Earthquake Resistant Design of Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings (Goldsworthy)Buildings (Goldsworthy)

L1 L1 Introduction Introduction ––

Towards PerformanceTowards Performance--based based DesignDesign

Learning objectivesLearning objectives

Give reasons for the general need for ductility Give reasons for the general need for ductility in earthquakein earthquake--resistant designresistant designIntroduce the capacity design procedure that is Introduce the capacity design procedure that is used to ensure ductile behaviour of structuresused to ensure ductile behaviour of structuresDescribe the challenges associated with the Describe the challenges associated with the move towards performancemove towards performance--based designbased design

By the end of this lecture students should be able to :

Reference ListReference List

Applied Technology Council, 2006 Applied Technology Council, 2006 ATCATC--33--0606 Tentative Provisions Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings, for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings, CaliforniaCalifornia

KrawinklerKrawinkler, H. & Miranda, E. 2004 Performance, H. & Miranda, E. 2004 Performance--Based Seismic Based Seismic Engineering: Engineering: DevelopmenDevelopmen and Application of a Comprehensive and Application of a Comprehensive Conceptual Approach to the Design of Buildings from Conceptual Approach to the Design of Buildings from Earthquake Earthquake EngineeringEngineering-- from Engineering Seismology to Performancefrom Engineering Seismology to Performance--Based Based EngineeringEngineering Edited by Edited by BozorgniaBozorgnia Y. & Y. & BerteroBertero V.V. CRC Press LLC V.V. CRC Press LLC USAUSA

FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) 2000 FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) 2000 PrestandardPrestandardand Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. FEMA FEMA Publication No.356 Nov. 2000Publication No.356 Nov. 2000

PaulayPaulay, T. & Priestley, M.J.N. 1992 , T. & Priestley, M.J.N. 1992 Seismic Design of Reinforced Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings Concrete and Masonry Buildings John Wiley &Sons, Inc. USAJohn Wiley &Sons, Inc. USA

Priestley, Priestley, CalviCalvi and and KowalskyKowalsky, 2007, , 2007, DisplacementDisplacement--Based Seismic Based Seismic Design of StructuresDesign of Structures, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy (, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy (““PCKPCK””))

SEAOC (Structural Engineers Association of California), SeismoloSEAOC (Structural Engineers Association of California), Seismology gy Committee, Committee, Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and CommentaryCommentary published at intervals from 1959 to 1999 published at intervals from 1959 to 1999 ((The Blue BookThe Blue Book))

SEAOC 1995 Vision 2000SEAOC 1995 Vision 2000-- PerformancePerformance--Based Seismic Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings Engineering of Buildings Structural Engineering Association of Structural Engineering Association of California California USAUSA

UBC (Unified Building Code), 1997 UBC (Unified Building Code), 1997 International Conference of International Conference of Building Officials Building Officials (latest edition), Whittier, California(latest edition), Whittier, California

Winchester, S. 2005 Winchester, S. 2005 A crack in the edge of the world : America and A crack in the edge of the world : America and the great California earthquake of 1906the great California earthquake of 1906 HarperCollins New YorkHarperCollins New York

Reference List

(Gravity + Wind) (Gravity + Wind) vsvs

(Gravity +EQ)(Gravity +EQ)

Buildings are routinely designed for combined Buildings are routinely designed for combined gravity(vertical) and wind loads (lateral).gravity(vertical) and wind loads (lateral).

To what extent is the design for combined To what extent is the design for combined gravity and earthquake loads approached in gravity and earthquake loads approached in a similar manner?a similar manner?

Comparison of combined GW and Comparison of combined GW and combined GE:combined GE:

Ultimate Strength Limit StateUltimate Strength Limit State

Answer: If the soAnswer: If the so--called called ““equivalent load methodequivalent load method”” is used to represent the applied earthquake forces, is used to represent the applied earthquake forces, it might superficially seem that the analyses for it might superficially seem that the analyses for combined GW and combined GE are similar. combined GW and combined GE are similar. However, the earthquake design procedure is However, the earthquake design procedure is based on assumptions that must be well based on assumptions that must be well understood, especially the need for ductility .understood, especially the need for ductility .

Comparison of combined GW and combined GE:Comparison of combined GW and combined GE: Ultimate Strength Limit StateUltimate Strength Limit State

Design for combined gravity and rare wind loads is based Design for combined gravity and rare wind loads is based on actions within components found using applied forces, on actions within components found using applied forces, and ensuring that demand is < capacity. Elastic analysis is and ensuring that demand is < capacity. Elastic analysis is usually conducted to find the actions, although strengths usually conducted to find the actions, although strengths are calculated assuming some inelastic behaviour. It is a are calculated assuming some inelastic behaviour. It is a simple matter of checking whether strength is adequate, i.e. simple matter of checking whether strength is adequate, i.e. it must exceed the required combined actions.it must exceed the required combined actions.

For combined gravity and rare For combined gravity and rare EQsEQs, design is based on , design is based on deformations and damage rather than strength alone. deformations and damage rather than strength alone. Inelastic behaviour is generally expected, and must be Inelastic behaviour is generally expected, and must be accounted for. Design usually allows the strength to be accounted for. Design usually allows the strength to be considerably less than that required by elastic analysis. considerably less than that required by elastic analysis. Sufficient ductility is needed (and hence displacement Sufficient ductility is needed (and hence displacement capacity). Some damage will usually occur.capacity). Some damage will usually occur.

Earthquake ResponseEarthquake Response

Distribution of forces due to an earthquake Distribution of forces due to an earthquake depends on distribution of mass throughout the depends on distribution of mass throughout the structure, and on the strength hierarchies structure, and on the strength hierarchies established within the structure. Inertia forces are established within the structure. Inertia forces are induced due to accelerations experienced by the induced due to accelerations experienced by the structure.structure.

Magnitude of the response is dependent on the Magnitude of the response is dependent on the relationship between the dynamic characteristics relationship between the dynamic characteristics of the structure and the dynamic input from the of the structure and the dynamic input from the ground motion. For a rare earthquake, the dynamic ground motion. For a rare earthquake, the dynamic properties of the structure will usually vary during properties of the structure will usually vary during the earthquake itself. the earthquake itself.

Ductility: Brief ExplanationDuctility: Brief Explanation

““Equal displacement principleEqual displacement principle””

says that the says that the maximum seismic displacements experienced by maximum seismic displacements experienced by structural systems tend to be the same whether structural systems tend to be the same whether they behave in an elastic or inelastic manner.they behave in an elastic or inelastic manner.

Conditions needed for this principle to hold:Conditions needed for this principle to hold:Fundamental period of the system between 0.6 Fundamental period of the system between 0.6 to 2 to 2 secssecsStructures have same initial stiffness and mass.Structures have same initial stiffness and mass.

ForceForce--Displacement response:Displacement response: Elastic and Inelastic systemsElastic and Inelastic systems

From “PCK”

Ductility: Brief ExplanationDuctility: Brief Explanation

Displacement ductility of structureDisplacement ductility of structureμμ

= = ΔΔ

maxmax

//ΔΔ

yy

If considering ductility If considering ductility demanddemand

thenthenΔΔ

maxmax

= maximum expected displacement due to = maximum expected displacement due to the earthquakethe earthquake

If considering ductility If considering ductility capacitycapacity

thenthenΔΔ

maxmax

= displacement capacity of the structure= displacement capacity of the structure

Ductility: Brief ExplanationDuctility: Brief Explanation

Ultimate strength level: Ultimate strength level: FFRiRi

= = FFelel

/R/Rii

If equal displacement principle holds: If equal displacement principle holds: RRii

= = μμ

ii(Where (Where RRii

is the strength reduction factor. See later for broader definitis the strength reduction factor. See later for broader definition of R)ion of R)

Further PointFurther Point

Strength seems less important than displacement. Strength seems less important than displacement. Magnitude of strength (Magnitude of strength (egeg. F. FR2R2

or For FR3R3

) has little ) has little influence on the final displacement, influence on the final displacement, ΔΔ

maxmax

, and hence on , and hence on the expected damage. the expected damage. Perhaps should use Perhaps should use DISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENT

as the as the

fundamental design quantity??fundamental design quantity??

HistoryHistory (Also refer to Appendix A)(Also refer to Appendix A)

In California, before the San Fernando earthquake in 1971, In California, before the San Fernando earthquake in 1971, 10% of gravity load used as the lateral force due to 10% of gravity load used as the lateral force due to earthquakes. This was a earthquakes. This was a GUESSGUESS!!!!

Dynamic analyses and accumulated knowledge of earthquake Dynamic analyses and accumulated knowledge of earthquake ground motions revealed that this level of force was ground motions revealed that this level of force was considerably lower than what many buildings would considerably lower than what many buildings would experience in a large earthquake if they responded elastically. experience in a large earthquake if they responded elastically. Led to Led to SHOCKSHOCK!!!!

Hence, structural strength often exceeded in a large EQ. Hence, structural strength often exceeded in a large EQ. Behaviour in the inelastic range needed to be considered.Behaviour in the inelastic range needed to be considered.

Key to good behaviour: Generally considered to be Key to good behaviour: Generally considered to be ductility ductility or more recently displacement capacity.displacement capacity.

HistoryHistory

This led to the use of capacity design principles to ensure This led to the use of capacity design principles to ensure that under a rare to very rare earthquake the building that under a rare to very rare earthquake the building developed an energy dissipation mechanism that was developed an energy dissipation mechanism that was stable stable and reliable for the duration of the EQand reliable for the duration of the EQ. Much research . Much research effort has been expended on determining the available effort has been expended on determining the available ductility capacity of different structural systems (large ductility capacity of different structural systems (large volume of experimental data).volume of experimental data).

Capacity Design PrinciplesCapacity Design Principles (from [(from [PaulayPaulay and Priestley, and Priestley, 1992] ):1992] ):

1.1. ““Selection of a suitable structural configuration for inelastic rSelection of a suitable structural configuration for inelastic response.esponse.2.2. Selection of suitable and appropriately detailed locations (plasSelection of suitable and appropriately detailed locations (plastic tic

hinges) for inelastic deformations to be concentrated.hinges) for inelastic deformations to be concentrated.3.3. Insurance, through suitable strength differentials that inelastiInsurance, through suitable strength differentials that inelastic c

deformation does not occur at undesirable locations or by undesideformation does not occur at undesirable locations or by undesirable rable structural modes.structural modes.””

HistoryHistory

Some mechanisms of postSome mechanisms of post--elastic deformation of moment elastic deformation of moment resisting frames and structural walls during severe seismic resisting frames and structural walls during severe seismic

loading loading [Park, 1992][Park, 1992]

HistoryHistory

Even so, code design (Even so, code design (egeg. SEAOC . SEAOC Blue BookBlue Book) in California ) in California was typically based on elastic concepts; and inelastic was typically based on elastic concepts; and inelastic behaviour and deformation capacity were not considered behaviour and deformation capacity were not considered explicitly. In most aspects, designs were explicitly. In most aspects, designs were ““forceforce--basedbased””, , with the primary objective of providing adequate strength with the primary objective of providing adequate strength to all elements that are part of the lateral loadto all elements that are part of the lateral load--resisting resisting system (similar to design for wind). The Capacity Design system (similar to design for wind). The Capacity Design principles were assumed to ensure protection against principles were assumed to ensure protection against collapse, and were the means used to create viable noncollapse, and were the means used to create viable non--linear behaviour. Question: Was the performance as linear behaviour. Question: Was the performance as intended?intended?

According to [According to [KrawinklerKrawinkler and Miranda, 2004], there are and Miranda, 2004], there are many engineers today who believe that capacity design, many engineers today who believe that capacity design, ““together with the provision of specified minimum amounts together with the provision of specified minimum amounts of elastic strength and stiffness, provides adequate of elastic strength and stiffness, provides adequate protection against excessive damage and collapse.protection against excessive damage and collapse.”” But is But is this really adequate?this really adequate?

HistoryHistory

The proponents of performanceThe proponents of performance--based design think that we based design think that we go further than this and aim for a higher level of accuracy go further than this and aim for a higher level of accuracy in our assessments, using multiple performance objectives, in our assessments, using multiple performance objectives, with a probabilistic basis.with a probabilistic basis.

Importance of displacement has gained greater recognition Importance of displacement has gained greater recognition but there has been a tendency to modify the existing force but there has been a tendency to modify the existing force based approaches to include consideration of displacement, based approaches to include consideration of displacement, rather than reworking the procedure to be based on a more rather than reworking the procedure to be based on a more rational displacement basis. For the latter approach see rational displacement basis. For the latter approach see PCK.PCK.

QUOTE from PCKQUOTE from PCK

Every truth passes through three stages (before it is Every truth passes through three stages (before it is recognisedrecognised))

In the first it is ridiculedIn the first it is ridiculedIn the second, it is violently opposedIn the second, it is violently opposedIn the third, it is regarded as selfIn the third, it is regarded as self--evident.evident.

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788Arthur Schopenhauer (1788--1860)1860)

Questions that need to be answeredQuestions that need to be answered

How much damage will be sustained by a given building How much damage will be sustained by a given building in a given level earthquake?in a given level earthquake?i.e. Performance when subjected to earthquakes that arei.e. Performance when subjected to earthquakes that are

frequentfrequentoccasionaloccasionalrarerarevery rarevery rare

How is this damage measured?How is this damage measured?Different amounts of drift will be tolerated by different types Different amounts of drift will be tolerated by different types of of structures, and by the same type of structure but with differentstructures, and by the same type of structure but with different levels of levels of detailing.detailing.What about nonWhat about non--structural components; what drift levels can they structural components; what drift levels can they tolerate?tolerate?What about high levels of acceleration that could cause damage tWhat about high levels of acceleration that could cause damage to o sensitive equipment?sensitive equipment?

Will the building be selfWill the building be self--centring?centring?

PerformancePerformance--Based Design (PBD)Based Design (PBD) (Reasons for change in focus of EQ (Reasons for change in focus of EQ

Engineering practice)Engineering practice)

1)1) Improved knowledge about EQ occurrences, ground motion and Improved knowledge about EQ occurrences, ground motion and structural response characteristics, and the development of structural response characteristics, and the development of sophisticated computational tools.sophisticated computational tools.

2)2) Realization from recent earthquakes (such as Northridge and Realization from recent earthquakes (such as Northridge and Kobe) that financial losses can be much greater than previously Kobe) that financial losses can be much greater than previously expected (not socioexpected (not socio--economically acceptable).economically acceptable).

PerformancePerformance--Based Design (PBD)Based Design (PBD) (Reasons for change in focus of EQ (Reasons for change in focus of EQ

Engineering practice)Engineering practice)

3)3) Acknowledgement that current code design procedures are highly Acknowledgement that current code design procedures are highly experienceexperience--based and empirical and not based sufficiently on first based and empirical and not based sufficiently on first principles; and thus decision making by the designer, building principles; and thus decision making by the designer, building owner, public officials, and society as a whole about the level owner, public officials, and society as a whole about the level of of seismic protection needed is not precise. Accurate assessment seismic protection needed is not precise. Accurate assessment techniques are needed to determine whether a particular techniques are needed to determine whether a particular performance objective is likely to be achieved.performance objective is likely to be achieved.

4)4) For example, owners (and insurance companies!) are concerned For example, owners (and insurance companies!) are concerned about losses following moderateabout losses following moderate--toto--severe severe EQsEQs due to direct due to direct losses (cost to repair damage) losses (cost to repair damage) andand indirect losses ( loss of indirect losses ( loss of income due to business disruption etc). income due to business disruption etc). Performance expectations Performance expectations changing from preventing collapse to controlling damage.changing from preventing collapse to controlling damage.

Unacceptable Performance(for New Construction)

Basic Objective

Essential/Hazardous Objective

Safety Critical objective

Fully Operational Operational Life Safe Near Collapse

Earthquake Performance Level

Frequent (43 year)

Occasional (72 year)

Rare (475 year)

Very Rare (970 year)

Eart

hqua

ke D

esig

n Le

vel

Performance Matrix for Design, recommended in SEAOC (1995) (Krawinkler

and Miranda)

Performance Level and Design LevelPerformance Level and Design Level

An An ““earthquake performance levelearthquake performance level”” (or limit state) represents a (or limit state) represents a distinct band in the spectrum of damage to the structural and distinct band in the spectrum of damage to the structural and nonnon--structural components and contents, and also considers the structural components and contents, and also considers the consequences of the damage to the occupants and functions of consequences of the damage to the occupants and functions of the facility.the facility.

An An ““earthquake design levelearthquake design level”” (or seismic hazard) varies for (or seismic hazard) varies for different seismic regions and from site to site within a region different seismic regions and from site to site within a region because of variations in site conditions (topography and soil because of variations in site conditions (topography and soil profile). In the U.S., building seismic codes have become a profile). In the U.S., building seismic codes have become a national endeavour, rather than Californianational endeavour, rather than California--centric as they were centric as they were until the 1980s.until the 1980s.

Performance Level (or Limit State)

Design Level (or Seismic Hazard)Design Level (or Seismic Hazard)

PBD: What is needed?PBD: What is needed?

Multiple performance objectivesMultiple performance objectives

Consensus on the Performance Levels being usedConsensus on the Performance Levels being used

““Shift towards a more scientifically oriented design and evaluatiShift towards a more scientifically oriented design and evaluation on approach with emphasis on more accurate characterization and preapproach with emphasis on more accurate characterization and predictions, dictions, often based on a higher level of technology than has been used ioften based on a higher level of technology than has been used in the n the past.past.”” (from (from KrawinklerKrawinkler and Miranda)and Miranda)

Ideally all uncertainties in the earthquake intensity, the enginIdeally all uncertainties in the earthquake intensity, the engineering eering computations and the acceptance criteria would be taken into acccomputations and the acceptance criteria would be taken into account; ount; leading to a reliabilityleading to a reliability--based performance assessment.based performance assessment.

PerformancePerformance--Based EarthquakeBased Earthquake Engineering Engineering in which design and in which design and evaluation are just the first step in a process which also incluevaluation are just the first step in a process which also includes des construction, monitoring the function and maintenance of engineeconstruction, monitoring the function and maintenance of engineered red facilities.facilities.

Uncertainties in Seismic DesignUncertainties in Seismic Design

Demands on the structure and its componentsDemands on the structure and its componentsEngineering SeismologyEngineering SeismologyCharacteristics of the EQ shaking at the site in questionCharacteristics of the EQ shaking at the site in questionCharacteristics of the structural systemCharacteristics of the structural systemModelling of the structural systemModelling of the structural systemAnalysis and interpretation of the demand dataAnalysis and interpretation of the demand data

Capacity of the structure and its componentsCapacity of the structure and its componentsStrength capacity of a component (eg. Flexural strength complicaStrength capacity of a component (eg. Flexural strength complicated by ted by slab contributions, connection details, presence or shear or axislab contributions, connection details, presence or shear or axial force)al force)Strength capacity of components at large deformations (load histStrength capacity of components at large deformations (load history ory dependent, possibly rate dependent)dependent, possibly rate dependent)Prediction of deformation capacity of componentsPrediction of deformation capacity of componentsRelationship bet. component strengths and overall structural strRelationship bet. component strengths and overall structural strength.ength.Relationship bet. component deformations and overall structural Relationship bet. component deformations and overall structural deformations.deformations.

QuestionsQuestions

How can earthquake shaking be characterized and how do How can earthquake shaking be characterized and how do different ground motions affect the response of buildings?different ground motions affect the response of buildings?

How can demands on framing systems be assessed by How can demands on framing systems be assessed by simplified techniques?simplified techniques?

How do different framing systems and materials behave How do different framing systems and materials behave under extreme loadings?under extreme loadings?

How can the response of structural systems be made How can the response of structural systems be made somewhat insensitive to earthquake shaking?somewhat insensitive to earthquake shaking?

How can new materials and technologies be used for new How can new materials and technologies be used for new and retrofit construction?and retrofit construction?

Imaginative SolutionsImaginative Solutions

Earthquake Engineers have been very creative in the solutions Earthquake Engineers have been very creative in the solutions theythey’’ve devised for buildings in zones of high seismicity. They ve devised for buildings in zones of high seismicity. They have questioned whether the building elements need to go into have questioned whether the building elements need to go into the inelastic range (and hence sustain damage) in a severe EQ. the inelastic range (and hence sustain damage) in a severe EQ. Can the building can still meet the various performance Can the building can still meet the various performance objectives even if the building elements are mostly protected objectives even if the building elements are mostly protected from damage?from damage?

Some examples of this are:Some examples of this are:Base isolation (isolate the structure from the ground motion)Base isolation (isolate the structure from the ground motion)Energy dissipation devices, both active and passive.Energy dissipation devices, both active and passive.PriestleyPriestley’’s PRESS project and s PRESS project and ““flagflag--shaped responseshaped response”” with the with the emphasis on selfemphasis on self--centring.centring.New Zealand work on PRESS and steel connectionsNew Zealand work on PRESS and steel connections+ + …………..

Performance Performance ––Based DesignBased Design

According to According to KrawinklerKrawinkler and Miranda,and Miranda,

PBEE promises PBEE promises ““engineered structures whose performance engineered structures whose performance can be quantified and conformed to the ownercan be quantified and conformed to the owner’’s desiress desires..”” If If rigorously held to this promise, rigorously held to this promise, ““PBEE will be a losing cause. PBEE will be a losing cause. We all know that we cannot predict all important seismic We all know that we cannot predict all important seismic demands and capacities with perfect confidence, even in a demands and capacities with perfect confidence, even in a probabilistic format.probabilistic format.””

Legal and Professional barriers do exist!!Legal and Professional barriers do exist!!

Nevertheless, it gives us something to strive towards.Nevertheless, it gives us something to strive towards.

1 minute pause for questions1 minute pause for questions

See summary of points on next slide

SummarySummaryL1: Introduction -

Towards Performance-Based Design

•Buildings will usually be designed to behave in an inelastic manner during a rare or very rare earthquake event. Hence, reliance on ductility or displacement capacity.

•“Capacity Design” assumes that by establishing suitable strength hierarchies within a building structure, and detailing weak regions to respond in a ductile manner, the building will be able to remain stable and reliable during a very rare earthquake.

•Unacceptable damage levels in recent moderate earthquakes have led to a “rethink” in the philosophy of earthquake-resistant design of buildings. Performance-based design puts more emphasis on displacement capacity. Some practitioners advocate making displacement the fundamental design quantity rather than force.

•In Performance-Based Design, the client selects multiple performance objectives that the client selects multiple performance objectives that are to be used for a given building in consultation with the engare to be used for a given building in consultation with the engineer; based on the clientineer; based on the client’’s s expectations, the seismic hazard exposure, economic analysis andexpectations, the seismic hazard exposure, economic analysis and acceptable riskacceptable risk.

•Many challenges must be overcome before design codes fully embrace the performance-based design approach.

Appendix A to Lecture 1:

Key early developments in seismic analysis and design in the U.S. (from Andrew Whittaker’s notes)

Re 1906 SF EQ: READ book by Simon Winchester. Highly recommended!!

Appendix BAppendix B 421421--612 Subject Outline612 Subject Outline

Intro to PerformanceIntro to Performance--Based earthquakeBased earthquake--resistant design.resistant design.World seismicity, and hazards to buildings due to earthquakes. World seismicity, and hazards to buildings due to earthquakes. Lessons from Past Earthquakes. Leads to conclusions about Lessons from Past Earthquakes. Leads to conclusions about preferred layouts, things to avoid.preferred layouts, things to avoid.Specification of level of earthquake hazard at the building siteSpecification of level of earthquake hazard at the building site..Describe models of various levels of sophistication used to Describe models of various levels of sophistication used to predict the building response. Includes SDOF and MDOF, linear predict the building response. Includes SDOF and MDOF, linear and nonand non--linear. Requires understanding of the dynamic nature of linear. Requires understanding of the dynamic nature of the problem. the problem. Outline the use of capacity design for R/C frames and structuralOutline the use of capacity design for R/C frames and structuralwalls.walls.Discuss forceDiscuss force--based design based design vsvs displacementdisplacement--based design. based design. Include discussion of secant stiffness vs. initial stiffness forInclude discussion of secant stiffness vs. initial stiffness for dispdisp..--based design. Relate this to performancebased design. Relate this to performance--based design.based design.Examine various code requirements for aExamine various code requirements for a--seismic building design seismic building design in the U.S., Europe, Canadain the U.S., Europe, Canada

Appendix BAppendix B 421421--612 Subject Outline612 Subject Outline

Steel and composite construction structural systems, Steel and composite construction structural systems, discussion of the various systems and some aspects of design.discussion of the various systems and some aspects of design.NonNon--structural components and building contents.structural components and building contents.Assessment and retrofit of structures. Must quantify acceptable Assessment and retrofit of structures. Must quantify acceptable limits on the parameters used to determine the performance of limits on the parameters used to determine the performance of the structure, nonthe structure, non--structural components, and building contents.structural components, and building contents.Design in Design in IntraplateIntraplate RegionsRegionsExplore innovative ways to design buildings by energy Explore innovative ways to design buildings by energy dissipation within the structure itself or by using energy dissipation within the structure itself or by using energy dissipating devices, or base isolation.dissipating devices, or base isolation.Residential ConstructionResidential ConstructionRevisit performanceRevisit performance--based assessment and design in the light based assessment and design in the light of knowledge obtained in previous lectures.of knowledge obtained in previous lectures.