Xuexi Tie NCAR/ACD

Motivations: Motivations:

•Large cities are rapidly growing (cluster)Large cities are rapidly growing (cluster)

•Rapid development of economics has importantRapid development of economics has important effect on air pollutants and climate effect on air pollutants and climate (regional (regional global) global)

•Establish a chemical weather (ozone, visibilityEstablish a chemical weather (ozone, visibility etc) forecast system in the Shanghai Regionetc) forecast system in the Shanghai Region (YRD) (YRD)

PP

SH

Population (Millions) GDP 100B

1 Mage city; 8 cities (above 5M); 3 cities (close to 5M)

16 Large cities (> 1M) in the YRD region

SH NJ SZ WX HZ NP CZ ZJ NT SX YZ TZ HZ JX ZS TZ

SZ

JX

SX

NB

WXCZ

ZS

YZ

NT

NJ

WH

HZ

HZ

ZJ

SHSH

28-40K

6-8K

3-6K

8-16K

16-28K

GDP/Person

The impacts on environmentThe impacts on environment High Pollutants around Large Cities High Pollutants around Large Cities

Shanghai

00. 020. 040. 060. 080. 1

0. 120. 140. 160. 180. 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

AOD

+ 0.

50

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Aerosols (AOD) trend from 2000-2007 in ShanghaiAerosols (AOD) trend from 2000-2007 in Shanghai

The worst is not over (yet) ! The worst is not over (yet) !

Typical visibilityIn Shanghai

Typical visibilityIn Boulder

Scientific objectivesScientific objectives

(1) Establish an effective measurement network to study ozone and ozone precursors, and use the measured result to evaluate WRF-Chem calculations.

(2) Study whether the ozone formation is NOx inhibited or VOC limited in the city. How strong is the VOC-limitation to ozone formation in different locations in the Shanghai region?

(3) Understand the impacts of different anthropogenic activities (e.g., traffic, chemical industry) on ozone formation in this region.

(4) Study the impact of high aerosol loading on photochemistry. How strong is the photon-limitation to ozone formation in different locations in the Shanghai region?

(5) Understand the effect of biogenic emission on ozone concentrations in Shanghai and the surrounding region. How do biogenic emissions interact with anthropogenic emissions to form ozone ?

(6) Assess the interactions between the city and surrounding area for ozone formation.

(7) Establish a chemical weather forecast system (CWFS) to forecast O3 and visibility and to assess the impact of the rapid economical development on the future air quality in YRD

Current measurement sitesCurrent measurement sites

Remote Remote

RuralRural

Edge of UrbanEdge of Urban

UrbanUrban

Chemical InduChemical Indu

Urban centerUrban center

PP

B

Date

Ozone trend from 2006/7 to 2007/7Ozone trend from 2006/7 to 2007/7

PP

B

Date

CC33HH66 (VOC) trend from 2006/7 to 2007/7 (VOC) trend from 2006/7 to 2007/7

It is doubled !It is doubled !

Surface data analysisSurface data analysis

WRF-Chem model in ShanghaiWRF-Chem model in ShanghaiCurrently is adopted in Pudong and used as Daily forecast for Currently is adopted in Pudong and used as Daily forecast for ozoneozone (ozone evaluation (Aug/02-Aug/10/2007)(ozone evaluation (Aug/02-Aug/10/2007)

Super sites during Sept/2009 campaignSuper sites during Sept/2009 campaign

Remote Remote

RuralRural

Edge of UrbanEdge of Urban

UrbanUrban

Chemical InduChemical Indu

Urban centerUrban center

PDPD

JSJS

DTDT

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PD - O3, NO, NO2, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, COPD - O3, NO, NO2, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, CO, JNO2, SO2, NH3, Lidar, JNO2, SO2, NH3, Lidar VOCs(SH), HNO3(TAM) HONO(TAM), VOCs(SH), HNO3(TAM) HONO(TAM), O3, NO, NO2, O3, NO, NO2, NOy, NOy, AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(PKU)AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(PKU)JS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, JS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, VOCs,VOCs, AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(FD), AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(FD), CO??CO??DT - O3, NO, NO2, CO, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NH3, DT - O3, NO, NO2, CO, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NH3, JNO2,JNO2, VOCsVOCs,, VOC(TAM), AERO_COMP(XA) VOC(TAM), AERO_COMP(XA)

XJH - O3, NO, NO2, MetXJH - O3, NO, NO2, MetBS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, ozonesonde (10 times) BS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, ozonesonde (10 times) CM - O3, NO, NO2, metCM - O3, NO, NO2, metSS - O3, NO, NO2, metSS - O3, NO, NO2, met____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SMB, SMB, NCAR/ACD, NCAR/ACD, Texas A&M (TAM), Peking U(PKU), Xi-An Insti(XA), Fudan U(FD)Texas A&M (TAM), Peking U(PKU), Xi-An Insti(XA), Fudan U(FD)

Instruments for 2009

Table, Results of the measurementsTable, Results of the measurements

PD - PD - GASGAS O3, NO, NO2, NOx, NOy, CO, HNO3, HONO, VOCs, SO2, NH3O3, NO, NO2, NOx, NOy, CO, HNO3, HONO, VOCs, SO2, NH3 AEROAERO BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, Bins(10nm-10um), Aerosol composition, LidarBC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, Bins(10nm-10um), Aerosol composition, Lidar J[NO2]J[NO2] MET JS - JS - GASGAS O3, NO, NO2, NOx, VOCs, CO??O3, NO, NO2, NOx, VOCs, CO?? AEROAERO Bins(10nm-10um), Aerosol compositionBins(10nm-10um), Aerosol composition METMET

DT - DT - GASGAS O3, NO, NO2, NOx, CO, VOCsO3, NO, NO2, NOx, CO, VOCs AEROAERO BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, Aerosol compositionBC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, Aerosol composition J[NO2]J[NO2] METMET

(O3-NOx-VOCs-Aerosols-Met system in the 3 super-sites) (O3-NOx-VOCs-Aerosols-Met system in the 3 super-sites)

0 40 80 120 160O zone m ixing ra tio (ppbv)

1000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Pre

ssur

e(

hPa)

O 3 m ixin g ra tio

2007-05-23

2007-05-24

Enhanced Ozone Sounding (10 times during campaign)

Lidar (aerosol profile) and the PBL Lidar (aerosol profile) and the PBL

16 KM coarse resolutionStreets et al (2002)

1KM fine resolution based on surface data

Discussions of MIRAGE-Shanghai Discussions of MIRAGE-Shanghai on Jan/19/2009on Jan/19/2009

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PD - O3, NO, NO2, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, COPD - O3, NO, NO2, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, CO, JNO2, SO2, NH3, Lidar, JNO2, SO2, NH3, Lidar VOCs(SH), HNO3(TAM) HONO(TAM), VOCs(SH), HNO3(TAM) HONO(TAM), O3, NO, NO2, O3, NO, NO2, NOy, NOy, AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(PKU)AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(PKU)JS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, JS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, VOCs,VOCs, AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(FD), AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(FD), CO??CO??DT - O3, NO, NO2, CO, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NH3, DT - O3, NO, NO2, CO, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NH3, JNO2,JNO2, VOCsVOCs,, VOC(TAM), AERO_COMP(XA) VOC(TAM), AERO_COMP(XA)

XJH - O3, NO, NO2, MetXJH - O3, NO, NO2, MetBS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, ozonesonde (10 times) BS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, ozonesonde (10 times) CM - O3, NO, NO2, metCM - O3, NO, NO2, metSS - O3, NO, NO2, metSS - O3, NO, NO2, met____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SMB, SMB, NCAR/ACD, NCAR/ACD, Texas A&M (TAM), Peking U(PKU), Xi-An Insti(XA), Fudan U(FD)Texas A&M (TAM), Peking U(PKU), Xi-An Insti(XA), Fudan U(FD) Enhanced Soundings (PBL), Wind profilers (?)Enhanced Soundings (PBL), Wind profilers (?)

Instruments for 2009

The experiment durationThe experiment duration

The experiment will take place from Sept/1/2009 to Sept/21/2009.

The second Phase of the experiment The second Phase of the experiment

The experiment will take place fin spring (NW winds), May/2012???

Participants from NCARParticipants from NCAR

Guy Brasseur (ESSL Director), a few day trip in SMB to oversee the experiment

Bill Randel (ACD director), oversee the experiment

Sasha Madronich, oversee the experiment

Xuexi Tie, Coordinator between NCAR and SMB, and WRF-Chem modeling

Alex Guenther, Jim Greenberg and Andrew Turnipseed: VOC fluxes at DT and XJH Sites and VOC measurements at XJH, CM, BS and SS sites Eric Apel+1 VOC measurement at JS site Frank Flocke + 1 NO, NO2, NOx, NOy, O3 measurements and inter-comparison at XJH

Bob Henson – UCAR P-R (1 week)

Total = 12 (3 for short period, and 9 for 4 weeks)

Participants from SMB?Participants from SMB?

NCAR costNCAR cost

Airline tickets; 10 x $1500 = $15KAirline tickets; 10 x $1500 = $15KShipment cost; 3 x $9000 = $ 27,000Shipment cost; 3 x $9000 = $ 27,000Materials and Supplies (e.g., GC gases, standards, cartridges): $8KMaterials and Supplies (e.g., GC gases, standards, cartridges): $8KMis cost 5KMis cost 5K

Estimated total cost by NCAR ~$55K x 1.5 Estimated total cost by NCAR ~$55K x 1.5 (over-head)(over-head) = 82.5K = 82.5K

SMB matching cost;SMB matching cost;

Hotel cost: 30 day x $80 x 13 people = $31,200Hotel cost: 30 day x $80 x 13 people = $31,200Per diem cost (food + transportation) 30 day x $40 x 13 = $ 15,600Per diem cost (food + transportation) 30 day x $40 x 13 = $ 15,600Some other cost; $15,000Some other cost; $15,000Data management cost; $7,000Data management cost; $7,000Enhancement Ozonesonde cost; $10,000Enhancement Ozonesonde cost; $10,000Estimated total matching cost by SMB; $78K - $80KEstimated total matching cost by SMB; $78K - $80K

Additional instrument purchase (J[NO2]) etc, $30KAdditional instrument purchase (J[NO2]) etc, $30K

Pre-campaign activities

• More WRF-tracer study, improve in emissions

• Intensive VOC measurements by SMB

1-week each in XJH, JS, and DT (diurnal cycle during daytime in May/2009??

• Data analysis by ACD and SMB for 2005-2008 period

Pre-campaign Preparations• Coordinate with other Institutes and Universities?

(Xi-An; Texas AM; Peking University; Fudan University; CMA)

• Shipments of NCAR instruments? When and How?

• Preparations in the field sites (Hotels and transportations)

• Data managements, Web-site establishment