YEARBOOKOF THE

ASIAN-AFRICAN LEGALCONSULTATIVE ORGANIZATION

VOLUME III2005

THE AALCO SECRETARIATNEW DELHI

(INDIA)

CONTENTS

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I. Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization(AALCO) 1A. Origin 1B. Statutes and Statutory Rules of the Organization 1C. Members 1D. Procedure for Membership 2E. Purposes and Objectives 2F. Annual Sessions 3G. Permanent Headquarters 4H. Secretariat 4I. Cooperation with the United Nations, its specialized

agencies and other International Organizations 4J. Finances 5K. Regional Arbitration Centres 5L. Training facility 6M. Legal Assistance 6N. Publications 6O. Activities undertaken since the Forty-third Session

(Bali, 2004 to Nairobi 2005) 7a) Participation at the So* Resumed Session of

the International Law Commission, Geneva, 2004 7

Statement of the Secretary-GeneralAmb. Dr. W. Z. Kamil of AALCO atthe Fifty-sixth Session of the ILC, 2004 7

b) Preparation of Notes and Comments onSelected items on the agenda of the 59th Sessionof the General Assembly of the UN 17

c) Consideration of the agenda item "Cooperationbetween UN and the AALCO by 59* Sessionofthe UN General Assembly (October 2004) 17Statement ofthe Secretary-General 18

d) AALCO's Legal Advisers' and Joint AALCO-ILCMeeting, 10 November 2004, New York 25(i) Legal Advisers' Meeting 25

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Statement ofthe Secretary-General at the LegalAdvisers' Meeting 10 November 2004 26(ii)AALCO-ILC Joint Meeting 31Statement of the Secretary-General 32

e) AALCO's Representation at International Meetings 36(i) First Conference of Parties to the UNConvention Against Transnational OrganizedCrimes (28 June-9 July 2004) Vienna, Austria 36

(ii)Secretary-GeneraPs official visit to the People'sRepublic of China (29 Aug.-3 Sept. 2004) 37

Address ofthe Secretary-General at the ChineseSociety of International Law,Beijing (30 Aug. 2004) 38

Address of the Secretary-General at thefaculty of Law Tshinghua University, Beijing(2 September 2004) 48

(iii)Expert Meeting on Protection of CulturalProperty in the event of Armed Conflict,Phnom Penh, Cambodia 6-8 December 2004 60

(iv)Tenth Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC(6-17 December 2004) Buenos Aires, Argentina 61Statement ofthe SG Amb. Dr. Kamil 61

(v) Secretary-General's official visit to Kenya(24-30 January 2005) 63a) Deliberations with high-ranking Kenyan

Government officials 63b) SG's visit to UNEP Headquarters 64c) Meetings with officials ofthe Chartered

Institute of Arbitrators and the academicsof Kenya, School of Law, Nairobi 64

(vi)Parliamentarians Conference for Global Action,Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt (9-10 Feb. 2005) 64

(vii)Eleventh UN Congress on Crime Prevention andCriminal Justice, Bangkok (18-25 April 2005) 65Statement ofthe Deputy Secretary-GeneralAmb. Dr. Ali Reza Deihim 65

(viii)Visit of Secretary-General to the Islamic Republicof Iran: International Conference on Environment,

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peace and the Dialogue among Civilizations andCultures, Tehran (9-10 May 2005) 73Statement of Secretary-General Amb. Dr. Kamil 74

f) AALCO's Participation in the Meetings held in India 78(i)Deputy Secretary-General Amb. Dr. Deihim'sParticipation at the Joint Workshop on GlobalGovernance and Human Security New Delhi,6 August 2004 78

Address by Deputy Secretary-General Amb. Dr.Ali Reza Deihim 78

(ii) National Seminar on "Women in Mirror ofRel igions, New Delhi, 7-8 August 2004 86

(iii)National Symposium on "The Impact of Dialogueamong Civilizations in the Preservation of AsianCultural Identity", New Delhi, 24 September 2004 87

(iv)Round-table consultation of ResourcePanellists on Climate Change New Delhi 9 October 872004 Statement of Deputy Secretary-GeneralMrs. Toshiko Shimizu 87

(v) Seminar on "Cooperating in CombatingTerrorism in the Bay of Bengal (BIMSTEC)Regions: Challenges and Prospects, 13 October 2004 89(vi)Inauguration of Fourth Henry Dunant MemorialMoot Court Competition by the Secretary-GeneralNew Delhi, 15-17 October 2004 89

Inaugural Address ofthe Secretary-GeneralAmb. Dr. Kamil 90

(vii) Second International Conference on InternationalLaw by Indian Society of International Law (ISIL)New Delhi, 14-17 November 2004 93

(viii) Award to the Secretary-General by the VIWorld Congress on Human Rights, New'Delhi,10 December 2004 93Statement of Secretary-General Amb. Dr. W. Z.Kamil at the Indian Institute of Human Rights,New Delhi, 10 December 2004 94

(ix)National Seminar on "India and the WTO Regime:The first Decade and Beyond", New Delhi, 27-28January 2005 96

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(x) Lecture Series Organized by the Indian Council ofWorld Affairs on the "Report ofthe UN Secretary-General's High-Level Panel on Threats, Challengesand Change", New Delhi, 7-10 February 2005 97

(xi) Secretary-General's Participation at the Speciallecture by Prof. Herbert Kronke, Secretary-GeneralUNIDROIT Organized by ISIL, New Delhi, 21March 2005 97

P. Short Summary ofthe Forty-fourth Session of AALCOHeld in Nairobi, Republic of Kenya, 27 June-lst Jury 2005 98

PART ONE : 'DELIBERATED AGENDA ITEMS'

II. Report on Matters Relating to the Workofthe International Law Commission at itsFifty-Sixth Session 126Introduction 126(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 128(ii) Secretariat Study: Report on Matters Relating

to the Work ofthe International Law Commissionat its Fifty-sixth Session 145I. Reservations to Treaties 145II. Diplomatie Protection 151III. Unilateral Acts of States 160IV. International Liability for Injurious

Consequences Arising Out of Acts notProhibited by International Law 165

V. Responsibilityof International Organizations 177VI. Fragmentation of International Law 185VII. Shared Natural Resources 193

ConcludingRemarks 197

III. Jurisdictional Immunities of States and TheirProperty 200Introduction 200(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 203(ii) Secretariat Study: Jurisdictional Immunities

of States and their Property 209I. Adoption ofthe Convention 209

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II. Salient Features ofthe Convention 209

III. Comments 215

Annex: United Nations Convention on JurisdictionalImmunities of States and Their Property 216

IV. International Criminal Court: RecentDevelopments 233Introduction 233(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 236(ii) Secretariat Study: International Criminal

Court: Recent Developments 249I. Informal Inter-Sessional Meeting of

the Special Working Group on the Crimeof Aggression, Princeton University, New JerseyUnited States of America, 21-23 June 2004 249

II. Assembly of States Parties (ASP) 258III. Facts Pertaining to the First Possible Cases

before the International Criminal Court 265IV. Consideration of Item during AALCO's Forty-

third Session(Bali,Republic ofIndonesiajune 2004) 268V. Consideration ofthe Item during the

Year 2004 at the United Nations 270VI. Bilateral Agreements ofthe United States

of America Granting Immunity to US Citizensfrom prosecution Before International Courts 276

VII. General Comments 277Annex

Table I: Status of Ratification of Rome Statute of ICCby AALCO Members States 279

Table II: Status of Ratification of Rome Statute of ICC 281Table III: Status of Signature/Ratification ofthe

Agreement on Privileges and Immunitiesof the International Criminal Court .̂85

V. Deportation of Palestinians and Other IsraeliPractices among them the Massive Immigrationand Settlement of Jews in all occupied Territoriesin Violation of International Law Particularly theFourth Geneva Convention of 1949 287Introduction 287(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 289

(ii) Secretariat Study: Deportation of Palestiniansand Other Israeli Practices among them theMassive Immigration and Settlement of Jewsin all occupied Territories in Violation ofInternational Law Particularly the FourthGeneva Convention of 1949 298I. IsraePs Violations of International Law

Including United Nations Security Counciland General Assembly Resolutions 298

II. International Court of Justice AdvisoryOpinion on Legal Consequences of a Wallin the Occupied Palestinian Territory 305

III. UN General Assembly Emergency SessionAdopts Resolution Calling Israel To Complywith ICJ Advisory Opinion 312

IV. Palestinians Elect their New Presidentfollowing the Death of President YasserArafat 313

V. Sharm-al Sheikh Summit: Israel and PalestineDeclare Ceasefire 314

VI. Other Maj or Developments 315VII. General Comments 326

VI. Environment and Sustainable Development 330Introduction 330(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 331(ii) Secretariat Study: Environment and

Sustainable Development 348Part One

I. Prelude 348II. Sustainable Development, the Role of

Law, Human Rights and Environmental Justice 349A.. The Conceptof Sustainable Development 349B. Role ofLaw in Environment Protection 351C. Right to Environment as a Human Right 351D. The Conceptof Environmental Justice 353

III. Compliance with and Enforcement ofEnvironmental Law 354

IV. Entry into force of Kyoto Protocol: Problemsand Prospects 356

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A. Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC 358B. Kyoto Mechanisms: Background 359C. Prospects forDeveloping Countries 360

D. Agenda beyond 2012 361

Part TwoV. Un ited Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change, 1992 (UNFCCC) 361A. Background 361B. Tenth Conference of Parties to

the UNFCCC 365C. Consideration ofthe resolution on the

"Protection of global climate for presentand future generations of mankind" by thefifty-ninth Session ofthe United NationsGeneral Assembly 368

VI. Convention onBiologicalDiversity,l 992 (CBD) 369A. Background 369B. Seventh Conference of Parties to the CBD 370C. First Meeting ofthe Conference of Parties

to the CBD serving as the Meeting oftheParties to the Cartagena Protocol onBiosafety 372

D. Consideration ofthe resolution on theConvention onBiological Diversity by theFifty-ninth Session ofthe United NationsGeneral Assembly 374

E. Meeting of Like-minded MegadiverseCountries 374

F. Third Meeting ofthe Ad Hoc Open-endedWorking Group on Access and Benefit Sharing 376

VII. United Nations Convention to CombatDesertification in Those CountriesExperiencing Serious Drought and /orDesertification, 1994 (UNCCD) 377A. Background 377B. Sixth Conference of Parties to the UNCCD 379C. Commemoration of the tenth anniversary

ofthe UNCCD 379D. Consideration ofthe resolution on the

Implementation ofthe UNCCD by the

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Fifty-ninth Session ofthe United NationsGeneral Assembly 380

VIII. Follow-up on the progress in the implementationof the outcome ofthe World Summit onSustainable Development 380A. Background 380B. Eighth Special Session ofthe Governing

Council of the UNEP and the GlobalMinisterial Environment Forum 382

C. Twelfth Session of Commission on sustainableDevelopment 383

D. Consideration ofthe resolution on the"Implementation of Agenda 21, theProgramme for the Further Implementationof Agenda 21 and the outcomes oftheWorld Summit on Sustainable Development"by the Fifty-ninth Session ofthe UnitedNations General Assembly 385

IX. Secretariat Comments and Observations 386X. Annex: Table recapitulating Status of AALCO

Member States participation in the UNFCCC,CBD and UNCCD 390

VII. International TerrorismIntroduction 398(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 400(ii) Secretariat Study: International Terrorism 411

I. Salient Features ofthe Draft ConventionCirculated by India 411

II. Discussion on the Draft ComprehensiveConvention on Terrorism at the EighthSession ofthe Ad Hoc Committee 412

III. Deliberation on the ComprehensiveConvention against Terrorism at the SixthCommittee during the 59* Session of theGeneral Assembly (2004) 420

IV. UN Security Council adopts Resolution 1566 421V. Work ofthe Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) 422VI. General Comments 425

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Addendum to the StudyI. Eleventh United Nations Congress on Crime

Prevention and Criminal Justice, Bangkok 426II. List of Anti-terrorism Instruments and their

Web Addresses 442III. Regional Ratification Levels ofthe Twelve

International Legal Instruments againstTerrorism 454

VIII. Human Rights in Islam 456Introduction 456

(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 457(ii) Secretariat Study: Human Rights in Islam 468

Background 468

PartII. International Criminal Law 472

A. Sourcesof international criminal law 473B. General principlesof international criminal law 474C. Specific offences or crimes under international

criminal law 478II. Criminal Law 480

A. The defmition of crime or offence 480B. Specific offences under national legal Systems 481C. General defences under criminal law 482D. Forms and theories of punishment 484

Part III. Sources of Islamic Criminal Law 487

A. TheHolyQuran 487B. Sunnah: Prophet's traditions 488C. Ijma: Consensus of Opinion 489D. Qiyas: Analogy 489E. Istihsan: Equity 490F. Maslahah al-Mmsateh: Public Interest 490

II. Islamic Law on Crimes and Punishment 491A. Major offences under Islamic law 491B. Classification of crimes and punishment

in Islam 491C. General principlesof criminal responsibility 493

/. Grounds for excluding criminal responsibility 493

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ii. Criminal responsibility is strictly personal 494iii. Equality and equal protection of laws 495

D. Elements ofa crime 495/. Actus Reus 495ii. Mens Rea 496

E. General exceptions and defenses 497/. Mistake offact 497ii. Mistake of law 498iii. Intoxication 498iv. Self-defense 498v. Inierest of the Islamic society 499

F. Legality in Islamic Law 499G. Islamic view on Punishment 499

III. Key Objectives of Islamic Criminal Law andPunishment: Prevention of Crime and Protectionof Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 501A. Islam emphasis on furthering goodness

and dissuading evil 502B. Punishment for murder (Capital punishment) 504C. Prohibiting infanticide and abortion:

to protect the rights of the child 507D. Punishment for theft and breach of trust:

to protect property and honor 507E. Punishment for Adultery and Sodomy: to

protect the right to family and ethical values 508F. Prohibiting alcohol: to protect and preserve

individual, family and societal values 509G. Discouraging apostasy: to preserve the

basis ofthe Islamic value System 510H. Punishment for slander or scandalous

allegation: to protect the right to personalreputation and honor 511

I. Punishment for violation of privacy:to protect the right to privacy 511

J. Punishment for defaming and spying: toensure the right against defamation andspying and thereby protect personalintegrity and honor 512

K. Right topeace 514IV. General Comments 515

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IX. Establishing Cooperation Against Traffickingin Women and Children 518Introduction 518(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 520(ii) Secretariat Study: Establishing Cooperation

Against Trafficking in Women and Children 532I. Background 532II. Causative Socio-economic factors of

trafficking in persons 532III. Prohibition of trafficking in persons in

International Law 533IV. International Obligation to Prevent trafficking,

Protect Victims of trafficking and Prosecutetraffickers 536

V. Special Meeting on Establishing CooperationAgainst Trafficking in persons, especiallyWomen and Children, held during the Forty-thirdSession of AALCO 538

VI. Recent Developments 538VII. General Comments 547

Annex 1Summary ofthe Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and PunishTrafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children 551

Annex 2AALCO Member States parties to the Convention AgainstTransnational Organised Crime and the Protocol to Prevent,Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especiallyWomen and Children 554

Annex 3Special Meeting Resolution on Establishing Cooperation •against Trafficking in Persons, especially Womenand Children 556An Outline ofthe Proposed Model legislation onthe topic (Addendum) 558

X. Expressions of Folklore and its InternationalProtection 569Introduction 569(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 572

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(ii) Secretariat Study: Expressions ofFolklore and its International Protection 579I. WIPO-IGC on Folklore Aspects:

First to Sixth Session 579II. Discussions at the Seventh Session ofthe

WIPO-IGC on Folklore Aspects 580III. Summary ofthe Deliberations at The

Forty-third Session of AALCO 587IV. Concluding Remarks 593

Annex I: Summary of Draft Policy Objectives and CorePrinciples for the Protection of Traditional CulturalExpressions/Folklore 596

Annex II: Comparative Summary of Sui Generis Legislation 605

XI An Effective International Legal Instrument AgainstCorruption 625Introduction 625(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 627(ii) Secretariat Study: An Effective International

Legal Instrument Against Corruption 648I. Developments in the Ratification and

Implementation ofthe UN ConventionAgainst Corruption 648

II. Anti-Corruption Provisions in UN ConventionAgainst Transnational Organized Crime 651

III. Highlights of The Bookon 'Combating Corruption:A Legal Analysis' Prepared by the Secretariat 654

IV. Consideration ofthe Item During AALCO's43rd Session 657

V. General Comments 658

ANNEXURERatification of International and Regional Conventions/Instruments by Asian and African Countries 662

XII WTO as a Framework Agreement and Code ofConduct for World Trade 665Introduction 665(i) Forty-fourth Session: Discussions 666

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(ii) Secretariat Study: WTO as a FrameworkAgreement and Code of Conduct for World Trade 677I. Developments under the Doha Development

Round of Negotiations 677II. Progress in the Review ofthe Dispute

SettlementUnderstanding(DSU) 687III. Deliberations at AALCO's 43rd Session 689IV. Observations 694

PART TWO : 'NON DELIBERATED AGENDA ITEMS'

XIII. Status and Treatment of Refugees 697Introduction 697Secretariat Study: Status and Treatment of Refugees 699

I. Purpose ofthe Study 699II. ExCom 55* Session 700III. Global Consultations 704IV. General Comments 708

ANNEXESAnnex 1

Outline ofthe Proposed Study on "Statelessness:An Overview from the African, Asian and MiddleEastern Perspectives 710

Annex 2State Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to theStatus of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol 712

Annex 3AALCO-Member States Parties to the 1951 Conventionrelating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol 719

XIV. Law of the Sea 720Introduction 720Secretariat Study: Law ofthe Sea 722I. Fifth meeting ofthe United Nations Open-ended

Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and theLaw ofthe Sea 722

II. Consideration of the Oceans and the Law of the Seaissues at the 59* Session ofthe General Assembly 728A. Documents considered by the General Assembly 728

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B. Deliberations in the General Assembly 731C. Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly 734

III. Activities under the United Nations Conventionon the Law ofthe Sea (UNCLOS' 82 or the Convention)

and its Implementing Agreements 736A. Status ofthe Convention and its Implementing

Agreements 736B. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Session ofthe

Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf 738C. Tenth Session ofthe International Seabed Authority 740D. Fourteenth Meeting ofthe States Parties to the

United Nations Convention on the Law ofthe Sea 743E. Third Informal Consultations ofthe States Parties

to the Agreement for the Implementation oftheProvisions ofthe UNCLOS relating to theConservation and Management of Straddling FishStocks and Highly Migratory Fish 745

F. Dispute Settlement under the UNCLOS 746

IV. Consideration ofthe Law ofthe Sea issues at theForty-third Session of AALCO 747

V. AALCO Secretariat Comments and Observations 749VI. Annexure 751

A. Table recapitulating participation of AALCOMember States in UNCLOS and its ImplementingAgreements 751

B. Regional Agreement on Combating Piracyand Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia:An Introductory Note 753

XV. Legal Protection of Migrant Workers 761Introduction 761Secretariat Study: Legal Protection of Migrant Workers 765I. Committee on the Protection ofthe Rights

of All Migrant Workers and Members oftheir Families 765

II. Report ofthe Special Rapporteur of theCommission on Human Rights on the HumanRights ofMigrants 766

III. Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) 767IV. Geneva Migration Group (GMG) 770

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V. Secretariat Comments 771Annex

Revised Draft Model Regional Co-operationAgreement Between States of Origin and States ofDestination/Employment Within AALCO Member States 775

XVI. Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation:Sanctions Imposed Against Third Parties 793Introduction 793Secretariat Study: Extraterritorial Application of NationalLegislation: Sanctions Imposed Against Third Parties 794I. AALCO's work programme on the Extraterritorial

Application of National Legislation: SanctionsImposed Against Third Parties 794

II. Some Current-Developments Pertaining to theImposition or removal Sanctions by the UnitedStates of America Against AALCO Member States 797A. Introduction of Bills in the United States

Senate regarding sanctions against theIslamic Republic of Iran 797

B. Imposition of sanctions against certain firms ofthe People's Republic of China 797

C. Lifting or easing out of sanctions imposedagainst Libya By the United States of America 798

D. Imposition of Sanctions against Syria by theUnited States of America 799

E. Extension of sanctions against Myanmar bythe United States of America 801

F. Removal of sanctions against Iraq by theUnited States of America 802

III. Views and Comments of AALCO Member Statesprovided by the Member States to the AALCOSecretariat 802A. State of Kuwait 803B. Republic of Korea 803C. Republic of Mauritius 803D. Japan 805

IV. Consideration ofthe agenda item at the Forty-ThirdSession of the Organization (21-25 June 2004, Bali,Republic oflndonesia) 807

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V. Consideration ofthe resolution on the "Necessityof ending the economic, commercial and financialembargo imposed by the United States of Americaagainst Cuba" at the Fifty-ninth Session of theUnited Nations General Assembly 810

VI. Secretariat Comments and Observations 815VII. Annex 817

XVII. Report on the Work of UNCITRAL andother International Organizations in the Fieldof International Trade Law 831Introduction 831Secretariat Study: Report on the Work oftheUNCITRAL and other International Organizationsin the Field of International Trade Law 831I. Report on the work ofthe United Nations

Commission on International Trade Law atits Thirty-Seventh Session 831

II. Report on the work ofthe United NationsConference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD) in the year 2004 858

III. Report on the work ofthe International Institutefor the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT)in the year 2004 865

IV. Report on the work ofthe Hague Conference onPrivate International Law in the year 2004 869

AnnexuresAnnex I List of key-note Speakers on Deliberated

Agenda Items, forty-fourth Session, Nairobi,Republic of Kenya, 2005 873

Annex II List of AALCO Member States with theYearof Joining 876

Annex III Resolutions Adopted at the Forty-fourthSession 877

Subject Index899

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