Application of Aspirating Smoke Detection Technologies in IT/Communication
Infrastructure
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Presentation Notes
Our presentation focuses on fire detection requirements, specifically for telecommunication and IT infrastructure. During the presentation we will discuss: Role of fire detection; detection challenges within communication and IT infrastructure; Aspirating Smoke Detection Technology; design implementation as it relates to air sampling smoke detection systems; specification; and Ways to improve field experiences
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Core competency Industry leader Proven track record Technology innovator
Xtralis
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Presentation Notes
Just a bit about us. Xtralis in the business of manufacturing detection. This is the core of what we do and is what we’re known for. Our main objective is, and always has been, to detect smoke without compromising the early warning capability of our products. We are the original pioneers and innovators of VEW ASD and today recognized as the industry leader.
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With over 30 years of innovation, Xtralis has developed an effective approach
to smoke & fire threat prevention
Pioneered aspirating smoke detection (ASD)
Invented VESDA very early warning smoke detection
VESDA Laser Series – world’s
leading ASD brand
Invented VFT-15 addressable VESDA ASD
OSID – Dual wavelength open
air smoke imaging
VESDA VLI – ASD for harsh & industrial
environments
Our core competencies…
Air Sampling Image Processing Optics Interpretation of Light
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Presentation Notes
ASD is now a mainstream solution for high performance smoke detection. There are several global listing and approvals ranging from UL to FM to LPCB, VdS to mention a few. There are multiple global ASD manufacturers; realize that all ASDs are not created equal so make sure and do your due diligence before selecting a specific detector. ASD has been applied in a wide and diverse range of applications for over 25 years. Some manufactures has been deploying ASD in challenging environments for over 15 years by use of application expertise or by utilizing ASDs specifically designed for use in Industrial environments. Selecting the right ASD with the appropriate installation history, performing a good system design, followed a good installation and implementation of a solid service and maintenance program are key to a successful deployment.
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Fire Detection
Gas Detection & Environmental Monitoring
Traffic Detection
Intrusion Detection
Video Transmission, Recording & Analysis
Access Control
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Presentation Notes
With over 3-Billion sq. ft. of critical infrastructure protected today by our leading brands VESDA, ICAM, OSID, and our portfolio of security products, we’ve held true to our commitment to perform above and beyond, setting the standard for VEW.
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Common instigators…
Electrical
Mechanical
Administrative
Fire Risks
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Presentation Notes
The most common instigator of fire events in Datacom facilities are building systems. This includes but is not limited to: Electrical systems, such as: Power Distribution Systems. Shorts, overloading, component degradation and other electrical system malfunction. Overheating of cabling, components and equipment result in combustion of polymers, which can release toxic and corrosive gases that overtime may damage electronic devices. Mechanical systems, such as: HVAC system malfunction. HVAC systems aid in the circulation of smoke and gases to other compartments, which ultimately can lead to damage of electronic devices in other compartments. Generators, fuel lines, exhaust lines. Administrative -Bad house-keeping and storage practices. Densely packed arrangement of equipment and fuel sources will encourage the spread of fire and smoke contamination.
Life and welfare of public relying on function of network
Building occupants or exposed property
Military and government installations relying on function of network
Fire Protection Strategy
What’s driving requirements…
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Presentation Notes
Fire detection strategy is often driven by requirements, such as: Life safety, which for a IT/Communication operations extends beyond simply the occupants and to the community relying on the reliability of the function or service provided by the the operations. Compliance with codes & standards Reliable initiation of suppression systems And of course uptime objectives, which extends beyond network reliability, addressing needs for operational efficiencies by providing more information about the physical environment.
Click to edit Master title style Fire Detection Goals
Ensure uptime…
Detect Control Mitigate
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Certainly the most significant goal for any IT / Communication facility operator is of course uptime. A significant contributor to ensuring uptime is detection: that is the ability to overcome variables and detect before critical fire size is reached allowing personnel the time required to control the situation and mitigate the consequences. There are four stages to fire development, that is the incipient stage, growth stage, fully developed stage and the decay stage. The opportune time to respond is during the incipient phase of fire growth development, prior to flame and prolonged smoke contamination. This stage is the difference between turning what would be a fire fighting exercise into potentially a maintenance task. An ideal detection technology would be one that can monitor the entire fire progression providing alarm thresholds at each stage allowing for staged response leading up to the reliable initiation of suppression systems.
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With many variables… Obstructions Temperature Configuration Airflow patterns Air velocity Air circulation Dilution
Challenging Environment
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Presentation Notes
Detecting smoke within communication and IT infrastructures using conventional or prescriptive methods, technologies, placement and spacing can be challenging. The unique environments within these environments presents a challenge to both early and reliable fire detection. Consider factors such as: Obstructions; Temperature Airflow Patterns; Air Velocity; Air Circulation; and Dilution
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Leaving to question detection…
Suitability
Placement
Spacing
Challenging Environment
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Obstructions…
Accessibility Smoke barriers
Conditions
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Obstructions present significant challenges for accessing conventional detection technologies once installed, significantly contributing to their cost. Accessing conventional detectors above or near obstructions for annual inspection, test and maintenance may be extremely difficult and subject network to outages. Fully, partially enclosed cabinets and structures, loaded cable trays, process piping, duct work and other obstructions impede smoke delivery to conventional passive type detectors.
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Escalating temperatures…
Operability Device listings
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Temperatures are increasing with some industry references of as much as 140°F exceeding listed temperature of smoke detectors. Obstructions present significant challenges for accessing conventional detection technologies once installed, significantly contributing to their cost. Accessing conventional detectors above or near obstructions for annual inspection, test and maintenance may be extremely difficult and subject network to outages.
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Airflow patterns… Airflow patterns not always conducive to smoke detector placement in the traditional prescriptive sense
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Airflow patterns in IT/Communication infrastructure can often times be in directions not conducive to smoke detector placement. When considering the optimum location careful consideration should be given to the inter-relationship between the ventilation and fire detection systems. Determine common airflow paths, plenums, point of filtration, makeup air entry points, temperature, airflow velocity, and so forth.
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For smoke detections systems to detect products of combustion, the products must travel from the source to a sensor or port and arrive there in sufficient density to be detectable.
Conditions
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For smoke detection systems to detect products of combustion, the products must travel from the source to a sensor or port and arrive there in sufficient density to be detectable. In this prescriptive coverage scenario detection points are outside the airflow distribution path. If an incident were to occur it would potentially go undetected until such time that the fire grows to a size at which its energy is sufficient to overcome dilution and the mechanical forces of the mechanical forced air. Resulting fire size is likely to exceed VEWFD objectives. This scenario assumes that the air is recirculating. But what if economizers are deployed where hot air, along with any tell tale signs of smoke is exhausted to the atmosphere. We now potentially lose any opportunity to alert occupants until such time that the fire incident breaches the compartment resulting in a much more significant event.
Click to edit Master title style Performance Based Approach Detection within exhaust/return air distribution path, at a point prior to dilution provides best opportunity to detect incipient stage of fire development.
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Detection within exhaust/return air distribution path, at a point prior to dilution provides best opportunity to detect incipient stage of fire development. In the scenario illustrated detection at a point prior to air leaving the hot aisle and entering the plenum is an ideal location, and if properly zoned, directs personnel potentially to the origin. And if we miss detecting smoke elsewhere, detection at return paths as illustrated here provides a certain degree of redundancy. Simply removing other points feeding the plenum and relying solely on this point however would be a compromise.
Click to edit Master title style Suitability of Technology Consideration to environmental conditions and capabilities of the detection technology in terms of suitability must be taken into account.
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Consideration to environmental conditions and capabilities of the detection technology in terms of suitability must be taken into account. Using conventional detection technologies to serve this function in most cases would be a misapplication of the technology. Consider: Velocity and temperature (outside listed range) Placement (mounting locations and orientation) Sensitivity capabilities Accessibility Cost (CAPEX/OPEX)
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Missed opportunities Compromised goals
Suitability of Technology
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Kind of like fitting a square peg in a round hole.
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ISSUE CHALLENGE SPOT-TYPE AIR
SAMPLING
Airflow Velocity Operability, listings ? Airflow Direction Placement, spacing ? Dilution Sensitivity ? High Temperatures Operability, listings ? Configuration Placement ? Accessibility Maintenance access, security ? Cost Total cost of ownership (CAPEX / OPEX) ?
Detection technology selection…
Suitability of Technology
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When properly implemented Air Sampling Smoke Detection technologies uniquely address detection challenges providing effectiveness and efficiencies in terms of performance and cost.
To better understand cost implications let’s examine spot-type smoke detector technology a bit further. A photo-electric spot-type smoke detector consists of an optical chamber utilizing the light scattering principle. The construction of the optical chamber is subject to optical contamination requiring drift compensation techniques to offset the contamination but overtime will require maintenance. Codes & standards dictate frequency for test & inspection.
Now, let’s examine components that make up an installation.
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Installation components…
Detector Base Junction box Fire rated cable1 Conduit2
Misc. fittings
1 Plenum rated when required 2 When required
Photoelectric Spot-type Smoke Detectors
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Presentation Notes
A typical spot-type smoke detector installation consists of: a detector head; compatible base; junction box; fire rated cabling (plenum rated where required); and may also require conduit and associated fittings.
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Access Challenges
Access Restrictions
Operational Risks
Cost Impact
Physical testing & maintenance…
Non-centralized (each and every device)
Photoelectric Spot-type Smoke Detectors
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Presentation Notes
The nature of the technology as previously noted requires that each and every device be accessed. In a telecommunications or IT environment this presents: challenges for accessibility; and subjects the facility to operational risks; resulting in an impact to cost which can be significant over the life of the installation.
Switching gears, let’s review air sampling smoke detection technology. A typical ASD device consists of sections of small diameter pipe with sampling holes drilled at regular intervals along their lengths. An aspirator (fan) in the detection unit, at one end of these pipes, actively draws in air and smoke through these sampling holes towards the smoke detector. Once inside the detection chamber, a laser light scattering technique is used to determine the amount of smoke present in the air sample. The ability to actively collect air samples from the vicinity of the sampling holes and the sensitivity of the smoke detection technique, allows ASD systems to detect smoke very early - in the incipient (smoldering) stage of a fire event providing early intervention for investigation and action, potentially before smoke and corrosive gases affect equipment and personnel. So, if we consider aspirating smoke detection for this application environment we will find that the technology possesses characteristics that overcome the challenges of IT/Communication environments. These features and capabilities include: Sensitivity Very Early Warning Fire Detection Active vs. passive detection performance Multiple alarm thresholds throughout the fire development curve for staged response Capability Unaffected by airflow or temperature extremes when properly designed Cumulative detection performance Absolute smoke detection with fixed calibration Predictable detection performance Flexibility Flexible sampling configurations Simplicity Low maintenance Ease of maintenance Security Accessibility without disruption of operations
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Detector performance…
Measurement certainty Operational stability System integrity
Air Sampling Smoke Detectors
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Certainty of measurement Absolute high stability fixed calibration Optical light-scattering detection principle Solid state laser light source Operational Stability High tolerance and rejection of nuisance �alarms caused by dust, steam and insects, etc. High-stability optics System Integrity Active monitoring of all critical detector �functions Flow, optics and calibration Optics automatically cleaned
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Installation components…
Detector
24VDC power source
Sampling pipe
Misc. fittings
Air Sampling Smoke Detectors
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Presentation Notes
A typical ASSD installation consists of a detector, power supply, pipe and miscellaneous fittings and pipe mounting hardware. With respect to the power supply previous requirements noted use of 48VDC units. This is no longer the case.
Click to edit Master title style Air Sampling Smoke Detectors Sensitive by design…
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Detects fires at their incipient stage, allowing early intervention for investigation and action, potentially before smoke and corrosive gases affect equipment and personnel. Can overcome the effects of dilution by cumulatively sampling aggregation of smoke being actively drawn in by multiple sampling holes.
Click to edit Master title style Air Sampling Smoke Detectors Staged response…
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Given its wide range of sensitivity VESDA systems can monitor all stages of fire development, ��from incipient to fully developed, providing multiple alarm thresholds for staged response. Whereas in comparison, spot-type smoke detectors typically respond within the growth (visible smoke) stage which in the context of telecommunication and IT infrastructures may be too late, as fires progress in size they become more difficult to control.
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Duplicity removed…
Fan Shutdown
Suppression
Primary Detection Pre-Action
Very Early Warning
Air Sampling Smoke Detectors
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VESDA removes duplicity. There is no need to duplicate coverage schemes as VESDA is capable of providing very early warning, is UL268 listed for primary area detection, can provide initiation sequence of pre-action and suppression systems and control for fan shutdown.
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Flexible by design…
Air Sampling Smoke Detectors
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VESDA provides flexibility with respect to port placement. Strategic use of capillary tube and remote sample points provides a high degree of efficiency requiring less pipe runs, fewer detectors, improved transport time and ultimately less cost.
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CENTRALIZED ACCESS
Accessible by design…
Air Sampling Smoke Detectors
Click to edit Master title style Air Sampling Smoke Detectors Affordable by design…
Less hardware to install Reduces equipment cost Reduces labor cost
- Improves TCO - Green solution
Click to edit Master title style Air Sampling Smoke Detectors Affordable by design…
Less hardware to maintain Accessible Significantly reduces cost Mitigates risk
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Area Detection Scenario… 1. IT space totaling 5K SF 2. 60 Air Changes per Hour 3. Area detection below ceiling 4. VEWFD scheme 5. 25 sampling points @ 200 SF coverage density 6. 40 spot detectors @ 125 SF coverage density due
to velocity (NFPA72) 7. 14 ft to ceiling from finished floor 8. Metal deck 9. Fire alarm wiring in conduit
TCO Analysis – VESDA vs Spot-Type
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We’ve prepared the following scenario to illustrate cost advantage of VESDA vs Spot-type smoke detection over the life of the installation. Parameters are as follows: 1 ASD as opposed to 40 spots ASSD exception NFPA 72
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VESDA vs Spot-Type Detection…
Spot-Type Detection
VESDA ASD
VESDA Savings
Smoke Detection Equipment1,2 $5,842 $3,658 $2,184 System Installation3 $9,470 $4,736 $4,734 Total CAPEX $15,312 $8,394 $6,918 Cost/SF CAPEX $3.06 $1.68 $1.60 Maintenance ($/yr) $1,148 $173 $975 Total Maintenance Cost ($/10yr)4 $11,480 $1,730 $9,750 TCO $26,792 $10,120 $16,672 TCO Cost/SF $5.36 $2.02 $3.34 1 Spot detector equipment @ $146/detector 2 Spot detectors de-rated to 125 SF due to ACH. @ 5000 SF equates to 40 detectors 3 Spot detector installation @ $237/detector 4 Assumes 10 year life, both technologies
TCO Analysis - Results
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Analyzing the results it’s quite clear VESDA provides lower cost of ownership. The total cost per sq ft for installation is $1.60 less than spots and as much as $3.34 a sq ft less than spots over the life of the installation, taking into consideration annual test/inspection and maintenance. Pricing analysis presented excludes per deum and permit fees but otherwise is inclusive, down to pipe labels and glue. quite conservative. National estimating cost data has been referenced and the estimating methodology has been verified by leading system integrators. The estimates are conservative. For instance, $383 per spot is may be low, especially in major markets such as SF, Chicago where it could be double that. Also consider performance advantages.
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Suitable performer…
Predictable performance Safety & security Lower total cost of ownership Improved visibility for facility diagnostics
Air Sampling Smoke Detectors
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Presentation Notes
In summary, less to install, less to maintain, safer to maintain, lower cost, improved performance.
When designing ASSD systems the designer must consider the following conditions and factors: 1. Requirements, such as end user practices, codes and standards; 2. What environmental conditions we have to overcome by design; 3. Coverage area by occupancy; 4. Detection performance category; 3. Installation coverage technique; 4. What zoning requirements are there for actuation of suppression zones or fan shutdown, and; 5. Selection of most efficient detector model to adequately serve the protected area.
Local codes & standards End user practices Facility requirements
Design Conditions & Factors
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Requirements must also be considered as part of the design process. The designer must determine what: Local codes and standards require, such as NFPA72, and where adopted NFPA75 and NFPA76 for example; What governing gaseous suppression codes require, such as NFPA2001 for example; What do owner practices require, keeping in mind that in most instances end-user practices will exceed prescriptive requirements; Is the objective to integrate suppression; and What zoning requirements are there for actuation of suppression zones or fan shutdown.
The designer must also take into consideration the environment, such as: Environmental conditions: What are the cooling configurations and airflow characteristics (direction, magnitude) of the area to be protected? Structural characteristics: What effect will parameters such as ceiling height, room geometry and equipment locations/dimensions have on airflow patterns, ventilation and smoke detection? External influences: Could fresh air intake for cooling or makeup introduce contaminants which may effect network reliability or be the source of unwanted alarms? Accessibility: that is for maintenance, test & inspection within sub-floor, ceiling void, above cable trays, within fully or partially enclosed equipment cabinets, etc.
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Coverage area…
Design Conditions & Factors
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IT and Communication centers are comprised of many inter-dependent adjacencies, each contributing to the operational continuity of the facility. An event in any part of the facility can affect uptime objectives. A good design considers a holistic approach with multiple sampling locations throughout the facility typically using multiple coverage techniques. Items to consider when assessing coverage area includes: Criticality of the occupancy (what significant function does the area serve in terms of the overall mission of the operation); Hazard level (what hazards are present, such as combustibles, heat loads and so on); Value of assets housed within the area; What exposures are there from adjacencies; Will a gaseous or sprinkler fire suppression system form part of the overall fire protection solution. If so, will detection be required; What are the project requirements; and owner expectations Detection performance categories (VEWFD, EWFD or SFD) are designated based on criticality of the area being protected.
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Smoke detection performance categories… 1. Standard Fire Detection (SFD) 2. Early Warning Fire Detection (EWFD) 3. Very Early Warning Fire Detection (VEWFD)
Design Conditions & Factors
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There are three detection technology performance categories specified within performance based codes and standards. They are: Standard Fire Detection; Early Warning Fire Detection; and Very Early Warning Fire Detection Parameters regarding each category are defined by sensitivity, spacing and special coverage requirements. These performance categories address criticality by increasing sensitivity and density of detection points. Most end user practices applies these performance categories to each occupancy type thus defining performance expectations based on criticality of occupancy to be protected. Assessment of the risks and performance requirements specific to particular areas within IT / Communication Facilities forms the basis for the level of protection applied, in terms of sample point density and nominal sensitivity. Increasing placement density and sensitivity improves the chances of detecting incipient, low-energy fires, before fire conditions threaten services and network reliability.
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1 Sensitivity at each port/sensor
PARAMETER SFD EWFD VEWFD Sensitivity1
Pre-Alarm2 Optional Optional 0.2% obs/ft.
Alarm 2.5% obs/ft. 1.5% obs/ft. 1.0% obs/ft.
Coverage
Open Area 900 sq. ft. 400 sq. ft. 200 sq. ft.
Air Distribution Paths Duct Detection
Duct Detection
Every 4 sq. ft. grille area
Transport Time (ASSD) 120 sec. 90 sec. 60 sec. 1 Sensitivity at each port/sensor 2 ASSD provides pre-alarm capabilities across all sensitivity categories
Smoke Detection Performance Categories
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Presentation Notes
Performance categories as noted define sensitivity, density and special application requirements with details as follows: For sensitivity, at each port or sensor, alarm thresholds are specified to be 2.5% for SFD, 1.5% for EWFD and 1% for VEWFD. Port or sensor spacing is specified at 900 SF for SFD, 400 SF for EWFD and 200 SF for VEWFD categories. Note that for spot-type detectors spacing may be less depending on air exchange rates and specific construction parameters as specified in NFPA 72. Unique to the VEWFD category are requirements for pre-alarm signals at 0.21% obs/ft and detection of all return air paths with port density of 4 sq. ft of grille area. Whereas in the SFD and EWFD categories pre-alarm signals may be optionally applied and coverage of air distribution paths is generally applied in accordance with relevant codes & standards, such as requirements for duct detectors on return and supply sides of AHUs meeting specific criteria. Relevant to aspirating smoke detection technologies, smoke transport, that is the time smoke is introduced at the last (furthest) sampling point back to the detector, must not exceed the specified time. For SFD the requirement is 120 sec, 90 sec for EWFD category and 60 seconds for VEWFD. Given VESDAs wide sensitivity range ASSD technology can be applied across all performance categories.
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Air sampling pipe distribution networks are designed and installed to monitor the total room for smoke concentration, not simply an area within a larger space.
Design Conditions & Factors
Coverage techniques…
Area coverage Air distribution paths Ceiling High/Low Beam pockets Drop ceiling Ceiling / Floor voids
Return Air grilles Transfer grilles Ducts Economizers Ceiling & floor voids (plenum spaces) Containment structures
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Presentation Notes
Once coverage areas and detection performance category have been defined by occupancy, coverage techniques are then applied to effectively protect each area. Air sampling pipe distribution networks are designed and installed to monitor the total room for smoke concentration, not simply an area within a larger space. This requires that air samples be continuously drawn from the ceiling, within concealed spaces, such as above ceiling and below raised floor, along air distribution paths and within fully or partially enclosed spaces, such as containment structures. There are essentially two sampling methods for accomplishing this objective. Area detection (UL268 primary detection) Monitoring of air distribution paths Typically, a space may use more than one method.
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Area Coverage (Ceiling) Equipment: ASSD appropriately sized to
adequately and efficiently protect area Construction: Rigid pipe & fittings with
ceiling oriented downward towards floor Spacing / Sensitivity / Transport: In
accordance with performance classification Benchmark Test point: 5ft AFF
Fig. 1: Grid Layout Example
Coverage Technique Details
Test Point
Sample Holes
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Presentation Notes
Below ceiling sampling is used to sample air from areas that fall outside the direct air flow path created by air handling units, and for fire detection when the air-condition is off. The method involves placing sample ports along the pipe network 1-4” from finished ceiling facing downward. Sampling ports are spaced in compliance with performance classifications specified for a particular occupancy (eg. SFD 900 sq. ft., EWFD 400 sq. ft., VEWFD 200 sq. ft.). Construction is typically accomplished using rigid ¾” sampling pipe supported every 4 ft and labeled in accordance with NFPA72. Sample ports are drilled directly into the pipe network facing downward. A benchmark test point is generally brought down to an accessible level or location.
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Area Coverage (High / Low) Equipment: ASSD appropriately sized to
adequately and efficiently protect area Construction: Rigid pipe & fittings with
sample points drilled directly into pipe. Use of stanchions. Placement: Alternate sample points
above/below cable trays or other horizontal obstructions orientating points downward towards floor
Coverage Technique Details
Spacing: In accordance with performance classification alternating between high/low sampling holes Sensitivity / Transport: In accordance with performance classification Benchmark Test point: 5ft AFF
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Presentation Notes
Cable trays and other services present obstructions and could delay or possibly prevent smoke from reaching ceiling where area detection may ordinarily reside. The use of High/Low sample points is intended to overcome challenges with obstruction. The method involves alternating between holes drilled directly into the sampling pipe at the ceiling and remote drops with remote sampling points below cable trays and other obstructions. Spacing in accordance with sensitivity objectives (SFD, EWFD, VEWFD). Construction can be as simple as a rigid stanchion from the main pipe trunk; or To facilitate relocation of remote sampling point, consider use of flexible fire rated tubing and use additional lengths (generally in excess of 2 foot), coiled and secured for future relocation.
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Area Coverage (Beam Pocket) Equipment: ASSD appropriately sized to
adequately and efficiently protect area Construction: Rigid pipe & fittings with
sample points drilled directly into pipe. Use of stanchions. Placement: Sample points in accordance
with NFPA 72 oriented downward Spacing / Sensitivity / Transport: In
accordance with performance classification Benchmark Test point: 5ft AFF
Beam pockets are created between large ceiling beams. Depending on the size of the voids and the depth of the beams in ratio to ceiling height, it may be necessary to sample within each inter-beam space or pocket or underside the beam in order to comply with local codes and standards. A typical on-ceiling air sampling pipe network would normally be mounted below these large areas as illustrated in figure 2. Rigid pipe or flexible tubing with remote sample point may extend vertically from the sampling pipe upwards into the space between the beams as illustrated in figure 1. Sample ports are drilled directly into the pipe network facing downward towards the floor with spacing in accordance with specified performance objectives for the occupancy.
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Area Coverage (Drop Ceiling) Equipment: ASSD appropriately sized to
adequately and efficiently protect area Construction: Rigid pipe & fittings installed
above drop ceiling with remote sample points mounted to the underside of the drop ceiling. Use of flexible “capillary” tubing to interconnect port to pipe Placement: Sample points 1-4” below drop
ceiling oriented downward towards floor Spacing / Sensitivity / Transport: In
accordance with performance classification Benchmark Test point: 5ft AFF
Coverage Technique Details
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Presentation Notes
With false ceilings, for aesthetic purposes, it is common practice to install pipe network of an aspirated detection system in the ceiling void with capillary tubes suspended through the ceiling tiles into the room at locations and spacing determined by coverage and density objectives. In this configuration, the pipe network is installed above the ceiling, and the sampling points extended through the ceiling using either a pipe nipple and end cap or a length of capillary tubing attached to manufacturer supplied capillary sampling point located 1-4” below the false ceiling oriented downward towards the finished floor. Ensure only fire rated tubing and fittings is used in the construction of such drops, and that tube length for remote drops do not exceed that listed by manufacturer.
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VESDA VEU
Coverage Technique Details
Area Coverage (Drop Ceiling) Design Efficiencies Reduces rigid pipe
installation Improves transport times Maximizes detector capacity Reduces hardware Reduces cost
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Area Coverage (Ceiling/Floor Void) Equipment: ASSD appropriately sized to
adequately and efficiently protect area Construction: Rigid pipe & fittings with
ceiling oriented downward towards floor Spacing / Sensitivity / Transport: In
accordance with performance classification Benchmark Test point: 5ft AFF
Coverage Technique Details
Find picture of ceiling void, replace image below
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Concealed spaces, such as raised floors and sometimes ceiling voids of IT / Communication facilities may contain large quantities of electrical cabling. In such cases it is important these areas are protected. When used for return and supply plenums the presence of high airflows in these concealed spaces will lead to rapid spread of fire and smoke. Aspirating Smoke Detectors are well suited to this task with detectors able to be positioned outside the protected area for convenient access for service and maintenance. The method involves placement of sampling ports within the concealed space oriented downwards. Where the space is used as a return or supply air plenum, orienting the ports at a 30-45º downward orientation to the incoming flow will further assist to counteract pressure effects plus will prevent buildup of dust and dirt. Sampling ports are spaced in compliance with performance classification designated for the occupancy. Construction is typically accomplished using rigid ¾” sampling pipe supported every 5 ft and labeled in accordance with NFPA72. In spaces classified as plenums, ensure all materials are approved and listed for plenum use. A test point is generally brought out to an accessible location above finished floor. Here are some of the reasons when is smoke detection required under a subfloor. Detection is installed when: Achieving specific fire safety objectives Subfloor used as a return air plenum Combustibles are present When pre-action or other type of releasing fire suppression is used in the space When total coverage is required by the authority having jurisdiction or other codes, 17.5.3.1 requires detection in all accessible spaces (combustible or noncombustible) and in inaccessible combustible spaces. The spaces beneath raised floors and above suspended ceilings usually fall into that category and, hence, require detection using the same location and spacing concepts as required for the occupied portion of a building
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AHU (Return/Supply/Exhaust Grille) Equipment: ASSD appropriately sized to
adequately and efficiently protect area Construction: Rigid pipe & fittings with
sample points drilled directly into pipe Placement: Sample points positioned at
face of grilles oriented 30-45º towards incoming flow, no ports outside of grille area Spacing / Sensitivity / Transport: Every 4
sq. ft. of grille area, 1% obs/ft, 60 seconds
Coverage Technique Details
Presenter
Presentation Notes
NFPA 76 where adopted and most end user practices requires that in designated occupancies ASSD systems shall be used to sample all of the return air from a room. Constructing a pipe network generally involves use of rigid ¾” fire rated tubing with sample holes drilled directly into pipe network, paying attention to sample hole orientation and distance off face of grille. Where maintenance requires the removal of the sampling pipes on a regular basis, the pipe network design should provide for use of socket unions to permit grille removal. For spacing the maximum area of coverage per sampling hole is every 4 sq. ft of grille area. Care must be taken to orient sampling holes 30 to 45° towards direction of incoming airflow and that sampling pipe standoff between 4 to 8 inches in front of the grille in order to avoid the low pressure point directly at the grille surface.
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AHU (Outside Air Intake) Equipment: ASSD appropriately sized to
adequately and efficiently protect area Construction: Rigid pipe & fittings with
sample points drilled directly into pipe Placement: Sample points positioned at
face of grilles oriented 30-45º towards incoming flow, no ports outside of grille area Spacing / Sensitivity / Transport: Every 4
sq. ft. of grille area, 1% obs/ft, 60 seconds
Coverage Technique Details
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Presentation Notes
A similar approach is often applied to outside air intakes as a means to monitor incoming air, which may carry contaminants such as smoke laden air from forest fires within the vicinity, or an occasional crop burning. Pollution from populated metropolitan areas also pose a contamination risk. By placing sampling holes 30-45º towards incoming airflow, covering every 4 sq. ft of grill area, aspirating smoke detection systems can effectively monitor incoming air for contaminants and provide logical control of dampers through the Building Automation System for instance.
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VESDA SAMPLING PIPE
VESDA DETECTOR
Coverage Technique Details
AHU (Outside Air Intake) application example
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Presentation Notes
Here’s an application example.
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AHU (In-Duct) Equipment: ASSD appropriately sized to
adequately and efficiently protect duct. Must be dedicated to duct being monitored Construction: Rigid pipe, sample points
drilled directly into pipe. Exhaust returned directly to duct being sampled Placement: Sample points positioned
across width of duct oriented 30-45º towards incoming flow, no ports outside of duct Spacing / Sensitivity / Transport:
Spacing based on duct size (w x h) following MFG’s guidelines, 1% obs/ft, 60 seconds transport Benchmark Test point: 5ft AFF
Coverage Technique Details
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Presentation Notes
In a fire event, ventilation duct systems can convey smoke; usually hot toxic gases and flames from one area to another. Duct systems may also supply air to aid combustion in the fire location. Therefore, the effective management of smoke control, such as dampers and shutters to contain smoke spread and fire growth is essential for life safety and asset protection. In-duct sampling is accomplished by installing a dedicated aspirating smoke detector and inserting specially configured ¾” rigid sample pipe and exhaust pipe into the duct, carefully following manufacturers guidelines. Orientation of sample holes should face 30-45º towards incoming airflow. Where HVAC returns are ducted and have multiple intakes, the sampling pipe may be installed in the duct(s) at the first common point where the duct serves the entire protected area.
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Containment structures Equipment: ASSD appropriately sized to
adequately and efficiently protect area Construction: Rigid pipe & fittings with
sample points drilled directly into pipe Placement: Sample points positioned within
air exhaust path oriented 30-45º towards incoming flow Spacing: Depends on configuration Open collar: min. 6’ on center Chimney: one port per chimney
Sensitivity / Transport: 1% obs/ft, 60 seconds transport Addressability: Individual aisle Benchmark Test point: 5ft AFF
Coverage Technique Details
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Presentation Notes
Hot aisle containment is used to prevent hot air from the hot aisle from escaping and recirculating to the server outlets. This is accomplished by adding solid obstructions to close off the hot aisle. Sampling ports should be placed at a point prior to air leaving the containment and entering the plenum. Consideration should also be given to open areas (cold aisles) and where combustibles are present – within ceiling and floor voids. For redundancy detection at the AHU return or supply is commonly practiced. To avoid influence of airflow and potential flow faults port orientation should be 20-45 degrees towards incoming airstream. Design Conditions and factors consider: Placement of sampling ports shall be at locations where air exits the containment aisle or structure. Coverage shall be a maximum 6 ft. per sampling port
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Containment structures
Contained Hot Aisle (Open Collar)…
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Design Conditions and factors consider: Containment type: configuration (ie. hot vs cold aisle, etc) Governing codes & standards Monitoring locations: Determine sampling approach, port locations, orientation and density to meet performance objectives Product selection: Determine model of detector(s) to be used Pipe routing
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Containment structures
Contained Hot Aisle (Server Rack Chimneys)…
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Design Conditions and factors consider: Containment type: configuration (ie. hot vs cold aisle, etc) Governing codes & standards Monitoring locations: Determine sampling approach, port locations, orientation and density to meet performance objectives Product selection: Determine model of detector(s) to be used Pipe routing
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Containment structures
Contained Hot Aisle (Overhead Coolers)…
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Design Conditions and factors consider: Containment type: configuration (ie. hot vs cold aisle, etc) Governing codes & standards Monitoring locations: Determine sampling approach, port locations, orientation and density to meet performance objectives Product selection: Determine model of detector(s) to be used Pipe routing
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Containment structures
Contained Hot Aisle (In-Row Coolers)…
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Presentation Notes
Design Conditions and factors consider: Containment type: configuration (ie. hot vs cold aisle, etc) Governing codes & standards Monitoring locations: Determine sampling approach, port locations, orientation and density to meet performance objectives Product selection: Determine model of detector(s) to be used Pipe routing
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Spacing is too far apart may miss smoke!
Coverage Technique Details
Presenter
Presentation Notes
As noted earlier in our presentation, smoke must reach port or sensor in sufficient concentration to detect it. In most common containment cooling configurations where the air flow is channelled directly from the exhaust end of servers vertically through a collar or chimney and into the plenum, using area coverage spacing there would likely be a number of server racks in between where if an incident were to occur would go undetected until such time that the fire grows to a size at which its energy is sufficient to overcome dilution and the mechanical forces of the HVAC containment system.
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For very early warning within containment structures, consider port spacing at a minimum every 1.2m (6 ft) on center.
Coverage Technique Details
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Benchmark Test Point… Coverage Technique Details
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Presentation Notes
Easy to access low impact to operations Required per pipe run Transport time is last hole on pipe network, not benchmark test point.
Click to edit Master title style Zoning Requirements
Zones within a room Room
VESDA VEU
Consider… Suppression zones Locating source Product selection Cross zoning
1
VESDA VLP
VESDA VLP
VESDA VLS
4
5 6
1
2
3
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{ Sector 2
{ Sector 3
{ Sector 4
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+
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Suppression Cross Zoning
{ Sector 1
Sector 2 }
Sector 3 }
Sector 4 }
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Sector 1 }
VESDA VLS (ZN-01) VESDA VLS (ZN-02) +
Strategic use of sectors…
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Zone 1
VESDA VLP (one per every four hot aisles)
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Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
4 x VESDA VLF or VLC (one per hot aisle)
Click to edit Master title style Multi-Zone ASD
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
VESDA LaserSCANNER (one per every four hot aisles)
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Detector Selection/Value Engineering Strategies
Coverage capacity Addressability Integration
Product Selection
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Presentation Notes
Once site conditions are known and coverage techniques selected, the designer must identify the appropriate VESDA detector model best suited to meet the project requirements. Selection criteria should include consideration to: Coverage capacity, that is selecting appropriately sized detector that best suites the coverage area or object being protected, ensuring efficiencies are achieved. Addressability to meet specific zoning requirement. Need for communicating over a network or standalone operation.
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Xtralis VESDA Aspirating Smoke Detectors
Widest in industry Scalable Suitable Affordable
Equipment Selection
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Presentation Notes
With over 15 detector types and over 40 plus configuration possibilities, Xtralis by far has the widest range and variety of detectors in the industry, providing for scalable solutions that are suitable for their intended application, thus allowing for efficient and affordable installations.
Click to edit Master title style VESDA ASD Product Range
Coverage capacity, selecting appropriately sized detector that best suites the coverage area or object being protected, ensuring efficiencies are achieved. Otherwise we unnecessarily burden the project cost, take up valuable real-estate and contribute to increased maintenance cost. An example would be selecting a detector rated for up to 8000 sq. ft and applying it an area or object that could have been served with a 2500 sq. ft rated detector. On the flip side, imagine applying multiple 8000 sq. ft detectors to serve an area that could have been served with a single 20,000 sq. ft. detector. Focus & Compact can be used in many different scenarios. (Fire 2)
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Featuring…
VESDA Smoke+
VESDA Flex
VESDA Analytics
VESDA Connect
The best just got better!
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Ultra-high sensitivity for greater coverage in high airflow environments
Inherent Absolute calibration = calibration for life
Contamination resistance for lower TCO in wider range of applications
Particle classification to enable targeted detection and efficient response
Detection of very small particles for earlier detection in a range of applications
Patented Flair™ Detector Technology
VESDA Smoke+ Superior Innovation-based Performance
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Best in Class Smoke Detection
Environmental Monitoring
Energy Saving
Business Process Integration
Over 330k sensors 10 unique parameters Vastly more data
VESDA FLAIR
Analytics
Multidimensional analysis Particle characterisation Various derived measures
Informed Response
Actionable Information
Intelligent Detection = Actionable Intelligence
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Presentation Notes
Flair brings a number of enhancements: - A shorter wavelength laser source that allows tighter focussing and hence better signal to noise ratio: enhanced sensitivity, superior stability & min nuisance alarms - Direct imaging of the particles using a CMOS camera allowing data regarding size, colour, shape etc. to be derived. - Additional data from several photodiodes that allow measurement of light scatter in more directions and polarisations. The net effect is that there is vastly more data that can be used to derive actionable information about the observed particles. Some of this information is processed as part of the primary detection system, while other information may be gathered by further processing the data using “analytics”. The information Flair produces can now be used to detect and monitor threats other than smoke, diesel particulate for example, and this information may be used by BMS systems to save energy by controlling demand control ventilation systems.
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StaX Hardware expansion modules that easily bolt onto the VESDA-E detector to add additional capabilities (e.g. gas detection, PSU)
Analytics Xtralis software applications (Xapps) that can be purchased, downloaded, configured & managed remotely over the internet
DustTrace
WireTrace DieselTrace
Auto Pipe Clean Power Supply
ECO Gas Detection
Other
Addressability
VESDA Flex…
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Allows superior connectivity for monitoring real-time smoke trends, alarms, and faults.
Gateway for VESDA Laser Series connectivity
VESDA Connect… Enables connectivity with Xtralis iVESDA, VSC and VSM4 as well as providing an embedded webserver and E-mail alerts. Supports both wired and wireless LAN connectivity.
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Inside Air Quality & Safety… Detection of gases & O2 levels Toxic, flammable, corrosive Demand control ventilation Energy efficiency
VESDA ECO
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Suitability Ability to condition air stream Enables use in harsh environments (wet, hot, dirty) Extends detector life Minimize / eliminate need to run cable and conduit Secure Mount detectors remote from hazard Eliminate process / personnel disruption during servicing Simplicity Simplified installation Ease of access for testing and servicing Predictable Take the guess work out of detector placement Affordable Lower total cost of ownership Aesthetic Non-intrusive sampling to satisfy architectural or security concerns
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Aspirated
Calibrated
Plug and Play
Single or dual sensors
Class 1 Div 2
Available Gases Lowest
Flammable Limit (LFL)
Volume Concentration
(V/V)
H2 Hydrogen 0-100%
CH4 Methane 0-100%
C3H8 Propane 0-100%
Gasoline Vapor 0-100%
C5H12 Pentane 0-100%
NH3 Ammonia 0-100%
Alcohols 0-100%
O2 Depletion+ Enrichment
0-25%
CO2 Carbon Dioxide 0-5%
O2 Depletion
Only 0-25%
NH3 Ammonia
0-100
H2S Hydrogen
Sulfide 0-100
CO Carbon
Monoxide 0-500
SO2 Sulfur
Dioxide 0-10
H2 0-2000
CI2 Chlorine
0-5
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
0-10
Volume Concentration
(ppm)
VESDA ECO
Click to edit Master title style Xtralis XAS Point in a box (PIAB)… The Xtralis XAS Detectors
- Point In A Box (PIAB) Aspirating Smoke Detection (ASD) solutions
- Incorporate conventional or analogue addressable point detectors
- UL268/268A listed (0-4000fpm)
- ECO gas detection option
Two variants available - XAS-1-US (single channel) - XAS-2-US (dual channel)
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Presentation Notes
Suitability Ability to condition air stream Enables use in harsh environments (wet, hot, dirty) Extends detector life Minimize / eliminate need to run cable and conduit Secure Mount detectors remote from hazard Eliminate process / personnel disruption during servicing Simplicity Simplified installation Ease of access for testing and servicing Predictable Take the guess work out of detector placement Affordable Lower total cost of ownership Aesthetic Non-intrusive sampling to satisfy architectural or security concerns Addressable detection Supervised system – Faults & Airflow 164 ft (50 m) of pipe per detector Up to 2 sampling holes per pipe Integral display and programmer Field serviceable air filter Adjustable aspirator speed IP65 enclosure ECO gas detection option
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How it works... Detector actively draws air from the protected area through sampling holes
in a pipe network. Sampled air is then filtered before being analyzed by conventional or
analogue point detectors incorporated into the system. The system utilizes a high performance aspirator and configurable flow
monitoring circuitry. Trouble conditions (high / low airflow, etc…) are reported by activating
corresponding LED’s and closure of corresponding relay contact.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Suitability Ability to condition air stream Enables use in harsh environments (wet, hot, dirty) Extends detector life Minimize / eliminate need to run cable and conduit Secure Mount detectors remote from hazard Eliminate process / personnel disruption during servicing Simplicity Simplified installation Ease of access for testing and servicing Predictable Take the guess work out of detector placement Affordable Lower total cost of ownership Aesthetic Non-intrusive sampling to satisfy architectural or security concerns
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XAD Unit (Incl. Detector)
Water Trap
Duct Probes & Mounting Plate
XAS Duct Sampling Configuration…
Click to edit Master title style Control & Management
More ways to connect… Efficient integration to business process and emergency response plans.
VSM4
iVESDA
VESDA Web Server
E-mail Alerts
Remote Modules
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VSM4 Smoke & Gas Management Center… Xtralis VSM4 provides full and comprehensive integration of VESDA and smoke and gas detection systems.
Monitor Analyze Audit Inform Manage Optimize Control Secure
Control & Management
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Presentation Notes
Xtralis VESDA provides more information than most fire systems can handle: •Alert –an exception is raised –investigation is recommended •Action –an event required immediate attention •Fire 1 –time to evacuate •Fire 2 –can trigger automatic systems •Minor Fault –arrange a service call •Urgent Fault –call in maintenance •Fault details –can be provided prior to service visit for maximum efficiency •Comprehensive event log for detailed event analysis, troubleshooting and system optimization •With VSM4 you can capitalize on this capability while maintaining regulatory code compliance through the Fire Panel.
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Manage across networks…
Control & Management
Drill down to network of specific interest Drill down to specific space or spaces View and control detector status in real-time Supports multi-site management with drill down support Easily import pictures, floor plans and other graphical elements Alarms and faults prioritized by order and color
Floor plan support down to specific detector or pipe sector
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VSM4 Smoke & Gas Management Center… Full real-time access to:
Xtralis VESDA provides more information than most fire systems can handle: •Alert –an exception is raised –investigation is recommended •Action –an event required immediate attention •Fire 1 –time to evacuate •Fire 2 –can trigger automatic systems •Minor Fault –arrange a service call •Urgent Fault –call in maintenance •Fault details –can be provided prior to service visit for maximum efficiency •Comprehensive event log for detailed event analysis, troubleshooting and system optimization •With VSM4 you can capitalize on this capability while maintaining regulatory code compliance through the Fire Panel.
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Variety of paths…
Fire Alarm Control
Suppression Control
Building Automation
3rd Party Platforms
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Fire Alarm Control Panel - Relays - Intelligent UL listed interface (HLI)
Suppression Control Panel - Relays - Intelligent UL listed interface (HLI)
BAS - Relays - Modbus
Proprietary Monitoring (NOC) - Relays - Open protocol - Modbus
Integration to Other Systems
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Presentation Notes
No system would be complete without tie-in to other systems for signaling of alarms, reporting and management of the installation. Multiple paths are possible and the method of tie-in largely depends on capability of other systems. VESDA provides connectivity through relays, intelligent interfaces with OEM equipment, or through open protocols for more customized level of reporting. Integration paths include connectivity to: Fire Alarm Control Panels via relays or listed intelligent high level interfaces; suppression Control Panels via relays or listed intelligent high level interfaces; to Building Automation Systems via relays or Modbus, or; in instances where there is no fire alarm control panel, communications to proprietary monitoring locations, such as National or regional Operation Centers can be accomplished via relays or Modbus tied directly into the alarm block.
Click to edit Master title style Integration to Other Systems
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Xtralis cost estimator tool…
Product catalog Ordering form Installation cost estimator Test & inspection cost estimator Comparative analysis
Pricing Projects
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Elements of success…
Designing & Specifying ASD Systems
Requirements
Qualifications
Coverage
Products
Review
Programming
Commissioning
Presenter
Presentation Notes
A properly designed ASD system is paramount for the proper operation of the system and in meeting fire protection objectives. Design & Specification take into consideration: Ensure system design meets end user practice, manufacturer’s criteria and local jurisdictional requirements Qualifications of designer, Installer & commissioning technician (Authorized) Apply coverage techniques that account for all possible smoke migration paths Maximize coverage by utilizing combined coverage techniques where possible Utilize most efficient product model to adequately and efficiently protect each area Never exceed limitations specified in the products datasheet Include manufacturer in the early stages of project work Specify manufacturer design review prior to submittal Specify system programming requirements in accordance with end user practices and manufacturer guidelines. Specify commissioning requirements in accordance with end user practices and manufacturer guidelines.
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First line of defense Dynamic detection challenges Aspirating Smoke Detection advantage Holistic design approach Integration for effectiveness & efficiency Specifications improve field experience Experience matters
In Closing
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Presentation Notes
Fire detection systems play an essential role in the overall fire protection strategy and are critical for mitigating risks. Dynamic environmental and operational characteristics of IT / Communication facilities have resulted in a shift towards Performance-Based approaches applying detection specific environmental and operational conditions to meet particular facility requirements & owner objectives. Aspirating detection systems are well suited in meeting performance objectives of modern IT and Communication facilities with proven application worldwide. Designing an effective solution takes into consideration coverage objectives, requirements, and the environment. Multiple coverage techniques are possible and generally a space will use more than one method for an effective level of protection. Selection of equipment is crucial. Careful consideration must be given to selection of detector, pipe and fittings and ancillary items needed to form an effective system capable of meeting all performance objectives and efficiency requirements. For the selection of coverage areas we must look at each facility holistically taking into consideration inter-dependent adjacencies that could effect reliability and uptime objectives should an event occur. Common coverage techniques are deployed and a space will again generally require more than one method. Multiple communication paths with other systems is possible for signaling of alarms, reporting and management of an installation. The choice depends on project and owner requirements, compatibility with other systems, and the need for intelligent analytical data. Specification template incorporating industry best practices
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Xtralis ASD Specification Template – Streamline your next project – Avoid common errors – Achieve efficient and effective results
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