated with freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) solution and conc. H2SO4 acid is added in drops along the sides of the test tube.

(i) A brown ring is obtained at the junction.

(ii) No brown ring.(i)Presence of nitrate is conformed.

(ii) Absence of nitrate.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALPreparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- (i) The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of distilled water. (ii) If the salt is insoluble in water then the salt is dissolved in dil.HCl (for carbonate) or in hot dil.HNO3 (for sulphide)GROUP SEPARATIONSl.NoEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.

To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added.(i) White ppt is obtained.

(ii)No white precipitate. (i) Presence of Lead (I-group).(ii) Absence of (I-group)Lead (Pb2+ )

2.

To a little of the OS dil.HCl acid is added and H2S gas is passed.(i) Black ppt is obtained.

(ii)No black ppt.(i) Presence of Copper (II-group).(ii)Absence of (II-group) Copper (Cu2+)

3.To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added.(i) A white gelatinous white ppt.

(ii) No gelatinous white ppt.(i) Presence of (III-group)Aluminium (Al3+)(ii)Absence of (III-group)Aluminium (Al3+)

4.To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by H2S gas is passed.(i) white ppt is obtained.

(ii)No white ppt is obtained.(i) Presence of (IV-group)Zinc. (ii)Absence of (IV-group)Zinc

5.

To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of (NH4)2CO3 solution is added.(i) White precipitate is obtained.

(ii) No White precipitate.(i) Presence of (V-group)Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+).(ii)Absence of (V-group)Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+).

6.

To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution (Na2HPO4) is added.(i) white precipitate is obtained.

(ii) No white precipitate.(i) Presence of (VI-group)MAGNESIUM (Mg2+)

(ii) Absence of (VI-group)MAGNESIUM (Mg2+)

7.To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added.(i) Brown ppt is obtained.

(ii) No brown ppt is obtained.(i) Presence of (Zero group)Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt.(ii) absence of (Zero group)Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL .Sl.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added.Brown ppt is obtainedPresence of AMMONIUM is confirmed. ( 0-group)

1.

2.To a little Os a few drops of K2crO4 solution is added.To a little Os a few drops of KI solution is added.yellow ppt is obtained.

Yellow ppt is obtained. Which gives golden yellow spangles on heating and cooling.Presence of LEAD is confirmed. (I-group)

1.To a little of the OS Aluminon reagent is added followed by NH4OH solution is added.Bright red lake is obtainedPresence of Aluminium is confirmed. (III-group)

1.To a little of the OS potassium ferro cyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]solution is added.White precipitate (ppt) is obtainedPresence of ZINC is confirmed. (IV-group)

1.

To a little of the OS potassium chromate (K2CrO4) solution is added.No yellow precipitate (ppt) is obtainedPresence of CALCIUM is confirmed. (V-Group)

1.To a little of the OS potassium chromate solution is added.Yellow precipitate (ppt) is obtainedPresence of Barium is confirmed. (V-group)

1.To a little of the OS Magneson reagent is added.Blue precipitate (ppt) is obtainedPresence of Magnesium is confirmed. (VI-group)

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- (2) Basic Radical :-

EXPT. NO:- 01 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTDATE:- LEAD NITRATE :- Pb(NO3)2SL.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE



(b) Crystalline

May be absence of copper and iron salts.May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.

2.Solubility Test:- A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube.Soluble in water May be presence of Nitrate, Chloride or Sulphate.

3.Action of heatA small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. Reddish Brown gas evolvedMay be presence of Nitrate salt.

4.Flame testA small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the non-luminous part of the Bunsen flame.

No characteristic coloured flameMay be absence of Calcium or Barium salt.

5.Ash test:A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame.

No characteristic coloured ash.May absence of Aluminium, Zinc or Magnesium.

6.Action of dilute hydrochloric acidTo a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube.No characteristic change.Absence of Carbonate and Sulphide.

7.Copper turning testA little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4).Reddish Brown gas evolved.PRESENCE OF NITRATE.

8.Action of sodium hydroxideA little of the salt is heated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.No ammonia smell.Absence of Ammonium.

9. Chromyl chloride testTo a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4). No red orange vapour.Absence of Choride

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:-A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract.10Silver nitrate testTo a little of the extract dilute nitric (HNO3) acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added.No white or black ppt.Absence of Chloride and sulphide

11.Lead acetate testTo a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added.No white or black pptAbsence of Sulphate and sulphide

12.Barium chloride testTo a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride(BaCl2) solution is added.

No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate


A BROWN RING IS OBTAINED AT THE JUNCTION.

PRESENCE OF NITRATE is conformed.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALPreparation of Original Solution:- (OS)The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of the distilled water.Group separationSl.NoEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added.No brown precipitateAbsnce of (Zero Group)Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt.

2.To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added.White precipitate is obtained. presence of (I-Group)Lead (Pb2+ )

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL LEAD.

Sl.NOExperimentobservationinference

1.

2.To a little Os a few drops of K2crO4 solution is added.To a little Os a few drops of KI solution is added.yellow ppt is obtained.

Yellow ppt is obtained. Which gives golden yellow spangles on heating and cooling.Presence of LEAD is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- NITRATE (2) Basic Radical :- LEAD***************** EXPT. NO:- 02 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTDATE:- CALCIUM CARBONATE: CaCO3SL.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE



(b) Powdery

May be absence of copper and iron salts.May be presence of Carbonate orSulphide

2.Solubility Test:- A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube.InSoluble in water May be presence of Carbonate orSulphide

3.Action of heatA small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. Colourless gas evolved which turns lime water milky.

May be presence of Carbonate salt.


Brick red coloured flameMay be presence of Calcium.


No characteristic coloured ash.May absence of Aluminium, Zinc or Magnesium.

6.Action of dilute hydrochloric acidTo a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube.Brisk effervescence , Colourless, odourless gas evolved which turns lime water milky.

PRESENCE OF CARBONATE acid radical IS CONFIRMED.

7.Copper turning testA little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4).No reddish brown gas Absence of nitrate.


9. Chromyl chloride testTo a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4). No red orange vapour.Absence of Chloride

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:-A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract.

10Silver nitrate testTo a little of the extract dilute nitric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added.No white or black ppt.Absence of Chloride and sulphide


12.Barium chloride testTo a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride (BaCl2) solution is added.

No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate

13.Brown ring testTo a little of the extract dilute sulphuric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and then treated with freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) solution and concentrated sulphuric acid is added in drops along the sides of the test tube.

No brown ring

Absence of nitrate

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALPreparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- Since the salt is insoluble in water, the original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of the dilute Hydrochloric acid.GROUP SEPARATIONSl.NoEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added.No brown ppt.Absence of (Zero group)Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt.

2.

To a little of the OS dilute hydrochloric acid is added.No white precipitate. Absence of (I-group)Lead (Pb2+ )

3.

To a little of the OS dil.HCl acid is added and H2S gas is passed.No black ppt.Absence of (II-group) Copper (Cu2+)

4.To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added.No gelatinous white ppt.Absence of (III-group)Aluminium (Al3+)

5.To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by H2S gas is passed.No dirty white ppt.Absence of (IV-group)Zinc (Zn2+)

6.To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of (NH4)2CO3 solution is added.White precipitate is obtained.Presence of (V-group)Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+).

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL LEAD.Sl.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.To a little of the OS potassium chromate (K2CrO4) solution is added.No yellow precipitate (ppt) is obtainedPresence of CALCIUM is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- CARBONATE (2) Basic Radical :- CALCIUM*****************EXPT. NO:- 03 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTDATE:- ZINC SULPHIDE: ZnSSL.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE



(b) Powdery

May be absence of copper and iron salts.May be presence of Carbonate orSulphide

2.Solubility Test:- A little of salt is shaken well with distilled water in a test tube.Insoluble in water May be presence of Carbonate orSulphide

3.Action of heatA small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. salt turns yellow in hot and white in cold.

May be presence of Zinc salt.


No characteristic coloured flameMay be absence of Calcium and Barium


Green coloured ash is obtained.May presence of Zinc.

6.Action of dilute hydrochloric acidTo a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube.Brisk effervescence , Colourless, rotten egg odour gas is evolved which turns lead acetate paper (A piece of filter paper dipped in lead acetate solution).black.

PRESENCE OF SULPHIDE ACID RADICAL IS CONFIRMED.



9. Chromyl chloride testTo a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4). No red orange vapour.Absence of Chloride


10Silver nitrate testTo a little of the extract dilute nitric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added.BLACK ppt is obtained.presence of sulphide acid radical is confirmed.

11.Lead acetate testTo a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added.BLACK ppt is obtainedpresence of sulphide acid radical is confirmed.


No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate


No brown ring

Absence of nitrate

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALPreparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- Since the salt is insoluble in water, the original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of the hot dilute nitric (HNO3) acid.GROUP SEPARATIONSl.NoEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added.No brown pptAbsence of (Zero group)Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt.

2.


3.



5.To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by H2S gas is passed.DIRTY WHITE ppt is obtained.Presence of (IV-group)Zinc (Zn2+)

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL ZINC.Sl.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.To a little of the OS potassium ferro cyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]solution is added.White precipitate (ppt) is obtainedPresence of ZINC is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- SULPHIDE (2) Basic Radical :-ZINC*************** EXPT. NO:- 04 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTDATE:- BARIUM CHLORIDE :- BaCl2SL.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE



(b) crystalline



3.Action of heatA small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. No characteristic change.

May be absence of carnonate, nitrate and zinc salts.

4.Flame testA small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the non-luminous part of the Bunsen flame. Apple green coloured flame is seen.May be presence of BARIUM

5.Ash test:A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame. No characteristic coloured ash

May absence of Zinc, Aluminium and Magnesium.

6.Action of dilute hydrochloric acidTo a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube.

No characteristic change.

Absence of carbonate and sulphide.



9. Chromyl chloride testTo a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4). Red orange vapour evolved when passed it turns water yellow and becomes yellow ppt with lead acetate solution.PRESENCE OF CHLORIDE is confirmed

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:-A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract.10Silver nitrate testTo a little of the extract dilute nitric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added.CURDY WHITE ppt dissolved in excess of NH4OH solution is obtained.presence of CHLORIDE acid radical is confirmed.

11.Lead acetate testTo a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added.No ppt is obtainedAbsence of sulphide and sulphate.


No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate


No brown ring

Absence of nitrate

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALPreparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of distilled water.

GROUP SEPARATIONSl.NoEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE


2.


3.



5.To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by H2S gas is passed.No white ppt is obtained.Absence of (IV-group)Zinc

6.To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of (NH4)2CO3 solution is added.White precipitate is obtained.Presence of (V-group)Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+).

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL BARIUM.Sl.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.To a little of the OS potassium chromate solution is added.Yellow precipitate (ppt) is obtainedPresence of Barium is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- CHLORIDE (2) Basic Radical :-BARIUM***************** EXPT. NO:- 05 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTDATE:- MAGNESIUM SULPHATE :- MgSO4SL.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE



(b) crystalline





4.Flame testA small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the non-luminous part of the Bunsen flame. No characteristic coloured flameMay be absence of barium and calcium


Pink coloured ash is obtained

May presence of Magnesium.

6.Action of dilute hydrochloric acidTo a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube. No characteristic change.




9. Chromyl chloride testTo a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4). No red orange vapour.Absence OF CHLORIDE is confirmed.


10Silver nitrate testTo a little of the extract dilute nitric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added.No characteristic ppt.Absence of chloride and sulphide.

11.Lead acetate testTo a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added.White ppt is obtainedPresence of SULPHATE acid radical is confirmed.

12.Barium chloride testTo a little of the extract dilute hydrochloric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of barium chloride(BaCl2) solution is added.White ppt is obtained.

Presence of SULPHATEacid radical is confirmed.


No brown ring

Absence of nitrate

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALPreparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of distilled water.GROUP SEPARATIONSl.NoEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE


2.


3.




6.

To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of (NH4)2CO3 solution is added.No White precipitate.Absence of (V-group)Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+).

7.

To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution (Na2HPO4) is added.

White precipitate is obtained.Presence of (VI-group)MAGNESIUM (Mg2+)

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL MAGNESIUM.Sl.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.To a little of the OS Magneson reagent is added.Blue precipitate (ppt) is obtainedPresence of Magnesium is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- SULPHATE (2) Basic Radical :-MAGNESIUM***************** EXPT. NO:- 06 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT DATE:- ALUMINIUM NITRATE:- Al(NO3)3SL.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE



(b) Crystalline



3.Action of heatA small amount of the salt is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strongly. Reddish Brown gas evolvedMay be presence of Nitrate salt.


No characteristic coloured flameMay be absence of Calcium or Barium salt.


BLUE coloured ash is obtained.May presence of Aluminium.

6.Action of dilute hydrochloric acidTo a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube.No characteristic change.Absence of Carbonate and Sulphide.

7.Copper turning testA little of the salt is heated with a few pieces of copper turnings and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4).Reddish Brown gas evolved.PRESENCE OF NITRATE.


9. Chromyl chloride testA little of the salt is heated with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid (H2SO4). No red orange vapour.Absence of Choride

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:-A small amount of the salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract. 10Silver nitrate testTo a little of the extract dilute nitric (HNO3) acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added.No white or black ppt.Absence of Chloride and sulphide



No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate


A BROWN RING IS OBTAINED AT THE JUNCTION.

PRESENCE OF NITRATE acid radical is conformed.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALPreparation of Original Solution:- (OS)The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of the distilled water.Group separationSl.NoEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1. To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added. No brown ppt. Absence of (Zero group)Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt.

2.


3.


4.To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added.A white gelatinous ppt is obtained.Presence of (III-group)Aluminium (Al3+)

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL ALUMINIUM.Sl.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.To a little of the OS Aluminon reagent is added followed by NH4OH solution is added.Bright red lake is obtainedPresence of Aluminium is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- NITRATE (2) Basic Radical :-ALUMINIUM EXPT. NO:- 04 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTDATE:- BARIUM CHLORIDE :- BaCl2SL.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE



(b) crystalline





4.Flame testA small amount of the salt is made into paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a watch glass and introduced into the non-luminous part of the Bunsen flame. Apple green coloured flame is seen.May be presence of BARIUM

5.Ash test:A piece of filter paper is soaked into a mixture of salt, concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2 solution and burnt in the Bunsen flame. No characteristic coloured ash

May absence of Zinc, Aluminium and Magnesium.

6.Action of dilute hydrochloric acidTo a little of the salt dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added in a test tube.

No characteristic change.



8.Action of sodium hydroxideA little of the salt is heated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.Ammonia smell gas is evolved which gives dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in conc.HCl is shown in it.

Presence of Ammonium.(NH4)+

9. Chromyl chloride testTo a little of the salt a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added and heated with a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid(H2SO4). Red orange vapour evolved when passed it turns water yellow and becomes yellow ppt with lead acetate solution.Presence of CHLORIDE is confirmed

Preparation of sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) extract:-A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate in a 100 ml beaker 20 ml of distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes ,cooled and then filtered .The filtrate is called sodium extract.10Silver nitrate testTo a little of the extract dilute nitric acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added.CURDY WHITE ppt dissolved in excess of NH4OH solution is obtained.presence of CHLORIDE acid radical is confirmed.

11.Lead acetate testTo a little of the extract dilute acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of the lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb solution is added.No characteristic ppt is obtainedAbsence of sulphide and sulphate.


No white ppt.

Absence of Sulphate


No brown ring

Absence of nitrate

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALPreparation of Original Solution:- (OS):- The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 20 ml of distilled water.

GROUP SEPARATIONSl.NoEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.


2.




5.

To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of (NH4)2CO3 solution is added.No White precipitate.Absence of (V-group)Calcium (Ca2+) or Barium (Ba2+).

6.

To a little of the OS 1ml NH4Cl solution and 2ml NH4OH solution are added followed by excess of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution (Na2HPO4) is added.

No white precipitate.Absence of (VI-group)MAGNESIUM (Mg2+)

7.To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added.Brown ppt is obtained.Presence of (Zero group)Ammonium (NH4 )+ salt.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL AMMONIUM.Sl.NOEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCE

1.To a little of the OS a few drops of Nesslers reagent added.Brown ppt is obtainedPresence of AMMONIUM is confirmed.

RESULT:- The given simple salt contains (1) Acid Radical :- CHLORIDE (2) Basic Radical :-AMMONIUM

xi std salt analysis

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