Y. Touitou E. Haus (Eds.)

Biologic Rhythms

in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine

With 347 Figures and 54 Tables

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

YVAN TOUITOU

Professor of Biochemistry Faculte de Medecine Pitie-Salpetriere Laboratoire de Biochimie Medicale 91, Boulevard de l'Hopital 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France

ERHARDHAUS

Professor, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Minnesota Chairman, Department of Anatomic and Clinical Pathology St.Paul-Ramsey Medical Center 640 Jackson Street St. Paul, MN 55101-259, USA

Cover picture: Sculpture by Arman, gare Saint-Lazare, Paris

ISBN-13: 978-3-642-78736-2 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-78734-8

DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-78734-8

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biologic rhythms in clinical and laboratory medicine / Y. Touitou, E.Haus (eds.). Includes bib­liographical references and index.

ISBN 3-540-54461-5 (alk. paper) ISBN 0-387-54461-5 (alk. paper)

1. Clinical chronobiology. 2. Biological rhythms. I. Touitou, Yvan. II. Haus, Erhard. [DNLM: 1. Chronobio!ogy. 2. Circadian Rhythm--physio!ogy. QT 167 B6148j RB148.B55 1992 612 .022--dc20 DNLMlDLC

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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992

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Foreword

With the help of our European and American colleagues and friends, we have been able to prepare this book on Biologic Rhythms in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, which includes 20 parts consisting of 47 chapters on different aspects of chronobiology and medicine.

Parts I and II present six chapters on the basic concepts and the mechanisms of biologic rhythms, followed in Part III by a review of the appropriate methodology for their study. Part IV summarizes the large amount of data accumulated on the time-dependent changes in drug effects and side effects and in toxicology. Part V presents in four chapters observations on biologic rhythms beginning in preg­nancy and extending through childhood and development to old age. Part VI is dedicated to the rhythms in physical and mental performance and is followed in Part VII by the study of the adaptation of these rhythms during shiftwork and after transmeridian flights. In Part VIII is presented the physiology and pathophy­siology of sleep. Parts IX-XIX discuss biologic rhythms in different organ systems in health and disease, including aspects of physiology, pharmacology, and toxicol­ogy. The clinically important rhythm alterations found in certain psychiatric con­ditions, i. e., in affective disorders are presented in Part IX. The eight chapters in Part X are dedicated to the rhythms of multiple frequencies found in endocrine and metabolic functions. In Part XI, the biologic rhythms in hepatic drug metabo­lism are discussed which determine, in part, circadian and other variations in drug effects. Part XII describes the rhythmicity of the gastrointestinal system with its implications for ulcerogenesis and timed treatment. In Part XIII are discussed rhythms of the cardiovascular system, including hypertension, and in Part XIV rhythms in the respiratory system with the clinically important application to the treatment of bronchial asthma. Part XV presents rhythms in renal function and pathology. The chronobiology of the inflammatory reaction is presented in Part XVI. Biologic rhythms in hematology and immunology are presented in Part XVII and include, in addition to the large-amplitude rhythms of some of the formed elements in the peripheral blood, new data on the rhythmicity of the human bone marrow, which will be of considerable importance for the effects and/or side effects of the numerous drugs and other agents acting upon this com­plex and vital tissue. This part also includes observations on biologic rhythms in cell migration, in the immune response, and of the blood coagulation system with its implications for transient risk states for thrombosis or hemorrhage. Part XVIII presents first basic data on rhythms in normal and abnormal cell proliferation, then the endocrine regulations related to the cancerogenesis in endocrine respon­sive tissues, i. e., the breast, the rhythms in the appearance of tumor markers in the circulation, possibly representing periodic variations in tumor metabolism and, fi­nally, the opportunities provided by the rhythms of host and tumor to optimize chemotherapy by treatment timed according to the biologic rhythms of the host and/or the tumor. Epidemiologic aspects of chronobiology are presented in

VI Foreword

Part XIX in regard to physiologic events like birth and to chronopathology and death from numerous causes. Finally, the implication of biologic rhythms for lab­oratory medicine are discussed in Part XX including time-qualified reference values for high-amplitude rhythms and the tools to improve laboratory diagnosis by taking into account the principles of chronobiology.

In all these chapters, our purpose is to present to the reader, whether experi­enced in chronobiology or not, a general review of the role of biologic rhythms in the normal and abnormal function of different organ systems.

Each of the contributors is a known specialist in his or her field, and we would like to express our great appreciation for their participation in this didactic team­work. We hope that this book will interest the readers who wish to extend their familiarity with chronobiology and will provide the investigators in the study of bi­ologic rhythms a general overview of the field.

March 1992 Yvan Touitou, Paris Erhard Haus, St. Paul

Contents

Part I Bask Concepts

Biologic Rhythms from Biblical to Modern Times. A Preface Y. TOUITOU and E. HAUS

Principles of Clinical Chronobiology E. HAus and Y. TOUITOU

Part II Mechanisms of Rhythms

Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Circadian Oscillators: Models and Mechanisms for Biological Timekeeping . L.N. EDMUNDS, Jr.

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and Other Pacemakers. W.J.RIETVELD

Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Chronobiology D. J. LAKATUA

Seasonal and Daily Control of Enzyme Synthesis and Activity by Circadian Clocks . . . . . . . . . O. QUEIROZ and C. QUEIROZ-CLARET

Part III Data Processing

Data Processing in Chronobiological Studies. J.DE PRINS and B.HECQUET

Part rv Pbarmacology and Toxicology

Chronopharmacology . B. BRUGUEROLLE

1

6

35

55

65

78

90

114

VIII Contents

Chronotoxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 138 J.CAMBAR, B.L'Azou, and J. C. CAL

Rhythms in Drug-Induced Teratogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 151 I. SAUERBIER

Part hiJd De elopment and ging

Chronobiology of Pregnancy and the Perinatal Time Span . . . . . . . . .. 158 P.J.MEIS

Patterns of Growth Hormone Release During Childhood and Adolescent Development in the Human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 167 A.D. ROGOL

Rhythms in Biochemical Variables Related to Bone and Their Regulating Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179 M. E . MARKOWITZ

Biological Rhythms and Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 188 Y. TOUITOU and E . HAus

Part I Phy ical and Mental P nonnan

Chronobiology of Mental Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 208 T. H. MONK

Biological, Behavioral and Intellectual Activity Rhythms of the Child During Its Development in Different Educational Environments . .. 214 H. MONTAGNER, G . DE ROQUEFEUIL, and M. DJAKOVIC

Chronobiology of Physical Performance and Sports Medicine . . . . .. 230 C.M. WINGET, M. R. I. SOLIMAN, D.C.HoLLEY, and J.S.MEYLOR

Part VB hift Work and Transmeridian Flight

Night and Shift Work and Transmeridian and Space Flights ......... 243 A. E. REINBERG and M. H. SMOLENSKY

Part 1Il I P

Chronobiology of Human Sleep and Sleep Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . .. 256 B. HAYES and C. A. CZEISLER

Contents IX

Part IX Psychiatry

The Complex Circadian Pacemaker in Affective Disorders . ... .. ... 265 D.F.KRIPKE, M.D.DRENNAN, and J. A ELLIOTT

Part X Endoaine and Metabolic Functio

Rhythmic and Non-Rhythmic Modes of Anterior Pituitary Hormone Release in Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 277 J.D. VELDHUlS, M.L.JOHNSON, AIRANMANESH, and G.LIZARRALDE

Chronobiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 292 A ANGELI, G. GATTI, and R. MASERA

Chronobiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men and Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 C. H. BLOMQUIST and J. P. HOLT, Jr.

Chronobiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis . . . . . . . .. 330 G. Y. NICOLAU and E. HAUS

The Pineal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 348 J.ARENDT

Chronobiology of Endocrine-Immune Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 363 G. GATTI, A ANGELI, and R. CARIGNOLA

Chronobiology, Nutrition, and Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 375 L. MEJEAN, M. KOLOPP, and P. DROUIN

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Axis Testing in Clinical Medicine: Evidence for Time Dependency. . . . . . . . . . . .. 386 Y. TOUITOU and A. BOGDAN

Part XI Hepatobiliary System

Biological Rhythms in Hepatic Drug Metabolism and Biliary Systems . .. 403 P.M. BELANGER and G.LABRECQUE

Part XII Gastroinl linal System

Chronobiology of the Gastrointestinal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 410 J.G.MOORE

X Contents

Part XIII ardiova ular y tern

Cardiovascular Chronobiology and Chronopharrnacology . . . . . . . . .. 418 B.LEMMER

Chronobiologic Blood Pressure Assessment from Womb to Tomb. . . . . . 428 G.CORNELISSEN, E.HAUS, and F.HALBERG

Part xr Re piratory y tern

Nocturnal Asthma: Mechanisms and Chronotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . .. 453 M.H.SMOLENSKY and G.E.D'ALONZO

Part V Renal Phy iology and Pathology

Renal Excretion: Rhythms in Physiology and Pathology .. . . . . . . . .. 470 J. CAMBAR, J. C. CAL, and J. TRANCHOT

Part VI Inflammatory Reaction

Inflammatory Reaction and Disease States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 483 G.LABRECQuE

Part II Immunolo and Hematolo

Chronobiology of Immune Functions: Cellular and Humoral Aspects. . .. 493 G.FERNANDEs

Chronobiology of Circulating Blood Cells and Platelets. . . . . . . . . . .. 504 E . HAus

Chronobiology of Human Bone Marrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 527 R.SMAALAND and O.D.LAERVM

Chronobiology of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Migration . . . . . . . . . 547 J.P.BuREAu and L.GARRELLY

Chronobiology in Hemostastis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 H .DECOUSUS

Contents XI

Part XVIII Cell Proliferation and Cancer

Normal and Abnormal Cell Proliferation in Mice Especially as It Relates to Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 566 L. E. SCHEVING, T. -H. TSAI, L. A. SCHEVING, R. J. FEVERS, and E. L. KANABROCKI

Chronobiology of Endocrine and Endocrine-Responsive Tumors. . . . .. 600 R. VON ROEMELlNG

Chronochemotherapy of Malignant Tumors: Temporal Aspects of Antineoplastic Drug Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 611 W.J.M.HRvsHESKY and W.J.MARz

Immune System in Relation to Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 C. CANON and F. LEVI

Rhythms in Tumor Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 648 Y. TOVITOV and C. FOCAN

Part XIX Epidemiology

Chronoepidemiology: Chronobiology and Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . .. 658 M. H. SMOLENSKY

Part XX Laboratory Medicine

Chronobiology in Laboratory Medicine .................... 673 E. HAVS and Y. TOVITOV

Glossary ... . 709

Subject Index . 713

Contributors

ANGELI,A.

Cattedra di Medicina Intema, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Divisione di Clinica Medica Generale, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy

ARENDT,J.

Department of Biochemistry, University of Surrey, Guilford Surrey GU2 5XH, Great Britain

BELANGER, P. M. Universite Laval, Ecole de Pharmacie, Cite Universitaire, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada

BLOMQUIST, C. H. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ramsey Clinic, St.Paul-Ramsey Medical Center, 640 Jackson Street, St.Paul, MN 55101, USA

BOGDAN,A.

Faculte de Medecine Pitie-Salpetriere, Laboratoire de Biochimie Medicale, 91 Boulevard de I'H6pital, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France

BRUGUEROLLE, B. Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Medicale et Clinique, Faculte de Medecine, CHU de la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France

BUREAU, J. P. CHR de Nimes, Laboratoire de Cytologie Clinique et Cytogenetique, Faculte de Medecine, Avenue Kennedy, 30000 Nimes, France

CAL,J.C. Groupe d'Etude de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Renales, Faculte de Medecine, 91 rue Leyteire, 33000 Bordeaux, France

CAMBAR,J.

Groupe d'Etude de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Renales, Faculte de Medecine, 91 rue Leyteire, 33000 Bordeaux, France

CANON,C.

I.C.I.G., Service des Maladies Sanguine et Tumorales, H6pital Paul Brousse, 14-16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800 Villejuif, France

XIV Contributors

CARIGNOLA, R. Cattedra di Medicina Interna, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Divisione di Clinica Medica Generale, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy

CORNELISSEN, G.

Chronobiology Laboratories, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

CZEISLER, C. A.

Harvard Medical School, Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA

D'ALONZO, G.E.

School of Public Health, University of Texas, P. O. Box 20186, Astrodome Station East 442, Houston, TX 77025, USA

DECOVSVS, H. Service de Medecine Interne et TMrapeutique, H6pital de Bellevue, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France

DE PRINS, J. Stanley 7, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium

DJAKOVIC, M.

Unite 70 INSERM, 388 rue du Mas de Prunet, 34070 Montpellier, France

DRENNAN, M.D.

Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Hospital, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA

DROUIN, P. Universite de Nancy, Departement de Nutrition et des Maladies Metaboliques, INSERM U 59, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France

EDMUNDS, L.N., Jr. Division of Biological Sciences, Life Sci Bldg 370, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA

ELLIOTI, J. A. Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Hospital, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA

FERNANDES, G.

University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7874, USA

FEVERS, R.J. Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA

FOCAN,C.

Service de Medecine interne, Clinique St. Joseph - Ste. Elisabeth, Liege, Belgique

Contributors XV

GARRELLY, L. CHR de Nimes, Laboratoire de Cytologie Clinique et Cytogenetique, Faculte de Medecine, Avenue Kennedy, 30000 Nimes, France

GAITI, G. Cattedra di Medicina Interna, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Divisione di Clinic a Medica Generale, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy

HALBERG,F. 5-197 Lyons Lab, University of Minnesota, 420 Washington Avenue S. E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA

HAus,E. St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center, Department of Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, 640 Jackson Street, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA

HAYES,B. Harvard Medical School, Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA

HECQUET, B. Centre Oscar Lambret, B.P. 307,59020 Lille, France

HOLLEY, D. C. Biomedical Research Division, 240 A-3, NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

HOLT, J.P', Jr. Reproductive Endocrinology, St.Paul-Ramsey Medical Center, Ramsey Clinic, 640 Jackson Street, St.Paul, MN 55101, USA

HRUSHESKY, W.J.M. Division of Oncology, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany Medical College, State University of New York, MSX-30 Albany, NY 12208, USA

IRANMANESH, A. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Salem Veterans Administration Hospital, Salem, Virgina 24153, USA

JOHNSON, M.L. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Box 202, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VI, 22908, USA

KANABROCKI, E. L. Nuclear Medicine Service, Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA

KOLOPp,M. Universite de Nancy, Departement de Nutrition et des Maladies Metaboliques, INSERM U 59, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France

XVI Contributors

KRIPKE, D.E Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Hospital, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA

L'Azou,B. Groupe d'Etude de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Renales, Faculte de Medecine, 91 rue Leyteire, 33000 Bordeaux, France

LABRECQUE,G. Ecole de Pharmacie, Universite Laval, Pavillon Vachon, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada

LAERUM,O.D. Department of Oncology, Haukeland Hospital, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway

LAKATUA, D.J. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Pathology, St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center, 640 Jackson Street, St.Paul, MN 55101, USA

LEMMER,B. Klinikum der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-UniversiHit, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 6000 Frankfurt 70, Federal Republic of Germany

LEVI, E I. c.1. G., Service des Maladies Sanguines et Tumorales, Hopital Paul Brousse, 14-16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800 Villejuif, France

LIZARRALDE, G. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Salem Veterans Administration Hospital, Salem, Virgina 24153, USA

MARKOWITZ, M.E. Department of Pediatrics Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E. 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA

MARZ, w.J. Division of Oncology, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany Medical College, State University of New York, MSX-30 Albany, NY 12208, USA

MASERA,R. Cattedra di Medicina Interna, Universita degli Studi di Torino, . Divisione di Clinica Medica Generale, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy

MEIS, P.J. Department of Obstetrics, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, 300 South Hawthorne Road, Winston Salem, NC 27103, USA

MEJEAN,L. Universite de Nancy, Departement de Nutrition et des Maladies Metaboliques, INSERM U 59, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France

Contributors XVII

MEYLOR, J. S:

Biomedical Research Division, 240 A-3, NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

MONK, T.H. Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA, USA

MONTAGNER, H. Unite 70 INSERM, 388 rue du Mas de Prunet, 34070 Montpellier, France

MooRE,J.G.

Utah School of Medicine, GI Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 500 Foothill Blvd., Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, USA

NICOLAU, G. Y. Endocrine Rhythms Laboratory, The "c. I. Parhon" Institute of Endocrinology, Bd. Aviatorilor 34-36, 79600 Bucharest, Romania

QUEIROZ, O. 5 avenue des Bouvreuils, 78720 Cernay La Ville, France

QUEIROZ-CLARET, C. Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Chaire de Biochimie, 78850 Thiverval Grignon, France

REINBERG, A. E. URA 58 1 CNRS, Chronobiologie et Chronopharmacologie, Fondation A. de Rothschild, 29 rue Manin, 75940 Paris, France

RIETVELD, W.J.

Department of Chronobiology, University of Leiden, Wassenaarseweg 62, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands

VON ROEMELING, R. Division of Medical Oncology, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany Medical College, State University of New York, MSX-30 Albany, NY 12208, USA

ROGOL, A.D. Department of Pediatrics, Box 386, University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VI 22908, USA

DE ROQUEFEUIL, G.

Unite 70 INSERM, 388 rue du Mas de Prunet, 34070 Montpellier, France

SAUERBIER, I. Institut fUr Anatomie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Konstanty-Gutschow-StraBe 8, 3000 Hannover 61, Federal Republic of Germany

SCHEVING, L.A. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

XVIII Contributors

SCHEVING, L. E. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Slot 510, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72201, USA

SMAALAND, R. The Gade Institute, Department of Pathology, Haukeland Hospital, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway

SMOLENSKY, M. H. School of Public Health, University of Texas, P. O. Box 20186, Astrodome Station East 442, Houston, TX 77025, USA

SOLIMAN, M. R. I. Biomedical Research Division, 240 A-3, NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

TOUITOU, Y. Faculte de Mectecine Pitie-Salpetriere, Laboratoire de Biochimie Medicale, 91 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France

TRANCHOT, J. Groupe d'Etude de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Renales, Faculte de Medecine, 91 rue Leyteire, 33000 Bordeaux, France

TSAI, T.-H.

University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Slot 510, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72201, USA

VELDHUIS, J.D. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Box 202, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VI, 22908, USA

WINGET, C. M. Biomedical Research Division, 240 A-3, NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA