yeats and the gyre hum 2213: british and american literature ii spring 2015 dr. perdigao january 30,...
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Yeats and the GyreHUM 2213: British and American
Literature IISpring 2015Dr. Perdigao
January 30, 2015
Indeterminancy• Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Werner
Heisenberg
• Darwin:
challenge to Biblical literalism, idea of authority
• Marx:
people’s actions controlled by economic system, altered ideas about human nature
• Freud:
psychological determinism, discovery/invention of unconscious
• Einstein:
space and time as great absolutes are relative
Indeterminancy• Planck:
atom, wave particle theory; light has both properties, complementary and contradictory
• Heisenberg:
indeterminacy theory
• Challenges to nature, what constitutes knowledge
• 1891—first motion camera patented
• 1897—first subway opened
• 1900—US Census, 75 million people: 1950, 150 million; population doubles
• Technology growth, population expansion, transportation developments: changing individuals’ sense of and relationship to the community, to the world
Framing Yeats• Responses to change
• Sense of loss, liberation traceable in culture, literature
• High modernists—mythic poets, lamenting loss
• Liberation—as counter-modernism, not mythic but Adamic (begins anew, renames)
• Style and Themes
• Loss—intellectually difficult, obscure
• Liberation—transparent, easy to understand
• Impersonal vs. personal
• Use of tradition—experiments within traditions versus ex nihilo creation—recognition of relationship to the past vs. radical break from the past, new forms and means of creation
• Reactions to fragmentation in twentieth century: ironic resistance (puts fragments together to make whole) or immersed acceptance
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)• Born to Anglo-Irish family in Dublin, spent most of childhood in Ireland, moved to
London in 1874 and returned to Dublin in 1880
• Father—painter, religious skeptic but believed in the “religion of art” (Greenblatt 2019)
• Yeats, unable to believe in Christian Orthodoxy, “sought all his life to compensate for his lost religion,” turning to mysticism: folklore, theosophy, spiritualism, neoplatonism (Greenblatt 2019)
• Spent time between Dublin, London, and Sligo
• In London in 1890s, founded the Irish Literary Society, acquired the late-Romantic, Pre-Raphaelite ideas of poetry; in the early stages of his career, thought of language as dreamy, evocative, ethereal (Greenblatt 2020)
• Early style as writing about nature, Irish folklore, heroic age of Irish history, Gaelic poetry; shift from Romanticism with Ezra Pound’s influence, stripped-down style, modernist
Politics and poetics• Hybridization of Irish and English traditions (Greenblatt 2020)
• 1889 met actor and Irish nationalist Maud Gonne, inspiration for “No Second Troy”
• With help of Lady Gregory, Anglo-Irish writer, promoter of Irish literature, founded Abbey Theatre 1904, work in drama
• Dichotomies—late-Romantic visionary and modern skeptic, Irish patriot and irreverent antinationalist, man of action and esoteric dreamer (Greenblatt 2021)
• Married Georgie Hyde Lees in 1917; automatic writing—gyres, symbolic system
• Irish poet whose language is English, colonial oppressor
• Politics within poetry—return to Ireland he had left for England, returns after Easter Rising of 1916
• “Easter, 1916”—Irish rebels taking over Dublin post office, hanging; ideas about Irish nationalism; Yeats named senator of new Irish Free State; Yeats’ role as senator from 1922-28, promoting arts and politics
Politics and poetics• Rising of Irish consciousness
• Yeats’ life—language taken away by oppressors, reinstating Gaelic in schools
• Yeats’ interest in the occult; culture filled with Celtic tales about fairies
• Tension between faith and skepticism
• 2000 year cycles of history, mathematical equations
Those gyres• Yeats’ attitude toward change as modern phenomenon
• Continuity between past and present
• “Sailing to Byzantium”
• Old man dreaming of songs
• Surpassing limits of physical world
• Byzantium as “the purest embodiment of the union and subsequent transfiguration through art of the fleshly condition and the ideal of holiness” (Rosenthal xxxix).
• Universal system of “interpenetrating opposites . . . rotating gyres forever whirling into one another’s centers, merging, and then separating” (Rosenthal xxxix)
• Metapoem
• Yeats age 62 when writing the poem
• Wins Nobel Prize for literature in 1923
Answers• “The Second Coming”
• Apocalyptic
• Christ’s return, Book of Revelations
• Christianity about to die, replaced by “rough beast,” horrible/natural
• Confusion at moment of cultural crisis, awareness of his confusion and loss
• As prophecy
• “Sailing to Byzantium”—Yeats’ fear of loss of sexual potency in personal terms; in a larger sense, modernist consideration, find alternative to collapse
• If religion no longer works, and philosophy is insufficient, what can we replace it with?
• Answer is art to become what religion once was
Forms• Artist becomes the historian
• Idea of becoming a monument, contained
• But tension because no beauty like living in the present
• Request in “Byzantium” to be gathered in artifice of eternity, made a thing
• Poet of containment, holding fragments in tension but reveals artifice of language
• Critiques of Yeats—interest in aristocratic authority, plays with Fascist attempts at order, application of power of few on many
• “Second Coming”—something is ending but something new is to be born from it, critique of political systems—grim prophecy of what was to come (Greenblatt 2022)