yehuda's oration

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12/6/13 Yehuda's Oration โœก ALHaTorah.org alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/44/YehudaSpeech 1/2 (Click for this topic in art) Yehuda's Oration UNUSUALLY LENGTHY Conversations in Tanakh are generally recorded in very succinct fashion, and rarely does any single person speak for more than a couple of consecutive verses. Yehuda's plea on behalf of Binyamin at the beginning of Parashat Vayigash is unusual in that it spans a full seventeen verses (Bereshit 44:18-34). In fact, it is the longest speech of any individual in all of Sefer Bereshit. What is the message of Yehuda's address, and why does he need to carry on for so long? SETTING THE STAGE The Torah notes that Yehuda draws nearer ("๏ฌช ๏ฌฒ ๏ฌน "ื•) to Yosef before beginning his speech and asks to "speak in Yosef's ear" (" ื™ ื  ื“ ื™ ื ื  ๏ฌฏื– "๏ฌฑ). Yehuda also prefaces his remarks with a plea that he should not provoke Yosef's wrath, given that Yosef is like Paroh. ืž๏ญ‹ ื™ ื› ๏ฌป ๏ฌณ ื‘ ืข ๏ฌฑ ๏ญ„ ืจ ื ื— ๏ฌฎืœ ื™ ื™ ื• ื  ื“ ื™ ื ื  ๏ฌฏื– ืจ ๏ฌฑ ื‘ ื“ ๏ฌณ ื‘ ื ืข ืจ ื  ๏ฌฑ ื“ ื™ ื™ ื  ื“ ื™ ื ืจ ๏ฌฑ ืืž ๏ฌน ื” ื• ื”๏ฌตื“ ื™ื• ื™ ืœ ๏ฌช ื ๏ฌฒ ๏ฌน ื•ื”. ืข ืจ ืค ๏ฌปWas Yehuda requesting a private audience with Yosef? Is there anything in Yehuda's words that would require a need for secrecy or that would anger Yosef? EXTRANEOUS INFORMATION Yehuda continues his oration by reviewing the protocol of Yosef's interrogation of the brothers when they originally came down to Egypt: ื“ ืœ ื™ ืŸ ื• ืง ื ๏ฌต ๏ฌฏื‘ ื– ๏ฌช ืœ ื™ ื™ ื  ื“ ืœ ื ืจ ื ืืž ๏ญ€ ื•(ื›) .ื ๏ฌฏื‘ ื๏ญ‹ ๏ฌฏื— ื› ๏ฌช ืœ ื™ ืจ ื” ืืž ื™ื• ืœ ื“ ื‘ ืช ืข ๏ฌฎืœ ื ื™ ๏ฌช ื  ื“ ื(ื™ื˜) ื‘๏ญ‹. ื” ื™ื• ื ๏ฌฏื‘ ๏ฌพ๏ญ‹ ื• ื ๏ฌณ๏ญ‹ ืœ ื‘ ืจ ื”๏ฌตื ืœ ืช ๏ฌต ๏ฌน ืช ื• ื™ื• ืž ๏ฌฏื— ืŸ ื• ื˜ ื™ื ืง ื  ืง ื–But why was there a need for Yehuda to repeat information that Yosef already knew? After all, Yehuda had a powerful argument that he was about to present. So why did he beat around the bush before making his case? SUBTLE CHANGES Yehuda's speech recaps a significant portion of the dialogue of the previous two chapters. While it closely parallels the Torah's earlier accounts of the events, it makes several additions, subtractions, and substitutions. In particular, it cites Yosef himself as saying two things that the narrator never told us he said: [1] EN/HE EN/HE [2]

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Page 1: Yehuda's Oration

12/6/13 Yehuda's Oration โœก ALHaTorah.org

alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/44/YehudaSpeech 1/2

(Click for this topic in art)

Yehuda's Oration

UNUSUALLY LENGTHY

Conversations in Tanakh are generally recorded in very succinct fashion,

and rarely does any single person speak for more than a couple of

consecutive verses. Yehuda's plea on behalf of Binyamin at the beginning

of Parashat Vayigash is unusual in that it spans a full seventeen verses

(Bereshit 44:18-34). In fact, it is the longest speech of any individual in all of

Sefer Bereshit. What is the message of Yehuda's address, and why does

he need to carry on for so long?

SETTING THE STAGE

The Torah notes that Yehuda draws nearer ("ื•ื™ื’ืฉ") to Yosef before beginning his speech and asks to

"speak in Yosef's ear" ("ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™"). Yehuda also prefaces his remarks with a plea that he should not

provoke Yosef's wrath, given that Yosef is like Paroh.

ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ ืื“ื ื™ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืค๏ฟฝ ื‘ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•๏ฟฝ

ื›ืคืจืขื”.

Was Yehuda requesting a private audience with Yosef? Is there anything in Yehuda's words that would

require a need for secrecy or that would anger Yosef?

EXTRANEOUS INFORMATION

Yehuda continues his oration by reviewing the protocol of Yosef's interrogation of the brothers when they

originally came down to Egypt:

(ื™ื˜) ืื“ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืœืืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื‘ ืื• ืื—. (ื›) ื•ื ืืžืจ ืืœ ืื“ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื‘ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื™ืœื“

ื–ืงื ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืžืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœืืžื• ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืื”ื‘ื•.

But why was there a need for Yehuda to repeat information that Yosef already knew? After all, Yehuda had

a powerful argument that he was about to present. So why did he beat around the bush before making his

case?

SUBTLE CHANGES

Yehuda's speech recaps a significant portion of the dialogue of the previous two chapters. While it closely

parallels the Torah's earlier accounts of the events, it makes several additions, subtractions, and

substitutions. In particular, it cites Yosef himself as saying two things that the narrator never told us he said:

[1]

EN/HE

EN/HE

[2]

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(ื™ื˜) ...ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื‘ ืื• ืื—.

(ื›ื) ...ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•.

What is the meaning of this phenomenon? Did Yosef really say these words or was Yehuda employing

rhetorical license? Either way, why were they significant enough to be included in his monologue?

In Approaches, we will explore the different understandings of the underlying message of Yehuda's words

and how and why they impacted upon Yosef.

This is duly noted by N. Leibowitz, Iyyunim BeSefer Bereshit (Jerusalem, 1992): 344.

This question is raised by , , and and amplified by N. Leibowitz, Iyyunim

BeSefer Bereshit (Jerusalem, 1992): 345.

EN/HE

[1]

[2] Ramban Akeidat Yitzchak Abarbanel

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Yehuda's Oration

Exegetical Approaches

Appeal for Mercy

Yehuda sees little choice other than to beg Yosef to take pity on Yaakov.

SOURCES: , , , , ,

,

Did Yehuda think Binyamin was guilty? Ralbag and Shadal assert that even though Yehuda knew full

well that Yosef had framed Binyamin, for tactical reasons he chose not to deny the guilt, but rather to

appeal to Yosef's mercy. However, Shadal also cites Rosenmueller's alternative that Yehuda believed

that Binyamin had stolen the goblet.

Abarbanel suggests that Yehuda wanted to privately offer his deal โ€“ "ื•ื™ื’ืฉ... ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™"

to replace Binyamin, as it would not be adhering to the letter of the law.

R. Avraham b. HaRambam explains that even though Yehuda was only offering words of โ€“ "ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืค๏ฟฝ"

supplication, he was still concerned that these would arouse the ire of a capricious ruler.

Extraneous details โ€“ Both Ramban and Abarbanel question Yehuda's lengthy reiteration of previous

events and conclude that Yehuda did so to appeal to Yosef's mercy.

Ramban asserts that Yehuda needed to begin with Yosef's questioning about their family to show

Yosef that they had been forced to admit the existence of their brother. Had they been quiet, none of the

present troubles would have happened.

Abarbanel, in contrast, suggests that the brothers begin by rhetorically questioning, "Did you ask us if

we had a brother or father?" to show how they, on their own, offered this information and, from the very

beginning, pointed out their father's unwillingness to part with Binyamin. Yosef, should thus understand

that this is not a new ruse created to save Binyamin, but the truth.

"ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•"

Most of these commentators understand the phrase to refer to Yosef's promise to watch over Binyamin

and care for him. Even though the text does not put these words in Yosef's mouth, he had actually

said them. R. Shemuel b. Chofni Gaon points out that it would be foolhardy for the brothers to lie to

Yosef's face about such a thing.

Shadal, in contrast, asserts that the phrase simply means that Yosef said that he wanted to see

Binyamin. The advantage of this approach is that the text does have Yosef requesting to see Binyamin

while it never mentions Yosef saying he will protect him.

Subtle differences โ€“ Ralbag asserts that many of the differences stem from Yehuda's desire to speak to

Yosef with respect. Ramban, Abarbanel, and Shadal add that Yehuda did not want to remind Yosef of the

R. Shemuel b. Chofni Gaon R. Avraham b. HaRambam Ramban Ralbag Akeidat Yitzchak

Abarbanel Shadal

[1]

[2]

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accusation of spying or the imprisonment of Shimon and thus omitted details or recast certain statements

so as to avoid this. Ramban also explains some of the seeming additions of Yehuda as the way of the text

to be more concise in one place and lengthier in another.

Yehuda's character โ€“ According to this approach, Yehuda truly wants to prevent causing further pain to

his father and is willing to sacrifice himself so that his father can unite with his favored son, Binyamin. In

these actions Yehuda portrays how much he has changed from the day he sold Yosef.

Why did Yosef reveal himself? According to Abarbanel, Yehuda's words proved that he had both

repented and been properly punished for his deeds, making reconciliation possible. According to Shadal,

though, the speech spoke to Yosef's heart. He was moved to reveal himself either by a desire to see his

ailing father, or due to the change in Yehuda.

According to Ramban and Shadal, Yosef did not want to publicly reveal himself so โ€“ "ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื™"

as not to denigrate and embarrass the brothers when he mentioned the sale. In contrast, Ralbag asserts

that it is not proper for a ruler to show emotions and cry in front of his people as that will lessen his authority

in their eyes.

Lead words "๏ฟฝืขื‘ื“" and "ืื“ื ื™" โ€“ Yehuda's repeated use of "๏ฟฝืขื‘ื“" (your servant) to refer to himself, his

father, and his brothers, and "ืื“ื ื™" to refer to Yosef, highlight that he is begging Yosef for mercy.

Crux of the position โ€“ Yehuda has only a single objective which is to get Yosef to take pity on Yaakov and

therefore accept Yehuda's offer to become his servant in place of Binyamin.

Tacit Reproach

Yehuda subtly hints that Yosef framed them, while outwardly maintaining respect for the person who holds

their lives in the balance.

SOURCES: , ,

Did Yehuda think Binyamin was guilty? This approach revolves around the assumption that Yehuda

knew that Yosef had set up the entire theft to frame Binyamin.

The Ma'asei Hashem asserts that Yehuda wanted to speak โ€“ "ื•ื™ื’ืฉ... ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™"

privately to Yosef (lit. into his ear), as he was about to chastise him. Yehuda feared to reproach Yosef in

public, lest Yosef react in anger when others learned of his deceit.

.Yehuda opens with these words since he knows his rebuke will likely raise Yosef's ire โ€“ "ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืค๏ฟฝ"

Extraneous details โ€“ R"Y Bekhor Shor maintains that Yehuda carefully crafted his words to let Yosef

know that he was aware that Yosef was framing them without ever explicitly accusing him. Thus, Yehuda

points out that Yosef asked about their family to hint to Yosef that this was an unusual question which

was not asked of everyone, but rather part of Yosef's plan to lure Binyamin to Egypt. Other comments

were aimed at making Yosef feel guilty for contributing to a potentially early demise of his father.

[5]

[6]

[7] [8]

R. Yosef Bekhor Shor Ramban's understanding of Chazal Ma'asei Hashem

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R"Y Bekhor Shor โ€“ "ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•" understands this to refer to Yosef's assurance that he would

protect Binyamin when he came to Egypt. Yehuda reminds Yosef of this fact to reproach him for going

back on his promise.

Subtle differences โ€“ As above, these differences might be explained by Yehuda's desire to maximize

Yosef's guilty conscience without outright blaming him for his actions.

Yehuda's character โ€“ According to R"Y Bekhor Shor, Yehuda is motivated not by love for his brother or

father but because he felt he had no other choice once he had promised to be Binyamin's guarantor.

Why did Yosef reveal himself? R"Y Bekhor Shor asserts that Yosef felt he had no alternative, since he

had no reply to Yehuda's charges and because he realized that he was guilty of causing his father undue

suffering.

R"Y Bekhor Shor posits that Yosef revealed himself in private to ensure that no one โ€“ "ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื™"

would hear of the sale, both not to humiliate the brothers and because he had been sworn to secrecy.

Lead words "๏ฟฝืขื‘ื“" and "ืื“ื ื™" โ€“ According to this approach, Yehuda maintains a facade of politeness

despite his underlying protest of Yosef's conduct.

Crux of the position โ€“ Yehuda's goal is to rebuke Yosef in such a way that he will feel guilty for framing

Binyamin. This, he believes, is his only hope for getting Binyamin freed.

Threatening Posture

Yehuda and his brothers take an aggressive stance and threaten Yosef with punishment at the hands of

God and man.

SOURCES: , , , , ,

Did Yehuda think Binyamin was guilty? According to most of these sources, Yehuda believed in

Binyamin's innocence and was aware of Yosef's role in planting the cup. This, in part, is what provokes

Yehuda to threaten Yosef. In the Tanchuma, Yehuda goes so far as to tell Yosef to his face "ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืงืจ ืืชื” ื“ืŸ

."ืื•ืชื ื•

connotes an aggressive "ื•ื™ื’ืฉ" This position maintains that the word โ€“ "ื•ื™ื’ืฉ... ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™"

approach. Yehuda does not come to meekly plea on behalf of Binyamin but to actively attack Yosef.

Rashi maintains that these words prove that Yehuda spoke harshly to Yosef. Yehuda โ€“ "ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืค๏ฟฝ"

prefaces his speech with this comment because there will be ample reason for Yosef to be angry.

.This approach understands these words as a threat rather than an ingratiating of Yosef โ€“ "ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•๏ฟฝ ื›ืคืจืขื”"

Yehuda is telling Yosef that his fate will be similar to that of Paroh, as they are prepared to fight both.

Rashi adds that Hashem will punish Yosef for the wrongful taking of Binyamin, just as He punished Paroh

for taking Sarai.

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Bereshit Rabbah Tanchuma (Warsaw) Tanchuma (Buber) Targum Yerushalmi Rashi

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Extraneous details โ€“ This approach reads into the seemingly unnecessary details both implied and

explicit blame of Yosef for having orchestrated the framing.

.According to this approach, Yosef had said he would watch over Binyamin upon arrival โ€“ "ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•"

Yehuda now attacks him for going back on his word: "ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืช ืขื™ืŸ ื ื”ืคืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืžืจืช ืœืกืžื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื".

The brothers' role โ€“ The text presents Yehuda as alone speaking to Yosef, but Bereshit Rabbah and

Tanchuma have them play a much more active role; their swords are as ready as Yehuda's to attack. In

fact, an allusion to of Shimon and Levi's actions in Shechem as youth, serves as a warning for what the

brothers are capable of now as adults.

A monologue? Although the Torah presents Yehuda's speech as a monologue, Bereshit Rabbah and

Tanchuma portray it as a dialogue in which Yehuda and Yosef alternately accuse and threaten each other.

Motivation of the Midrash โ€“ As the Biblical text makes no mention of overt hostility or antagonistic verbal

accusations, one wonders what is the origin of the Midrashic portrayal.

Ramban suggests that this Midrash does not mean that Yehuda literally spoke in this fashion, but

rather that Yehuda only hinted at Yosef's involvement in framing the brothers.

Nechama Lebowitz suggests that the Midrash is not really suggesting that Yehuda and Yosef argued

back and forth, but is instead depicting an internal dialogue taking place in Yehuda's mind. Yehuda

wants to accuse Yosef of deceit, but his conscience tells him that he is equally guilty. According to

this reading, this internal "dialogue" is part of Yehuda's process of repentance.

Alternatively, one might suggest that the Midrash views this encounter between Yehuda and Yosef as a

foreshadowing (in the manner of ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื) of the future interactions between their two

tribes. Later in history, these two tribes will vie for kingship and leadership, and thus, here too, the

Midrash has them competing.

Yehuda's character โ€“ Yehuda emerges as a strong and courageous leader, which matches the portrait of

his tribe in the rest of Tanakh. There is much less emphasis on any process of repentance.

Why did Yosef reveal himself? According to Bereshit Rabbah 93:8, Yosef is worried that the brothers

might in fact destroy Egypt, and thus reveals himself to prevent this from happening.

Lead words "๏ฟฝืขื‘ื“" and "ืื“ื ื™" โ€“ The proliferation of these words throughout Yehuda's speech lend it a

tone of submissiveness and respect. This does not fit with the picture of Yehuda's aggressive character

presented by this approach.

See Shadal that Yehuda realized that maintaining innocence would anger Yosef more.

He compares this to offering a judge a bribe, which would only be done behind closed doors.

Ramban does not relate to the fact that in the original telling, the brothers offer information about their

family, not in response to Yosef's question, but on their own when defending themselves against the charge of

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espionage.

They point to the similar phrase in Yirmeyahu 39:12 and 40:4 where the context implies some sort of

protection.

Compare to the Akeidat Yitzchak who explains that Yehuda is using rhetorical license and is being true to

the implications of what was said even if not to the exact words ("ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ื›ื—").

As an example, he suggests that when Yosef accused the brothers of being spies, it was the equivalent of

interrogating them about their family history.

Abarbanel (as well as some of the other exegetes who take this approach) is thus consistent with his

general understanding that all of Yosef's actions (and particularly the framing of Binyamin) were motivated by

a desire to test and facilitate the brothers' repentance. For elaboration, see Why Did Yosef Frame Binyamin?.

Forms of the word ืขื‘ื“ appear thirteen times in Yehuda's oration.

Yehuda uses the word "ืื“ื ื™" seven times in the course of his address.

The Ma'asei Hashem also cites a creative reading of the verse which suggests that "๏ฟฝืขื‘ื“" refers to Yosef's

chief of staff who had framed Binyamin. According to this, Yehuda is telling Yosef to let his servant / chief of

staff speak privately with him and confirm that Binyamin did not steal the goblet.

R"Y Bekhor Shor, apparently, assumes that Yosef did ask this even though it is not mentioned in the

original narrative.

Similarly, Yehuda repeats Yosef's request to bring Binyamin to tell Yosef that he knows very well that

Binyamin's descent would prove nothing regarding the charge of espionage. This constituted further proof

that the request must have been for a different purpose.

For example, Yehuda reminds Yosef that they had told him that their father could not bear to be separated

from Binyamin, but that Yosef had not heeded their warning.

See also Ramban.

Both are assuming that Yosef actually said this even though the text has not mentioned it beforehand.

R"Y Bekhor Shor maintains that Yehuda knew that he could not go home without Binyamin, and if so, he

had little to lose by offering himself in his place. This explanation is consistent with R"Y Bekhor Shor's

understanding of many of the characters in Sefer Bereshit as motivated by their own self-interests. For

elaboration, see Why Did Yosef Frame Binyamin?.

He further suggests that if the brothers were very embarrassed they might have denied knowing Yosef

altogether.

Targum Yerushalmi does not relate to the issue directly, but very possibly also assumes that Yehuda

thought Binyamin was innocent.

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

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In Bereshit Rabbah 93:6, R. Yehuda brings a prooftext from Shemuel II 10:13 where we are told that Yoav

"approached" to wage war. The other opinions in the Bereshit Rabbah, though, bring verses to support

alternative understandings, that Yehuda approached in prayer or to appease Yosef. This suggests that the

word can really be used in more than one context and that the Midrashic understanding of an aggressive

attack is not motivated solely by the word choice.

The Midrashim describe at length Yehuda's own anger, exploding and roaring like a lion. One might

imagine that it would be hard for Yosef not to respond in kind.

This approach also raises the possibility that the brothers are accusing Yosef of being like Paroh in not

keeping his word. See below that this approach understands that Yosef had said promised to look after

Binyamin but instead framed him. Cf. Targum Yerushalmi who has the brothers argue that Yosef had claimed

to be God fearing but they now realize he is no better than Paroh.

Cf. Bereshit Rabbah 93:6 which makes the same point without connecting it to the words "ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•๏ฟฝ ื›ืคืจืขื”".

The position, thus, presents two approaches to Yehuda's threat. On one hand, it presents Yehuda and his

brothers as taking matters into their own hands as they threaten to physically attack not just Yosef but all of

Egypt. Alongside this portrait of the brothers, though, is another one, in which the brothers leave Yosef's

punishment to Hashem, telling him that God will give him his just deserts.

Yehuda makes a word play, telling Yosef that he said he would protect Binyamin (ื”ืฉืžืช ืขื™ืŸ), but in reality

he just blinded the brothers ("ืกืžื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื") with his trickery.

See also Abarbanel and Maasei Hashem above that Yehuda approached Yosef in private, and the

brothers might not have even been present in the room.

Berehit Rabbah and Tanchuma both assume that the massacre of Shechem took place while Shimon and

Levi were still youths. See The Births and Ages of Yaakov's Sons for elaboration and other possibilities.

See About Ramban for more on Ramban's interpretations of Midrash Aggadah.

See the approach of R"Y Bekhor Shor above.

It is difficult to conceive that Yehuda would actually have been brazen enough to speak in that manner to a

vizier who had just accused his brother of theft. Conversely, Yosef would never have answered, as he does in

the Midrash, by alluding to the brother's sale, for that would have given his identity away.

Thus, when Yehuda accuses Yosef of lying, Yosef (or Yehuda's conscience) responds that he has

perpetrated even greater falsehoods and miscarriages of justice when selling his brother. When Yehuda

speaks of spreading blood throughout Egypt, he is reminded of the blood on Yosef's tunic that covered up his

crime. When Yehuda threatens that he will unleash the "fire" of Shechem, his conscience reminds him of his

fiery passion for Tamar.

This interpretation, while attractive from an educational vantage point, does not work so well with the entire

dialogue in the Midrash which includes mutual threats with swords.

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

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In contrast, Bereshit Rabbah 93:6 depicts Yosef summoning Menashe to display his strength, and with one

kick to the building, Menashe frightens Yehuda into immediately changing his tone to a submissive one. The

two passages in Bereshit Rabbah thus take opposing views as to who prevailed in this battle of wills.

This may be the impetus for Bereshit Rabbah 93:6 (cited in the note above) that Yehuda shifted gears in

the middle of his presentation.

[30]

[31]

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Yehuda's Oration

Sources

BIBLICAL TEXTS

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื—-ืœ"ื“

(ื™ื—) ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ ืื“ื ื™ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืค๏ฟฝ ื‘ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•๏ฟฝ ื›ืคืจืขื”. (ื™ื˜)

ืื“ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืœืืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื‘ ืื• ืื—. (ื›) ื•ื ืืžืจ ืืœ ืื“ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื‘ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื™ืœื“ ื–ืงื ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืžืช

ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœืืžื• ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืื”ื‘ื•. (ื›ื) ื•ืชืืžืจ ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™๏ฟฝ ื”ื•ืจื“ื”ื• ืืœื™ ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•. (ื›ื‘) ื•ื ืืžืจ ืืœ ืื“ื ื™

๏ฟฝื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืขืจ ืœืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžืช. (ื›ื’) ื•ืชืืžืจ ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™๏ฟฝ ืื ๏ฟฝื ื™ืจื“ ืื—ื™ื›ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืืชื›ื ๏ฟฝื

ืชืกืคื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™. (ื›ื“) ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืœ ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื ื’ื“ ืœื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื“ื ื™. (ื›ื”) ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืจื• ืœื ื• ืžืขื˜

ืื›ืœ. (ื›ื•) ื•ื ืืžืจ ๏ฟฝื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืืชื ื• ื•ื™ืจื“ื ื• ื›ื™ ๏ฟฝื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ

ืื™ื ื ื• ืืชื ื•. (ื›ื–) ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ืื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื ื• ืืชื ื™ื“ืขืชื ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื” ืœื™ ืืฉืชื™. (ื›ื—) ื•ื™ืฆื ื”ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื™ ื•ืืžืจ ื๏ฟฝ

ื˜ืจืฃ ื˜ืจืฃ ื•๏ฟฝื ืจืื™ืชื™ื• ืขื“ ื”ื ื”. (ื›ื˜) ื•ืœืงื—ืชื ื’ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืขื ืคื ื™ ื•ืงืจื”ื• ืืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืจืขื” ืฉืืœื”.

(ืœ) ื•ืขืชื” ื›ื‘ืื™ ืืœ ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืืชื ื• ื•ื ืคืฉื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื•. (ืœื) ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขืจ ื•ืžืช

ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™๏ฟฝ ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื”. (ืœื‘) ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืžืขื ืื‘ื™ ืœืืžืจ ืื ๏ฟฝื ืื‘ื™ืื ื•

ืืœื™๏ฟฝ ื•ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ืœืื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื. (ืœื’) ื•ืขืชื” ื™ืฉื‘ ื ื ืขื‘ื“๏ฟฝ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืื“ื ื™ ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ื™ืขืœ ืขื ืื—ื™ื•. (ืœื“) ื›ื™ ืื™๏ฟฝ

ืืขืœื” ืืœ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืืชื™ ืคืŸ ืืจืื” ื‘ืจืข ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ืื‘ื™.

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื”:ื'

(ื) ื•๏ฟฝื ื™ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืืคืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื™ ื•๏ฟฝื ืขืžื“ ืื™ืฉ ืืชื• ื‘ื”ืชื•ื“ืข ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœ

ืื—ื™ื•.

CLASSICAL TEXTS

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฆ"ื’:ื•'

ื“"ื ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจ' ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืฉื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื™ืš ืžื“"ื (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘' ื™') ื•ื™ื’ืฉ

ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื”ืขื ืืฉืจ ืขืžื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื•ืก, ื”ืžื“"ื (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™"ื“) ื•ื™ื’ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข

ืœืคื™ื™ืกื•, ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืฉื” ืœืชืคืœื”, (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื™"ื—) ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”' ืืœื”ื™ ื•ื’ื•', ืจ"ื ืืžืจ ืคืฉื˜ ืœื”ื•ืŸ

ืื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื, ืื ืœืคื™ื•ืก ืื ื™ ื‘ื, ืื ืœืชืคืœื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื, ื‘ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™, ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื” ืื ืœืžืžืœื ืžื™ื ืื ื, ืื

ืœืฉืžืฉื ืื ื, ืื ืœืžืคืฆืข ืงื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื ื, ื“"ื ื‘ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ืืžืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื•ื”ื• ืืœื™

ื•ื’ื•', ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืช ืขื™ืŸ ื ื”ืคืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืžืจืช ืœืกืžื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›"ื‘)

ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื•, ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืฉืœื, ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš, ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืื–ื ืš, ื–ืงื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉื›ื”

ืคืจืขื” ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืœืงื” ื‘ื ื’ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™"ื‘) ื•ื™ื ื’ืข ื”' ืืช ืคืจืขื”, ื”ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืœืงื” ืื•ืชื•

EN/HE

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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆืจืขืช, ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชื” ืืœื ืžืงืœืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื•ืžืŸ ืชืžืŸ ืžื™ืชืช ืœื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื) ืขื ืืฉืจ ืชืžืฆื

ืืช ืืœื”ื™ืš ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื”, ื”ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืš ืงืœืœื” ืื—ืช ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืช, ืฉื ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ืจืš ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื

ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื•ื”, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื ืงื‘ื”, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื›ืจ, ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื, ืขืœ ืื›ืกื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื•

(ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ"ื’) ื—ื•ืคืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”, ื“"ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื•ื’ื•', ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ

ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืก ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื ื•ืžื›ืœื” ืืชื›ื, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืขืœื” ื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืขืจื•ืช

ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขืฉืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ืคื™ื• ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืืŸ ื›ืื‘ืง, ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื”, ืžื” ืคืจืขื” ื’ื•ื–ืจ

ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืืช ื’ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื™ื ืš ืžืงื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืคืจืขื” ืœื”ื•ื˜ ืื—ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืืฃ ืืชื” ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืคืจืขื” ืžืœืš ื•ืืชื” ืฉื ื™ ืœื•

ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืš ืื‘ื ืžืœืš ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืœื•, ื•ืื ืฉื•ืœืฃ ืื ื™ ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื™ ืžืžืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ื•ื‘ืคืจืขื” ืจื‘ืš ืื ื™

ืžืกื™ื™ื, ืืœื• ืืžืจ ืžืคืจืขื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื™ื—ื•, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ ืžืžืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืจืžื– ืœืžื ืฉื” ื•ืจืคืฉ ื—ื“ ืจืคืฉ ื•ื–ืขืช

ื›ืœ ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืžืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืคืฉ ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ืžื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื” ื›ืŸ ืฉืจื™ ืžืฉืชืขื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืŸ ืจื›ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ.

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฆ"ื’:ื–'

ื“"ื ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœืžื” (ืงื”ืœืช ื–') ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืชืขื•ื– ืœื—ื›ื ื•ื’ื•', ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™

ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืืžืจื• ืืœื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืชืคืก ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ

ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœืื—ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืืžืจ ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ืชืคื•ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช

ืื‘ื, ืžื™ื“ ื›ืขืก ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืื’ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืœืš ืงื•ืœื• ื“' ืžืื•ืช ืคืจืกื” ืขื“ ืฉืฉืžืข ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ืŸ ื•ืงืคืฅ ืžืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื‘ื

ืืฆืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืื’ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉื” ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื™ื”ืคืš, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืžืจ ืื™ื•ื‘ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื“') ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืœ ืฉื—ืœ, ืฉืื’ืช

ืืจื™ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื• ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืงื•ืœ ืฉื—ืœ, ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ืŸ, ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืžืฉืœื• ื›ืืจื™, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

ืœ"ื’) ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืืžืจ ื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื”, ืฉื™ื ื™ ื›ืคื™ืจื™ื ื ืชืขื•, ืืœื• ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืขืก ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉืจื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื,

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื›ืขืก ืืฃ ื”ื ื ืชืžืœืื• ื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ืขื˜ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ืชืœืžื™ื

ืชืœืžื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื“') ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ื‘ื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ื˜ืจืฃ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืกืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉืžื ื™ืžื—ื•ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš

ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื™ืชื™ ืืช ืื‘ื ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื• ืœืš, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืชืžืœื ื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื”

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืกื™ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื“ ื ื–ื“ืขื–ืข ื•ื ื‘ื”ืœ ืืžืจ ืื•ื™ ืœื™ ืฉืžื ื™ื”ืจื’ื ื™, ื•ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืœื•

ืืžืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืœื’ื•ืช ื“ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื‘ืฉ, ื ื™ืžื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื”

ืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืขืก ืงื•ืจืข ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื˜

ื‘ื• ื•ืขืฉืื• ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื™ื“ ืชืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืืžืจ ื–ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืื—ื– ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ืจื‘ื• ืœืฉื•ืœืคื” ืžืชืขืจื”

ื•ืื™ื ื” ื ืฉืœืคืช ืœื• ืืžืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื–ื” ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืœื›ืš ื ืืžืจ (ืงื”ืœืช ื–') ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืชืขื•ื– ืœื—ื›ื.

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฆ"ื’:ื—'

ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื•ื’ื•', ืืžืจ ืœื• ืžืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœื

ืฉืืœืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉืžื ื‘ืชืš ื‘ืื ื• ืœื™ืงื— ืื• ืืชื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉื ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื ื•, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื ื• ืžืžืš, ืืžืจ ืœื•

ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืš ืฉืคื˜ื™ื˜ ืืชื”, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื—ื™ืš ืคื˜ื™ื˜ ื›ืžื•ืชืš, ืืžืจ ืœื• ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืื ื™ ืขืจื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•, ื"ืœ ืžืคื ื™

ืžื” ืœื ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ืŸ ืืช ืื—ื™ืš ื›ืฉืžื›ืจืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืฆื™ืขืจืช ืืช ืื‘ื™ืš ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืืžืจืช ืœื•

(ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื–) ื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืข ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืš ืฆืขืง ื•ื‘ื›ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ืืขืœื” ืืœ ืื‘ื™, ืืžืจ

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืคืชืœื™ ืœืš ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงืคืฅ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ, ืืžืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืื—ื™ื• ืื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื‘ ืžื”ื

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ืฉืœืฉื” ื•ื˜ืœื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืฉ, ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื›ืฉื›ื ืื ืืชื”

ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืืคืง, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื”

ื“ืขืชื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืืชื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื›ืš

ืืžืจืชื ืฉืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืžืช ืื ื™ ืืงืจืื ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื ืืฆืœื›ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื•ื ืืฆืœื™, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื•ื

ืืฆืœื™, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื™ื›ื, ืžื™ื“ ืคืจื—ื” ื ืฉืžืชืŸ

ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื’ื•', ื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื• ืขื“ ืฉืคืจืข ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœื”ื ื”ืžื™ืœื”.

ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื•ืจืฉื ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ื’'

ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื–ืฉ"ื” ืœื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ (ืžืฉืœื™ ืœ') ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ' ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืกื ืฉืจืื” ืืช

ื”ืืจื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื™ ืžืœืš ื—ืœืฉ ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ืš ืฉืœื ืชืจืื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจื—, ืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”

ื ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืœืš ืฉืงืจืืชื™ืš ื—ืœืฉ ื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืจืืš ืงืจืืš ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•

ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจ ืืจื™ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ"ื’) ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื• ื”ื“ืจ ืœื•, ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืจื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื˜) ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื”

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ ืขืžื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืืจื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™

ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืœื‘ื• ื•ืงื•ืจืขื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชืขืœื” ื—ืžืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืœื ืืคื•ื ื“ืชื• ืืคื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ

ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžื”ืŸ ื•ืžื›ืกื›ืก ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื—ืžืชื• ืขื•ืœื”, ืจืื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ ื—ืžืช ืžืœืš ืžืœืื›ื™ ืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉ

ื—ื›ื ื™ื›ืคืจื ื” (ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜"ื–) ื—ืžืช ืžืœืš ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืฉ ื—ื›ื ื™ื›ืคืจื ื” ื–ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื' ื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื›ื ื›ืžื•ืš, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ

ืฉืจืื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืขืœืชื” ื—ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืื‘ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืจ"ืฉ ื‘ืŸ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืžืฉืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ืืชืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืชืคื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื”

ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื”ื ืฆื— ืืžืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื ืฆื—ื ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื ืฉืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื•

ื•ืฉื›ื›ื” ื—ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืืชืœื™ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืฃ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืขืœืชื” ื—ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืชื™ืจื ืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™

ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืืžืจ ืœืื—ื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื™ื›ื ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.

ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื•ืจืฉื ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ื“'

ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื–ืฉ"ื” ื•ืกืจื” ืงื ืืช ืืคืจื™ื (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื™"ื) ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ ืืžืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืžืงืจื ื–ื” ืœื ืืžืจื• ืืœื ื›ื ื’ื“

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื"ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืชื•ื›ื—ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ืืžืจื• ืžืœืื›ื™

ื”ืฉืจืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจื“ ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืืจื™ ืžืชื ื’ื—ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ื‘ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชื™ืจื ืžืคื ื™ ืืจื™ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืืจื™ ืžืชื ื’ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื ืื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ืžืฉื™ื— ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื•ืกืจื” ืงื ืืช ืืคืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืชืขื•ื– ืœื—ื›ื

ืžืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ (ืงื”ืœืช ื–') ื–ื” ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ืžื” ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ืขื ืื—ื™ื•,

ืืœื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ืขืฉืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื–ื“ืขื–ืข, ื•ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื”ืฆื™ืœืชื•

ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืชืขื•ื– ืœื—ื›ื, ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•' ืœืขื™ืœ ืค' ืžืงืฅ ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื•ื™ืงื— ืžืืชื

ืืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื—ืคื• ืœื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืจื’ื• ืžื™ื“ ืืžืจ

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื• ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ืชื ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืš ืืชื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื™, ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื•ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืขื‘, ืืžืจ

ืœื”ื ืขืฉื• ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืจืื” ืžื™ ื™ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืฉืœื— ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืฆืœ ืคืจืขื” ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”

ืฉืœื— ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืฆืœืš ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืœืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืฉืœื— ืœื•, ื•ื”ื™ื•

ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื ื• ื›ื‘ืœื™ื

ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื•, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจื‘ื• ืืฆืœื• ืฆื•ื•ื— ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื• ืงื•ืœื• ื ืคืœื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืฉืชื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืœ ืฉื—ืœ

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ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ ื›ืคื™ืจื™ื ื ืชืขื• (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื“') ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ื"ืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืงื•ื ืืชื”, ืžื™ื“ ืงื ืžื ืฉื” ื•ื”ื›ื”ื• ืžื›ื”

ืื—ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื‘ืœ, ืืžืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื• ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื”

ืืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื• ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžื ืฉื” ืืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ื‘ื• ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ

ื ืคืœื” ืื™ืžื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื”ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืื—ื™ื›ื

ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืืžืจืชื ืืœื™, ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื”ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืฉื”, ื"ืœ ื”ืŸ, ื"ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ื ื™ื, ื"ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™

ืขืฉืจื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื, ื"ืœ ื‘ืœืข ื•ื‘ื›ืจ ื•ืืฉื‘ืœ ื•ื’ื•', ื"ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ ืฉืžืข ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ื"ืœ ื›ืœื ืขืœ ืื—ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื”

ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื™ ืงืจืืชื™ ืœื”ื ืืœื• ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืข ืฉื ื‘ืœืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ืืฉื‘ืœ ืฉื ืฉื‘ื”, ื’ืจื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื’ืจ,

ื•ื ืขืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืขื™ื, ืื—ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืžื™, ื•ืจืืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœื™, ืžื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื™ืคื”, ื•ื—ืคื™ื

ืฉืœื ืจืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืชื•, ื•ืืจื“ ืฉื™ืจื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ื•ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคื ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•ืจื“ ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื’ืœื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื™ ื™ืจื“

ืื‘ื™ ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืฉื•ื›ื‘, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืื—ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื• ืืฆืœ

ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืœื’ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ืžืขื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืชื’ืœื’ืœื• ืจื—ืžื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™ ื ื›ืžืจื•

ืจื—ืžื™ื•, ื"ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื–ืžื ื ืœืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืกื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“

ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืชื—ืœื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”

ืฉืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ื˜, ื”ืกื‘ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืžืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ

ืขืœื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ ืืฆืœื• ืฉืืชื” ืฉื ื™ ืœื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืœื•ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœื ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื“ืชื, ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืžืจ

ืœื”ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืฉื›ืœื›ื ืืชื ื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื‘ืœ ืื‘ื™ื›ื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืœื“ืŸ ื•ืœื ืคืชืœื™

ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืขืœื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืกื“ืจืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื“ืชืŸ, ื ืฉืชื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืจื•ืื” ืื ื™ ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื— ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ

ืžืžื ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื ื•ืืฃ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืื— ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืื ื™ื‘ื ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืืฆืœื™ ื™ืฉื‘ ืืฆืœื• ื”ื”"ื“ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ื•

ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื›ื•ืจืชื• ื•ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื›ืฆืขื™ืจืชื•, ื•ื™ืฉื ืžืฉืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ืžื ื” ืฉืœื• ื ืชืŸ

ืœื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืžื ื” ืฉืœื• ื ื˜ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื ื˜ืœื” ืืกื ืช ืžื ื” ืฉืœื” ื ืชื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื ื˜ืœื• ืืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื ืฉื”

ืžื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื ืชื ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืชืจื‘ ืžืฉืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ.

ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื•ืจืฉื ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ื”'

ื“"ื ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืืœ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืจืื•ื™

ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™, ืืœื ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืช ืงืฉื” ื•ืื—ืช ืจื›ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื” ื›ืฉื ืฉืคืจืขื” ืจื‘ืš ืื•ื”ื‘

ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื—ืžื“ืŸ ื›ืš ืืชื” ืจืื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคื” ืชื•ืืจ ื•ืืชื” ืžื—ืžื“ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื“, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื”

ื›ืฉื ืฉืืชื” ื•ืคืจืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื›ื ื›ืš ืื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื•, ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•, ื"ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”

ื‘ืืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœื ืฉืืœืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ, ืฉืžื ื‘ืชืš ื‘ืื ื• ืœื™ืงื— ืื• ืื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•

ืืชื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉื ืืขืค"ื› ืœื ื›ืกื™ื ื• ืžืžืš ื“ื‘ืจ, ื"ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื” ืืชื” ื“ื‘ืจืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื™ืš ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข

ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืื—ื™ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืš ื•ืืชื” ืคื˜ื™ื˜, ื"ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขืจื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•, ื"ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื”

ืœื ืขืจื‘ืช ืืช ืื—ื™ืš ื›ืฉืžื›ืจืชื ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืฆืขืจืช ืืช ืื‘ื™ืš ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืืžืจืช ืœื• ื˜ืจืฃ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื˜ื ืœืš ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื—ื˜ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืืžื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื™ืš ื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ืœื™, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืข ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืš

ืฆืขืง ื•ื‘ื›ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืจ ื ืคืฉ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ืืขืœื” ืืœ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืืชื™ ื•ื’ื•', ื"ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื ื•ื ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉื ื™ื ื•

ืืžื•ืจ ืžื™ืœืš ื•ืกื“ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ืš, ืžื™ื“ ืืžืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืคืชืœื™ ืœืš ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืงืคืฅ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื

ืขืฉืจ, ืืžืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืื—ื™ื• ืื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื‘ ืžื”ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื” ื•ื˜ืœื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ /ืžื›ื/ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื ื ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืฉ, ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืื—ื™ื•

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื›ืฉื›ื ืื ืืชื” ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ

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ืœื”ืชืืคืง, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืœืกื›ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ืจื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื ื”ืจื’ื•ื”ื• ืื—ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื• ื•ืœืžื”

ืืžืจ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื™ ืืœื ื›ืš ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืื”ืจื’ ื•ืœื ืื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื—ื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืชื“ืข ืฉืžืชื—ืœื” ืœื ื‘ืืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืืชื, ืฉื ื™ื” ืืžืจืช

ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืืชื, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืชื, ืื ื™ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืืชื” ื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืคืจืขื” ื”ืจืฉืข

ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ืจืชื™ืงื” ืืžืœื ื›ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ื"ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื ืชื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืจื‘ ืžื ืจืชื™ืงื• ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืจื›ื• ืขืœ

ืฆื•ืืจืš, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื ืืคืชื— ืืช ืคื™ ืื‘ืœืข ืื•ืชืš, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื ืชืคืชื— ืคื™ืš ืื ื™ ืกื•ืชืžื• ื‘ืื‘ืŸ, ืืžืจ

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื” ื ืืžืจ ืœืื‘ื, ื"ืœ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื™ืš ื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ืœื™, ื"ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืงืจ ืืชื” ื“ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•,

ื"ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืงืจ ื›ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืื—ื™ื›ื, ื"ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืจื ื“ืฉื›ื ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืœื‘ื™, ื"ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื•ืจื ื“ืชืžืจ ื›ืœืชืš

ืื ื ืžื˜ืคื™, ื"ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจืชื— ืื ื ื•ืœื™ืช ื“ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ ืœื™, ื"ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจืชื—ื ื“ื™ื“ืš ืื ื ืžืชื‘ืจ, ื"ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™

ืืฆื ื•ืืฆื‘ืข ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™' ื‘ื“ื, ื"ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ืขื™' ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื™ืžื™ื›ื ืฉืฆื‘ืขืชื ื›ืชื•ื ืช ืื—ื™ื›ื ื‘ื“ื ื•ืืžืจืชื

ืœืื‘ื™ื›ื ื˜ืจืฃ ื˜ืจืฃ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื“ืขืชื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืืชื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืŸ

ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื›ืš ืืžืจืชื ืฉืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืžืช ืื ื™ ืงื ื™ืชื™ื• ืืงืจืื ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื ืืฆืœื›',

ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืงื•ืจื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘"ื™ ื‘ื ืืฆืœื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘"ื™ ื‘ื ืืฆืœื™ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื—ื™ืš ืฉืžื›ืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืคื™ื ื•ืช

ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื"ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื” ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ืŸ ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื™ื›ื, ืžื™ื“ ืคืจื—ื” ื ืฉืžืชืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื ื•' ืื•ืชื•

ืืจ"ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื•' ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืฉืืžืจ ืœืื—ื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืจื—ื” ื ืฉืžืชืŸ ื›ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ

ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” (ืžืœืื›ื™ ื’') ื•ืžื™ ืžื›ืœื›ืœ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื”ืจืื•ืชื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืจืื ื™

ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœ"ื’) ืขืื›"ื•, ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ื• ื›ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืคืฉืขื”

ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืขืื›"ื•, ืขืฉื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื ื ืก ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ื ืฉืžืชืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ื” ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืจื•ืื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื ื™ ืื—ื™

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืคื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉืคืจืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš

ืœืžื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืืฆืœื ื‘ืœื ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžืœืš ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื–ืงืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืจื’ื•

ื™ืจื“ ืžืœืืš ื•ืคื–ืจื ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืคื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืฆื•ื•ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื ืคืœื• ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ

ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ืคืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ืกืื• ื•ื™ืจื“ ืคืจืขื” ืžื›ืกืื• ื•ื ืคืœื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื”ืคื›ื•

ืคื ื™ื”ื ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื' (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื“') ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืœ ืฉื—ืœ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื›ืคื™ืจื™ื ื ืชืขื•, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ื

ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ืœ ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื–ื” ืืœื ืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ"ื’) ืฉืžืข ื”' ืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื”

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ ื’ืฉื• ื ื ืืœื™ ื•ื™ื’ืฉื• ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืฉืงื• ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื ืฉืง

ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื™ื‘ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืœื ืคื™ื™ืก ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื›ื™ื” ื›ืš ื›ืฉื™ื’ืืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืช

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื›ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืืœื ืฉื ื' (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœ"ื) ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ืื• ื•ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ืœื ืื•ืœื™ื›ื ืืœ ื ื—ืœื™ ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš

ื™ืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื‘ ื•ืืคืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื.

ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ื•'

ื“"ื ื‘ื™ ืื“ื ื™. ื‘ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ื‘ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื•, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื’ื ื‘ ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืงื ื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื“,

ื—ืฉื•ื“ ืืชื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื, ืื ืœืฉืžืฉืš ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืžืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื•, ืื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉื•,

ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืœื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื•, ื™ืฉื‘ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืื“ื•ื ื™ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ืœ"ื’). ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื“ื‘ืจ.

ืืžืจ ืจ' ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื™ื”, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื ืืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื‘ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื, ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืืœื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ

ื”ืชื˜ื‘ื™ ืžื ื•ื ืืžื•ืŸ (ื ื—ื•ื ื’':ื—'). ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™. ื"ืœ ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ืš, ืฉื ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ

ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื•ื”ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื“:ื›"ื”), ื•ืื ื• ื›ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืื ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื ื•

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ืžืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื ื ืคืฉ ื›ืืŸ. ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื”. ื"ืœ ื›ืฉื ืฉืคืจืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืืชื” ืฉื ื™ ืœื•, ื›ืš ืื‘ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื•ืื ื™

ืฉื ื™ ืœื•, ืืžืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ืื ื™ ืื ืืฉืœืฃ ื—ืจื‘ื™ ืžืชืขืจื” ื‘ืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ื•ื‘ืคืจืขื” ืื ื™ ืžืกื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื™ื—ื“

(ืžืฉืœื™ ื›"ื–:ื™"ื–), ื ืื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”, ื ืื” ืœืžืœืš ืžืชื’ืื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืœืš, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืš, ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ื™ื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื' ื”':ื‘'), ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืœืš ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ื•ื™ืจื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช

ืž"ื:ืž"ื’), ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื ื’ื—ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ืœื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ ืื“ื ื™.

ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ื–'

ื“"ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืคื™ื™ืก ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื—ื™ื• [ืžื”] ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืžื–ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืคืจืขื” ื ืกื™ื™ื,

ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื‘:ื›"ื’), ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื”

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืš, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื›ื”, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื“ืข ืืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื™ ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืขืฆื”

ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข, ืฉืžื ืืชื ื ืชืชื ืœื• ืขืฆื” ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืข ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื›ืš, ืืžืจ ืœื ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืขืฆื”,

ื•ืœื ืื ื™ ื ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข, ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืœื™, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฉื‘ืข ืœื•, ื•ื‘ืžื” ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื•, ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื™ ืžืžื ื™, ืœื

ื ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ื•, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื—ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืฉืชืœื—ื• ื‘ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืžื•ื”ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฆื™ื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื˜:ื›"ื’), ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืคืฉื˜

ืฉื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ื”ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืคืฉื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื›ืชื ืชื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื–:ื›"ื’), ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื•ื”ื• ืœื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ

ื•ื™ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื•ืจื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื–:ื›"ื“), ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉื˜ื‘ืœื• ื›ืชื ืชื• ื‘ื“ื,

ืฉืœื ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืขืฆื”, ื•ืœื ื ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข, ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื™ ืฉืืชื” ื ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœ ืื—ื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช, ื"ืœ ืžืฉืžื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืจืข ืœื•, ื"ืœ ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืš, ื"ืœ ืœืžื” ื‘ืœืข,

ื"ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื‘ืœืข ืื—ื™ ืžืžื ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืœืืžื™, ื"ืœ ืœืžื” ื‘ืœืข, ื"ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื‘ืœืข ืื—ื™ ืžืžื ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื”

ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืœืืžื™, ื•ืืฉื‘ืœ ืฉื ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ื™, ื’ืจื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืจ ื‘ืื›ืกื ื™ื, ื ืขืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืขื™ืžื™ื. ืื—ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื™ ืžืื, ื•ืื™ืŸ

ืœื™ ืืœื ื”ื•ื. ื•ืจืืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื™. ืžื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคื™ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืžืœืžื“ื” ืœื™, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื

ื•ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ. ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื ืชื—ืคื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ื“"ื

ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ืฉืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืชื™. ื“"ื ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื™ื—ืฃ. ื•ืืจื“

ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ. ื“"ื ื•ืืจื“ ื›ื™ ืืจื“ ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื–:ืœ"ื”). ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืžืš ืœื ืชื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืื‘ื

ื‘ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ืืขืœื” ืืœ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ืœ"ื“). ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ

ืจื—ืžื™ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืืคืง ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื”:ื'), ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืืช ืงื•ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื”:ื‘'),

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœ ืื—ื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื”:ื’'), ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ืื—ื™ื›ื) ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•

ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื”), ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘"ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืืžืจ ื•ืžื” ืื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืืžืจ ืœืื—ื™ื•

ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ื•, ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืฉื™ื‘ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ

ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืจื ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื’ื™ื“ ืœืื“ื ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ื• (ืขืžื•ืก ื“':ื™"ื’) ืขืœ ืื—ืช

ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“.

ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ื—'

ื“"ื ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื ื’ืฉ ืœื”ืœื—ื ืขืžื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืœื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ื™ื•ืื‘ (ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื)

[ื•ื”ืขื] ื•ื’ื•' (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘' ื™':ื™"ื’). ืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืชืžืœื ื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ื™ื• ืฉืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ืืช

ื›ืœื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื ื•ืชื ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ืคื™ื• ื•ืžื›ืกื›ืก ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื—ืžืชื• ืขื•ืœื”, ืœื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื’ืฉ

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ื•ื’ื•'. (ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืืชื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื•, ืืชืžื•ืœ ืืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืืช ืื—ื™ื›ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืื• ืืœื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื ื•ื”ื•, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ื ื˜ืœืชื” ืื•ืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื”). ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ ืื“ื ื™. ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ, ืื™ืžืชื™ ืคืจืข ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื’ืœื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ

ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื‘ืฆืจื”, ืžื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื' ื™"ื–:ื˜"ื–), ืžื—ืจืฃ ื•ืžื’ื“ืฃ

ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืจื•ื– ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื ื• ื™ืขืฉืจื ื• ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื’ื•' (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื' ื™"ื–:ื›"ื”), ื•ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ื›ืœ ืžื™

ืฉืžื—ืจืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื ื•ืงื‘ ืฉื ื”' ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืžืช ื•ื’ื•' (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›"ื“:ื˜"ื–), ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืจืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื

(ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื' ื™"ื–:ื˜"ื–), ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื•ืžืฉืœื ืœืฉื ืื™ื• ืืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืœื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–':ื™'), ืจืฉืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ

ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ื•ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžื ื™ื— ืฆื“ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ืžื”

ืขืฉื” ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืจืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื, ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืจ' ืœื•ื™, ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืขืจืคื” ืืžื• ืขื ื—ืžื•ืชื”

ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืŸ [ืคืจืขื” ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื] ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืžื ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืืช ืืจื‘ืขื”

ืืœื” ื™ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ืจืคื” ื‘ื’ืช (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘' ื›"ื:ื›"ื‘). ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืžืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืžื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ

ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืจื” ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืจืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืชื™ืฆื‘ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื

(ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื' ื™"ื–:ื˜"ื–), ืืžืจ ื™ืฉื™ ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉืขื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืงื™ื ืš ืฉืขืจื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•,

ืฉื ืืžืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืืขืจื‘ื ื•, ืืœื ืœืš ื•ื”ื•ืฆื ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืชื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืืช ืื—ื™ืš ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ืืช ืขืจื•ื‘ืชื ืชืงื—

(ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื' ื™"ื–:ื™"ื—), ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ื‘ืชื ืืœื ืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื“, ื”ืœืš ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื’ืœื™ืช, ื"ืœ

ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืš ื›ืฉื ืฉื ืชืช ืืช ื ืคืฉืš ืขืœ ืฉืื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ, ื›ืฉื ืฉืขืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ืงื™ื ืš ืขืœ

ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืขืชื” ื™ืฉื‘ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ืœ"ื’), ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ

ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœืš, ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื™ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื™ืื›ืœ ืขื“ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื˜:ื›"ื–), ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจ, ื•ืœืขืจื‘ ื™ื—ืœืง ืฉืœืœ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช

ืž"ื˜:ื›"ื–), ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืž"ื—:ื’'), ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื

ื—ื™ื™ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืขืžื”ื, ืœืžื” ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื™

ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืืช ืฉืžื™ ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžืฉื”. ืืžืจ ืจ' ืื‘ื ื‘ืจ ื›ื”ื ื ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืงืข ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ื”ื™ื”

ืฉื‘ื˜ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ื˜ ื™ืฆืืช ื•ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ืืชื” ื‘ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืกื‘ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ื—ืฉ ืืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืจืžื” ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื•ื’ื•' (ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™"ื‘:ื'), ืžื” ืขืฉื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืงื“ืฉื• ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืจื•ื“ื

ืฉืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจื’ืžืชื ื•ื’ื•' (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืก"ื—:ื›"ื—). ื“"ื ื‘ื™ ืื“ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ, ื•ื ืืžืจ ืืœ ืื“ื ื™, ื•ืขืชื” ื™ืฉื‘ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื•ื’ื•'.

ื"ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ ืจื™ืคืชื” ืขืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจืช ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ืš ืืขืค"ื› ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ื•ืจื™ื‘ ืœื”' ืขื

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™"ื‘:ื’'), ืืœื ื—ื ื•ืŸ ืื ื™ ื•ืืจื—ื ืขืœื™ืš, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ืœืขื•ืœื ืืจื™ื‘ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื "ื–:ื˜"ื–), ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืืœื

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืชืฉื‘ (ื™ื•ืืœ ื“':ื›').

ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื—-ื™"ื˜

(ื™ื—) ื•ืงืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื• ืžื™ื ืš ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื™ืžืœืœ ื›ืขืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืคืชื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉืžืขื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื ื™ืชืงืฃ ืจื•ื’ื–ืš

ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืš ื”ืœื ืžืŸ ื–ื™ืžื ื ืงื“ืžื™ื ื“ื ื—ืชื ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชืš ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืชื ืืžืจ ืœืŸ ืžืŸ ืงื“ื ื”' ืื ื ื“ื—ื™ืœ ื•ื›ื“ื• ื—ื–ืจื• ื“ื™ื ืš

ืœืžื”ื•ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจื™ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื“ืคืจืขื” ืจื‘ืš ื“ืืช ื™ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื” ืืจื•ื ื™ืงื™ืจ ืื ื ื›ื•ื•ืชืš ื•ืื‘ื ื™ืงื™ืจ ื›ื•ื•ืช ืคืจืขื” ืจื‘ืš ื“ืืช ื™ื™ืžื™

ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืœื ืื ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื” ื“ืื‘ื ื•ืœื™ืช ืื ื ืžืฉืงืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฃ ืื ื ื—ืจื‘ื™ ืžืŸ ื’ื• ืชื™ืงื ืœื™ืช ืื ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ

ื™ืชื” ืœืชื™ืงื ืขื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื›ืœ ืืจืขื ื“ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื™ืช ืื ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ืชื” ืœืชื™ืงื ืขื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืืจืขื

ื“ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฆื“ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืš ืงื“ืžื•ื™ ืื ื ืžื™ืฉืจื™ ื•ืžืคืจืขื” ืจื‘ืš ืื ื ืžื—ืกื™ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืžื™ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื™ื” ื“ืื‘ื ืื•

ื“ื™ืœืžื ื“ืœื ืืฉืชืžืข ืœืš ื•ืœื ืืชื ื™ ืœืš ืžื” ื“ืขื‘ื“ื• ืชืจื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืœื• ืœื›ืจื›ื ื“ืฉื›ื ื“ื”ื•ื” ื™ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื”

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ื•ืงื˜ืœื• ื›ืœ ื“ื›ื•ืจื ืœืคืชื’ื ื“ื—ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืกืื™ื‘ื• ืœื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืชื”ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื ื”ื•ื™ื ืžืชืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื ื—ื•ืœืงื

ื•ืื—ืกื ื ืขืžืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืืจืขื ืขืœ ื—ื“ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ื ืŸ ืžืชืžื ื™ ืขืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืœืง ื•ืื—ืกื ื ืขืžืŸ

ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืืจืขื ื•ืื ื ื“ื—ื™ืœื™ ืงืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื”ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื˜ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื“ืื‘ื ื•ืืžืจื™ืช ืœื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื™ืชื™ื” ืœื•ื•ืชืš

ื•ืืงื™ืžื™ืช ื™ืชื™ื” ืงื“ืžืš ื ื”ื•ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ ืœืš ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืœืžืš ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ื“ื™ืœืžื ื“ืœื ืืฉืชืžืข ืœืš ื•ืœื ืืชื ื™ ืœืš

ืืจื•ื ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืื ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ืชืš ื‘ืืจืขื ื“ื›ื ืขืŸ.

(ื™ื˜) ื›ื“ ื—ืžื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ืงื™ื“ื ื“ืกืœื™ืงืช ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื™ื” ื“ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื—ื•ื™ ื•ื ืคืงื™ืŸ ืฉืขืจืชื™ื” ื“ืœื‘ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื–ืขื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื” ื‘ื™ื”

ื‘ืฉืขืชื ืจืžื– ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื ืฉื” ื‘ื•ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ืจืคืก ื‘ืžืกืื ื™ื” ื•ืจืขื“ืช ื›ืœ ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขืชื ืืžืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื“ื”ื•ื”

ืขืœืข ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื ืœื ื”ื•ื” ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžืชืขื‘ื“ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื›ื™ืš ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื•ื ื™ ืฉืื™ืœ ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื•ื™

ืœืžื™ืžืจ ื”ืื™ืช ืœื›ื•ืŸ ืื‘ ืื• ืื—.

MEDIEVAL TEXTS

ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืคื ื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื—

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ืื•ื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืคื ื” ืื“ื ืืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืืžืจื• (ืžืฉืœื™

ื›"ื”:ื˜"ื•) ื‘ืืจืš ืืคื™ื ื™ืคืชื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื›ื” ืชืฉื‘ืจ ื’ืจื.

ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืคื ื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื›"ื

ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืืžืจื•: ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ื ื” ืืชื” ืขืจื‘ืช ืœื ื• ืฉืžื™ืจืชื• ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•,

ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืช ืขื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืš ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืœื ื‘ื•ื–ืจืื“ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ"ื˜:ื™"ื‘) ืงื—ื ื• ื•ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื•

ื•ืืœ ืชืขืฉ ืœื• ืžืื•ืžื” ืจืข ื›ื™ ืื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ืš ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื” ืขืžื•. ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• (ืž':ื“') ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื ืืชื™

ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ืš ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ: ืœืจืขื” ื•ืื– ื™ื‘ื•ื ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืžื“ื”, ื›ืืžืจื• (ืขืžื•ืก ื˜':ื“')

ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืจืขื” ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื•ืชื•. ื•ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ืืžืจื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื‘:ื˜"ื•) ื—ื™ ืคืจืขื” ืื ืชืฆืื• ืžื–ื” ื•ื’ื•' ื•ืืžืจื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื‘:ื›') ื•ืืช ืื—ื™ื›ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืื• ืืœื™

ื•ื’ื•' ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ืžืช ืขื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•, ืื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืงื“ืžื ื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืข ืฉื™ืืžืจื•

ืœืื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื”ื•: ืืžืจืช ื•ืขืจื‘ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชื•ืง ืœื”ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื–ืืช.

ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื˜"ื–

ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ืžืฆื โ€“ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื• ืฉืœื ืกืจื—ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžืืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ื–ืืช. ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘

ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื•.

ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื—

ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš โ€“ ืžื›ืืŸ ืืชื” ืœืžื“ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช.

ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื” โ€“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืžืœืš ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•. ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื•, ืกื•ืคืš ืœืœืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฆืจืขืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืงื” ืคืจืขื” ืขืœ

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12/6/13 Yehuda's Oration: Sources โœก ALHaTorah.org

alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/44/YehudaSpeech/5 9/20

ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืงื ืชื™ ืฉืจื” ืขืœ ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉืขื›ื‘ื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžื” ืคืจืขื” ื’ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื”, ืืฃ ืืชื” ื›ืŸ,

ื•ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืช ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืืžืจืช ืœืฉื•ื ืขื™ื ืš ืขืœื™ื•. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื” ืื ืชืงื ื™ื˜ื ื™ ืื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชืš ื•ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ืš.

ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื˜

ืื“ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• โ€“ ืžืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืืช ืขืœื™ื ื•, ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื‘ืชืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื, ืื•

ืื—ื•ืชื ื• ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ื ืืžืจ ืืœ ืื“ื•ื ื™, ืœื ื›ื—ื“ื ื• ืžืžืš ื“ื‘ืจ.

ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ืœ"ื’

ื™ืฉื‘ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื•ื’ื•' โ€“ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื•, ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื•ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ.

ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื”:ื'

ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืืคืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืฉื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืื—ื™ื• ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ืŸ

ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื• ืœื”ื.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื›"ื-ื›"ื‘

(ื›ื) ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื• โ€“ ืฉืืจืื” ืื•ืชื•.

(ื›ื‘) ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžืช โ€“ ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื›ืจืข, ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืฉืœื•ืฃ ื ืขืœื• (ืจื•ืช ื“, ื—), ื•ื–ื”

ืขืžื”ื.

ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื—

ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” โ€“ ื”ืขืจื‘. ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืžืจ โ€“ ืžื—ืœื” ืื ื™ ืคื ื™ืš ืฉืชืฉื™ื ืื–ื ื™ื ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™

ื™ืจื ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื” ืฉืขื ืœื‘ื™. ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื•ื” ืœืชืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืืžืชื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืงื™ื

ืœื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ; ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืš ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื›ืฉืชื‘ื™ืŸ, ืืœ

ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ืš, ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื” โ€“ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื›ืžืœืš, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžืœืš: ื‘ืœื™ืขืœ (ืข"ืค

ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœื“,ื™ื—). ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ: ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื” โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขืžืš, ื›ื™ ืœืžื™ ืืงื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ืš, ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš

ื›ืคืจืขื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืš, ื•ืื™ืš ืืงื‘ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืขืœื™ืš? ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ ืฉืชืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื™.

ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื˜-ื›"ื’

(ื™ื˜โ€“ื›ื) ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ื•ื’ื•' โ€“ ืžื” ืœืš ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื? ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื ื•

ืœืš, ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื— ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ืžืžืš. ื•ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืืœ: ืœืžื” ืœื ื‘ื ืขืžื›ื? ืืžืจื ื• ืœืš ื›ื™

ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื ื•; ื•ืฉืœื ืชืืžืจ: ืœืžื” ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืฉื•? ืืžืจื ื•: ื™ืœื“ ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื

Page 19: Yehuda's Oration

12/6/13 Yehuda's Oration: Sources โœก ALHaTorah.org

alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/44/YehudaSpeech/5 10/20

ื–ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื•; ื›ื™ ืื—ื™ื• ืžืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื•ืขื•ื“, ื›ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืื”ื‘ื•. ื•ืœื ืฉืžืช

ืœื‘ืš ืขืœ ื–ืืช, ืืœื ืืžืจืช: ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื•ื”ื• ืืœื™ ื•ื’ื•' โ€“ ื•ื›ื™ ืœืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš? ืœืžื” ืฉืืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื•? ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื 'ืฉื™ืžืช

ื”ืขื™ืŸ' ืฉืœืš? ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ ืœืš, ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืฉืขื•, ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ืงื™ืขื• ืืœื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื•; ื”ื–ื” ื—ืกื“ืš

ืฉืืžืจืช: ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•, ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”?!

(ื›ื‘โ€“ื›ื’) ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžืช โ€“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื ื• ื™ืžื•ืช. ื•ืœื ื—ืฉืฉืช ื’ื ืœื–ืืช, ืืœื ืืžืจืช: ืื ืœื ื™ืจื“

ืื—ื™ื›ื ืœื ืชืจืื• ืคื ื™, ื•ืžืื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืขืจ ื•ืขืชื” ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื›ื‘ื•?! ื”ืœื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื

ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื’ืจืžืช ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืžืื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืื•ื” ืœื•, ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœ ืžื”.

ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ืœ"ื‘-ืœ"ื“

ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ โ€“ ืื ืชืืžืจ, ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืื—ื™ ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื™ โ€“ ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืขืจื‘, ืื ืœื ืื‘ื™ืื ื•

ืืœื™ื• ื•ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ืœืื‘ื™. ื•ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื“, ื”ื ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืขืจ, ื›ื™ ืื ืชืขื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื•, ืœื ืืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื™, ื›ื™ ืื™ืš

ืืจืื” ื‘ืจืขื” ื•ื’ื•', ื•ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืืฉืืจ ืื ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืœ, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ื•ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ.

ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ืš ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื“ืฉืžื ืœื ืคืฉืขื ื•, ื•ืื™ืš ืชืžื™ืช ืืช ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืคืฉืข?

ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืžืขืฉื” ืืžืจื ื• ืœืš: "ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžืช" (ืœืขื™ืœ,ื›ื‘); ื•ืื ืชืืžืจ: 'ืื ื™ ืืคืกื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื™', ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•,

ื“ืขื“ื™ืคื ื.

ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื”:ื'

ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืืคืง โ€“ ืžืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื ืžืขื ื”, ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžืช ื›ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื‘ื™ื•

ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™. ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืงืจื โ€“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืฆืœื• ืงืจื, ื•ืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื™ื•, ืคืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื•

ืื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื•; ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืžื ืžืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื™ืืžืจื•: 'ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•ืš ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื'; ื•ืขื•ื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื•

ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื” ืœืฉื•ื ืื“ื ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•.

ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื—

ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ. ื•ืžืืžืจื• ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš ืืข"ืค ืฉืื™ืŸ

ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืขื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ืžื’ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื

ื•ื”ืจื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื›ืขืกื ื™ื›ืขื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื•ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื—ืžืชื ื•ื”ื•ื (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”) ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื™ืจืืชื• ืฉืžื ื™ื›ืขื•ืก

(ื™ื•ืกืฃ) ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื”. ื–ื” ืคืฉื˜ื™ื” ื“ืงืจื ื•ืžื” (ืฉืืžืจื•) ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ.

ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื—-ื™"ื˜

(ื™ื—) ื˜ืขื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ืœืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ืจื—. ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื›ื™ "ื“ื‘ืจ"

ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืœื” ืคื ื™ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื•, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื™ื•ืก ื•ื‘ืงืฉื”

ืœื–ื”.

ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืš โ€“ ื™ืืžืจ ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ืš.

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ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื” โ€“ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ืš ื›ืืœื• ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืขื”.

(ื™ื˜) ืื“ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• โ€“ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื˜ืขื ืœืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื•

ืจื–"ืœ (ื‘"ืจ ืฆื’ ื•) ื•ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืช ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืืžืจืช ืœืฉื•ื ืขื™ื ืš ืขืœื™ื•, ืื™ื ื” ื˜ืขื ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื“ื ืœืคื ื™ื•,

ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืฉื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื’ื ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืชื” ื‘ื•.

ื•ืžืชื—ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืขื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืงืจื ืœื• ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื ืš ื‘ื ื™ (ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื’ ื›ื˜), ื•ืขืฉื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•

ืžืฉืชื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืื•ืช ืœื”ื, ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื•,

ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ (ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื“ ื), ื•ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื•.

ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืื” ืœื™ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื˜, ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืง ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื ื›ืืฉืจ

ืืžืจ ืœื•, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื”ื’ ืขืžื”ื ื—ืžืœื” ื›ื™ืจื ื—ื˜ื ืœื ื—ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื”ื (ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื’ ื›ื’).

ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื”ื’ื“ื ื• ื‘ืื—ื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืœืช ืื“ื ื™, ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ืš

ื›ืžืฆื•ืชืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืจืง ืืžืจื ื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืขืจ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืคืฉื™ื ื• ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ื–ืœืขืคื•ืช ืจืขื‘, ื›ื™

ืืžืจืช ืœื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™. ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืื›ืœ, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื‘ืคื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื“ืื’ื”, ื•ืขืชื” ื›ืจืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขืจ ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืžืจื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืคื•ืœ ื ื ืชื—ื ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ืš ืœืจื—ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ,

ื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ื™ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืœืš ืชื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ืงื”. ื•ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”. ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื•

ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื ื•ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื—ื˜ืืช ืขืžืš (ืฉืžื•ืช ื” ื˜ื–).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืช ืขื™ืŸ, ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื”, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืชืขืžื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจืš ื•ื‘ืชื™ื•ืจืš,

ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ืš ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ื•ืคื—ื“ ืœืคืจืฉ ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข

ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืžืืชื• ืœื”ืขืœื™ืœื, ื›ื™ ืœืžื” ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืจืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื. ื•ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” (ืฆื’ ื—) ืืžืจ ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืชื“ืข

ืœืš ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื• ืœื™ืงื— ืื•ื›ืœ, ื›ืœื•ื ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืืœืช ืœื ื•, ืฉืžื ื‘ืชืš ืื ื•

ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืื• ืื—ื•ืชื ื• ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ. ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืžื– ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.

ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื›"ื

ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื• โ€“ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืืจืื” ืื•ืชื•. ื•ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืžืช ืขื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“,

ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื›ื“ ื•), ืงื—ื ื• ื•ืขื™ื ืš ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืืœ ืชืขืฉ ืœื• ืžืื•ืžื” ืจืข (ืฉื ืœื˜ ื™ื‘), ื›ื™ ืœื ืฆื•ื”

ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืจืื ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืงื—ื ื•, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื•.

ืื‘ืœ ื ื“ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœืฉืžืจื•, ื•ืื ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืฆืจ ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืฉืจ ืกืคืจ

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื•. ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืืกืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœื™ืœืช ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืืชื, ื“ืจืš ืžื•ืกืจ ืื• ืื™ืžืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช.

ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื”:ื'

ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• โ€“ ื˜ืขืžื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœืงืจื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื. ืื‘ืœ ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ืชืจื’ื ืœืืชื—ืกื ื,

ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง, ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืืชืืคืง ื•ืืขืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” (ืฉ"ื ื™ื’ ื™ื‘), ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืืคืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืง.

ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ืœื• ืคื ื™ื• ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื ื›ืžืจื• ืจื—ืžื™ื”ื ืขืœ

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ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืœื›ืœื. ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื ื›ืจื™ ืžืขืœื™ ื›ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื”ื, ื•ื™ืฆืื•

ืžืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืฆืืชื ืžืขืœื™ื• ื ืชืŸ ืืช ืงื•ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ ื•ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ

ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื”. ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ "ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•" ืžืฉืจืชื™ื• ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืฆืจื™ื (ืจื•ืช ื‘ ื•), ืฉืจื™

ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื (ืž"ื ื” ืœ), ืœื”ืชื™ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื”' (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื ื•). ื•ื˜ืขื "ื•ื™ืงืจื", ืฉื”ืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื• ื‘ื›ืขืก ื•ืืžืจ ืœืžืฉืจืชื™ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœ

ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื™, ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.

ื•ื˜ืขื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื”, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื”ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื (ืœื—ืจืคื”) ื•ื’ื ืืœื™ื•

ืœืžื›ืฉื•ืœ, ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืคืจืขื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื’ื•ืจื• ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืืจืžื ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื‘ื’ื“ื•

ื‘ืื—ื™ื”ื, ื’ื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•, ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ืขืžื•, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“.

ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“-ืž"ื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ื'

ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืื“ื, ื›ืฉืชืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ, ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžื”

ืฉืืคืฉืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื‘ ืืคื•; ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืขื ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ื—ื™ื, ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื•; ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืขื ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื•

ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื’ื”ื•. ื•ืœื–ื” ืชืžืฆื, ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ืœืง

ืืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื ืชื™ื ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื ืคืœื ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืขืœ

ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืืช ืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื ืžื ืข ืžื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื•, ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืื™ื ืžืื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืขืจ

ื•ื”ื™ื’ื•ืŸ; ื•ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืกื‘ื” ืืœ ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจืฉืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื” ืืœ ืฉื‘ื ืฉื; ื•ื›ืืœื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืžื–ื”

ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืกื•ืคื• ืขืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืชื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉื ืœื”ืขืœื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”; ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืžืจ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ

ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ, ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืœื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืืจ ืœื•, ืฉืื ื™ืขื ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืคืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืกื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ืขืช ืขื•ื ืฉ ื ืคืœื

ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžืจื”; ื•ื–ื”, ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ื–ืงืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคืฉืข ืขืœ ื–ื”; ื•ืื•ืœื ื™ื—ืก ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ืชืช

ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื’ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืœื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื•ืœื–ื” ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืงื—ื”ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืชื—ืช ืื—ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื”

ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื–ืง, ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื’ื•ืŸ; ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืฉื ื‘ืœืงื—ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”

ืขืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืœื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื ืฉืืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ืฉื™ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื”ื, ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืžื ื•.

ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“-ืž"ื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘'

ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชืคืขืœ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืœ

ืžืขืœืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื• ื•ื™ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืจืื•. ื•ืœื–ื” ืชืžืฆื, ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืฆื•ื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ

ืžืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื— ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช.

ืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืขืจ ืœ' ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™"ื’-ื™"ื“

ื™ื’. ืื•ืžืจื• ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื•ื›ื•'. ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ื• ืœืืžืจ ื”ื ื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ืชื—ืกื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”

ืœื™ ืžืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื•ื›ื•'. ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ื™ืืžืจ ื•ืžื” ื™ืฆื˜ื“ืง ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ืื™ ื–ื• ืชืœื•ื ื” ืชืฉืืจ ืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื’ืฉืช

ืืœื™ื•.

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12/6/13 Yehuda's Oration: Sources โœก ALHaTorah.org

alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/44/YehudaSpeech/5 13/20

ื™ื“. ืื•ืžืจื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืœืืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื‘ ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ื ืืžืจ ืืœ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื‘ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ

ื’ื•ืคื ื“ืขื•ื‘ื“ื ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื” ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืŸ ื•ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื” ืžืœื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื›ืŸ

ื•ืชื—ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืœืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื™ืคืœื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื™ื– ืคื ื™ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื“ื ื™

ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ืคืœ ื•ืžืื™ ื“ื”ื•ื” ื”ื•ื”.

ืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ'

ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืขืจื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื•ื ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืชื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื• ืฉื”ื™ื•

ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื ื• ืžื›ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™

ืœื ื›ืžื• ืคืชืŸ ื—ืจืฉ ื™ืื˜ื ืื–ื ื• ืžืฉืžื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืื ืœื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ. ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ ืžื” ื ืืžืจ

ืœืื“ื•ื ื™ ืžื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื•' ืฉื™ืจืื” ืฉืกืชื ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื–ื” ื—ืชื ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ

ื•ืœื”ืชื ื—ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืขืœื” ื›ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืชื‘ื•ืฉืฉื•. ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื”

ืฉืืžืจื• ื–"ืœ (ื‘"ืจ ืค' ืฆ"ื’) ืžื” ืคืจืขื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืืฃ ืืชื” ื›ืŸ. ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืกื‘ ืกื•ืคื• ืœืจืืฉื•. ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื•ื” ื”ื•ื

ืืฆืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื–ืขื•ืง ื‘ืื–ื ื™ืš ืขืœ ืฆืจืชื™ ื›ืืœื• ืืฆืขืง ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืขื” ืžืœืš ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื‘ืœื‘ื ืœื”ืชืจืขื ืœืคื ื™

ื”ืžืœืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ื”ื ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ืจื ื•ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื.

ืืžื ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ืขืœ ืื•ืžืจื• ืžื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื

ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื•ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื”ื ืื•ืช ื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื–ื” ื”ื ืขืจ ืืข"ืค ืฉื™ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื•ื–ื”

ืœืฉืœืฉ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื™ืชื‘ืืจื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืื—ืช ืžืคืืช ื”ื ืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืžืžื ื™ื—ื™

ื”ื ืžื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื“ืช ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืœ ืฉืื ืชืฉื™ื ื”ื“ืช ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื‘ ืžืื” ื•ื™ื–ื“ืžืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ื’ื ื•ื‘ ื ืขืจ

ื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื. ืื• ื–ืงืŸ. ืื• ืื“ื ื—ืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ื’. ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื”ื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื™ืžื•ืช. ื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื•ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ืชื”.

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืืœื”ื™ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” (ืžื›ื•ืช ื›"ื‘ ื) ืžืื•ืžื“ ื”ื ืœืงื” ืœืคื™ ื›ื—ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช

ื•ืืžืจื• (ืฉื ื‘) ืื ื ืชืงืœืงืœ ื‘ืจืขื™ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงืœื” ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืจื” ืฉืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื“ื™ ื›ื—ื•.

ื”ืฉื ื™ืช ืžืคืืช ื–ื•ืœืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืขื ืฉื• ื ื–ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืกื“ ืขืฆื•ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื

ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื—ื˜ืื•. ื›ืžื• ืื ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื›ื ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื•ืžื”ืขื“ืจื• ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”

ื ื–ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืชืžื•ืจืชื• ื•ืื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืžื–ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืืคืฉืจ

ืฉื’ื ืœืฉืžืขื™ ื ืฉื ืœื—ื›ืžืชื•. ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ืฆื“ ื ืชื ื• ื˜ืขื ืงืฆืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืขื ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื˜ืื• ื›ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืื ื™ื•ืžืช

ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืกื‘ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉื™ืข ื•ืจื‘. ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจื• (ืฉ"ื ื™"ื“) ื”ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื™ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ

ืขืฉื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืœื•ืš ืชื—ืชื™ื• ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ืœืŸ ื ืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉืืœืช ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืชืงื•ืขื™ืช (ืฉ"ื‘ ื™"ื“)

ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืืžืจื” ืฉืจืฆื— ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืžืžื” ืฉืขื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”

ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืžื•.

ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืคืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื—ื˜ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืช ืื• ื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ื•

ื•ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืชื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœ"ื”) ื•ืœื ืชืงื—ื• ื›ื•ืคืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ืจื•ืฆื—

ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืข ืœืžื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืžืช ื•ืœื ืชืงื—ื• ื›ื•ืคืจ ืœื ื•ืก ืืœ ืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ื• ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ืœื ืชื—ื ื™ืคื• ื•ื›ื•'. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘

ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืœืš ืžื™ืชื” ืื• ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื• ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืื• ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืœืคื“ื•ืชื•

ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืžื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืื™ื–ื• ืคืฉืจื” ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ. ื•ืžืฉืœืฉื” ืืœื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื—ืกื“ ืขืžื”ื

Page 23: Yehuda's Oration

12/6/13 Yehuda's Oration: Sources โœก ALHaTorah.org

alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/44/YehudaSpeech/5 14/20

ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื— ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืจืื” ืžื›ืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื

ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.

ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื ื• ื‘ืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืืŸ ืžืจืืฉืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื–ื•ืœืช ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ

ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื” ืขื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื’"ื› ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ื– ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื–ื”

ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืžืชืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ื›ื— ื•ืจืืฉืŸ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืขืœ ื›ืœืŸ

ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ืœืชื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืžืจื’ืœื™ื

ืืชื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื‘ ืื• ืื— ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ืื—ื™ื

ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื ื—ื ื• ื•ื›ื•' ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื ื• ืฉื. ื›ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ื–ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ.

ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืœืืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื‘ ืื• ืื— ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื ืชืช

ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืืœื• ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื ื•

ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื‘ ืื• ืื— ื•ืœื–ื” ื’"ื› ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ื• ื‘ืืžืจื ื• ื™"ื‘ ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ืื—ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืืœื• ืืžืจื•

ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื‘ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื™ืœื“ ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ. ื›ื™ ืžืกืชืžื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™"ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื‘ ื–ืงืŸ. ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉืืžืจื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“

ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื ืื—ืช. ื•ื‘ืืžืจื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื. ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื•. ื’ื ื‘ืืžืจื ื• ื•ื”ืื—ื“

ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืžื–ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื ืื—ื“. ื•ืžื”ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืฉืืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœืืžื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื•ืชืืžืจ

ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ื•ื›ื•'. ื™ืจืฆื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ื—ืจืฉ ืœื ืฉื•ืžืข ื•ืœื ื—ืžืœืช ื•ืืžืจืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื•ื”ื• ืืœื™ ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•.

ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืจืข ืจืง ืฉืชืจืื” ื‘ื• ืื ื›ื ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื• ืœืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื ืืกืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื”

ืœืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ืืœื• ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืขืจ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžืช. ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื”

ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš ืืžืจืช ืืช ืื—ื™ื›ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืื• ืืœื™ ื•ื™ืืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ื•ืœื ืชืžื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืืœื• ืžื ืขืช ืžืžื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™

ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™ืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื—ื™ื ื• ืืชื ื• ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืชื‘ืืจ ืžืžื ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื”ื ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื

ื›ื™ ื”ื ืขืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืจืš ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืืžื• ืืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืฉื

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื‘ื“. ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ื›ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืžืขืฉื” ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืืžื ื• ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง.

ืืžื ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืžื–ื” ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื ื ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขืฆื•ื

ืžืžื” ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•. ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขืงืจ ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื‘ื™ ื•ื›ื•'. ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืขืœื•

ืืœื™ื• ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืืช ืžืืกืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื‘ื ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืฉื. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืžืขืงืช ืจืขื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืจื•

ืœื ื• ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื ืข ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจื“ืช. ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืื ื™ืฉ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืืชื ื• ื•ื™ืจื“ื ื•

ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•'. ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ื ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ื•ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ืžื ืข ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•ื”ื• ืœื ืžื ืข. ื•ื™ืืžืจ

ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื ื• ืืชื ื™ื“ืขืชื ื•ื›ื•'. ื™ืจืฆื” ืฉืขื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ืกื›ื ืช ื—ืžืช ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืชื™ื ื• ืื ื ืจืื” ืคื ื™ืš

ื–ื•ืœืชื• ืœื ืกืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืคื™ื ื• ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื•. ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืืชื ื™ื“ืขืชื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•

ืœื‘ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืฆืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืืœ ืืžื, ื•ืฉื™ืฆื ื”ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืืš

ื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืคื™ ืœืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ื• ืขื“ ื”ื ื”. ื•ื›"ืฉ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื–ื” ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืืช

ืคื ื™ ืœื ืขืจ ื–ื” ื•ืงืจื”ื• ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืจืขื” ืฉืื•ืœื”. ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื‘"ืจ ืค' ืค"ื“) ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื

ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจ ื•ืžืขื™ื• ืžืชื—ืชื›ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืชื” ืฉืื—ื™ืš ืฉื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื•ืืžืจืช ืœื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ืข"ื›.

ื•ืžื” ื’ื ืขืชื” ื‘ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžืืช ืคื ื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ืžืฉืš ืœื• ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคืชืข ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืžืจื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ

ื™ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืœื ื—ืžืก ืขืฉื”. ืืžื ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ื’ ืœื”ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžื”ืจืข ื•ื”ื ื–ืง ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื

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ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื•ืืชื ืขืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื›ื. ืืžืจ, ื•ืขืชื” ื›ื‘ื•ืื™ ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืืชื ื•

ื•ื ืคืฉื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขืจ ื•ื›ื•'. ืืžืจ ืื™ืš ื ืขืœื” ืืœื™ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจืข ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ

ื™ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื™ืชืช ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื ื• ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืœื˜ ืžืžื ื” ืœืคื™ ืื•ืžืฅ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ

ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื›ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืื—ืช ื•ื”ืจื™ ืจืขืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื ื–ืงื• ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ืขืฉืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ

ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื˜ื ืžื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืœื ื—ื˜ื. ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืชืžืฉืš ืขื“

ื•ื ืคืฉื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื•. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื•' ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ื.

ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื›ืจ ื ื•ืคืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืžื‘' ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื•, ื‘ื ืืœ ืขื•ืฆื ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช

ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื“ ื•ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื•

ืžื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืกื‘ืœื• ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื•ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื• ื›ืคืจ ื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›"ืฉ

ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืคืจ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืืชื• ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืขืจื‘ ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ืขืชื” ื™ืฉื‘ ื ื ื•ื›ื•'. ื™ืจืฆื” ืื—ืจ

ืฉืขื‘ื“ืš ืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืžืขื ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื‘ืช ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ื ื” ืžื–ื•ืœืชื• ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื™ ืœื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื’ืืœื” ื•ืœื™ ื ืื” ืœื™ืฉื‘

ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ ืœืื“ื ื™. ื•ืžืขืชื” ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ื™ืขืœ ืขื ืื—ื™ื•. ื•ืืชื” ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืชืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ

ืฉืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื™ ื™ืคื” ืžืžื ื•. ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืœื™ ืžืื“ ื›ื™ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื›ื™ ืื™ืš

ืืขืœื” ืืœ ืื‘ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจืข ื•ื”ืฆืขืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ื’ื•ื”ื• ืืฉืจ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืžื”ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืขื•ื ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ืขื•ืœื

ืžืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืื‘ื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืœ. ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืขืจื‘ ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืžื•ื˜ืขื ืื• ื”ืกื‘ื”

ืœืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฆื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ื–ืง ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืคืœื’ืช ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืฆืœืช ืื—ื™ื”ื ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืกื•

ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื• ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืจื™ืงื ื›ืžื• ืฉืกืžืš ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืืคืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ื ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืฉืฉืžืข

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืื‘ืœ ืืฉืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื ื›ืžืจื• ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืกื‘ ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื‘ืš ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื.

ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ืช ื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™ ื ื›ืžืจื• ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื•ื™ื‘ื ื”ื—ื“ืจื” ื•ื™ื‘ืš ืฉืžื”. ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ

ื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืจื—ืฅ ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื ื•ื™ืชืืคืง ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื—ื. ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ื–ืืช ื ืชืžืœื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื‘ ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ืื• ืœื”ืกืชืจ ืžื”ื ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื”ืชืืคืง ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืคืขื ื‘ืคืขื

ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชืืคืง ืœืกื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื” ื•ื”ื™ื•

ืขื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ ืžื”ื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื”ื—ื“ืจื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืœื–ื” ืžื”ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื

ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ืœื• ืคื ืื™ ืœื›ืš ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืฆืจ ื›ื— ืžืคื ื™ ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื•ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื›ืจื— ืœืชืช

ืงื•ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ ื•ื‘ื’ืขื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื• ืืžืจ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืขื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ ื—ื™. ื•ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ืขืžื“ ืื™ืฉ ืืชื• ื‘ื”ืชื•ื“ืข ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœ

ืื—ื™ื• ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื• ืœื”ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืื• ื•ืื ืฉื™ืฆื™ืืชื ื”ื™ืชื”

ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืชื—ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืขื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ ื—ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื ื•ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืžื—ื™ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืขื“ ืขืชื” ื•ื’ื ืขื›ืฉื• ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืขืจ ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ื—ืชื ืžืืชื•

ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื—ืจื“ ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืืžืจ ื”ืขื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ ื—ื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืจื ืื ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”ื• ืžื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืœื

ืื–ื›ื” ืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™ื•. ื•ืœื–ื” ืกื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื”ืจื• ื•ืขืœื• ืืœ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ

ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื ืฉืชื”.

ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“-ืž"ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื'-ื”'

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื' ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื’ื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื”ื”ื’ืฉื” ื•ื”ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ืงื•ื“ื

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ื–ื” ื•ืœืคื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืฉ ื•ืื ื” ื ื’ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ

ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื• ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ืš ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื›ื–ื”. ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ื‘ืื–ื ื™

ื”ืขื. ื’ื ื›ื™ ืžืœืช ื ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืœืฉืžื™ืขื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื• ื•ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™.

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘' ื‘ืืžืจื• ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืš ื•ื’ื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœืžื” ื™ื—ืจ ืืคื• ืขืœ ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื•ืชื—ื ืชื• ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื”

ืืžืจื• ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ื•ื’ื•' ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™

ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืช ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•' ืื‘ืœ ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื—ืžื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื›ืŸ

ื™ืืžืจ ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืš ื•ื”ื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืจืžื– ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืžืจื• ืžื” ื ืืžืจ

ืœืื“ื•ื ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’' ื‘ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื” ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื ืืžืจ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื•

ื•ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืžืœืช ื›ื™ ืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ ืื ืงืฉื” ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ื•ื ืจืคืื” ื ืคืฉื™ ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ืœืš.

ื•ื”ืฉืžื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืืžื™ืชื™ ื›ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืœืช ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื ืœืชืช ื˜ืขื ื•ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœื

ื ืชื™ื ืช ื˜ืขื ื›ืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื.

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื“' ื‘ืืžืจื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืœืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืžืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืž' ืœื”ื ืžืจื’ืœื™ื

ืืชื ื•ืฉื”ื ืžืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืชื ืืžืจื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืืœ ืžื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ืืš ื”ืขื™ื–

ืคื ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืืžืจ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื”.

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื”' ืœืื™ื–ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืืจื™ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืจื—ืžื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ

ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™' ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื›ืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืืช

ื‘ื ื• ื•ืžืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”.

ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“

ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื“ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื›ืคื™ ื“ืจืš ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ืจืฆื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ

ืžื”ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ื. ื•ืืžื ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ืื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื—ืžื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื•

ืœืขื‘ื“ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืขืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืžื“ืื’ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื•.

ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื• ื•ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžืช ืฆืขืจ ืื‘ื™ื•

ื•ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืœื›ืš ื–ื›ืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžื”ื ืฉืžืชื—ืœื” ื™ื“ืข ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ

ื•ืžืขืชื” ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืœื‘ื• ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฆืขืจ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื”

ืขื•ืœ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ื›ืž"ืฉ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ืื ื™ ื™ืจื ื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืงื—

ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ ืฉื™ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ื•ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืืช ื”ื ืงื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ ื”ืื™ืฉ

ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืจ"ืœ ื”ื•ื ื•ืœื ืื—ืจ. ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจ'

ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™' ื‘ืกืชืจ ื•ื‘ืœืื˜ ืฉื™ืฉืžืขื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืžืžื ื• ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืžื™

ืฉื ื•ื“ืจ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœืื˜ ื•ื—ืฉืื™.

ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืื ืฉื™' ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ

ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ื‘ืœืื˜ ื•ื–ื”ื• ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืจ"ืœ ืขืชื” ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื‘ืกืชืจ

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ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ืื—ื™ื•

ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืจ"ืœ ื‘ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆืขืจ ื•ื”ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืžืข

ืžืžื ื• ืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื” ืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ ื•ื™ื’ืฉื• ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ ืจืฆื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืกืชืจ ื•ืžืฉื” ืคืจืกื ืžื”

ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื’ืฉื”. ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื’ืฉ ืื“ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื–ื ื• ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื•

ื›ืืœื• ืคื™ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืš ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื” ืจ"ืœ ืืœ ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš ื‘ื”ื’ืฉื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช

ืžื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืœื‘ื–ื•ืชืš ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื”. ืื• ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžืœืš ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื”

ืชืขืฉื” ื•ืžื™ ื™ืืžืจ ืœืš ืžื” ืชืขืฉื” ื›ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืขืฉื”

ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื”ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื’' ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ื•ืืžื ื ืืžืจื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื•ื’ื•' ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ืื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื•

ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ ื›ืืœื• ืฉืืœื ื›ืŸ. ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืžื™ื”ื” ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืื ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืœืืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื

ืื‘ ืื• ืื— ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืฉืืœ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืืœืชื• ืืžืจื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื‘ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื™ืœื“ ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื’ื•' ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ื™ื—

ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ืื– ืžืขืฆืžื ื• ืืžืจื ื• ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•' ื“ื‘ืจ ืืžืชื™ ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ื›ื–ื‘.

ื•ืžื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื—ืœื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืขืฆืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืžื”

ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืืžืจืช ืืชื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื•ื”ื• ืืœื™ ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืžื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื ื•

ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืื“ ืœื ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“ ืืžืจื ื• ืืœ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืขืจ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘

ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžืช ืจ"ืœ ืฉื”ื ืขืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืžื™ื“

ื™ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื•. ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื’ืœื™ื ื• ืœืš ืืžืชืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื ืขืจ.

ื•ื"ืช ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ืœืžื” ื”ื‘ืืชื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื” ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื” ื”ืกื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืœื‘ื ื• ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืืžืจืช ืื ืœื ื™ืจื“

ืื—ื™ื›ื ื”ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™. ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื ื–ื›ืจื• ืœื• ืชื•ืื ืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืชื— ืคื™ื• ืœืฉื˜ืŸ ืœื

ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“. ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื—ืžื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืฉืฆื“ืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ

ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœ ื›ืคื™ ื›ื•ื ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ืชืจื• ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื“' ื•ื”ื”'.

ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจืื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืืžืจื• ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืจื• ืœื ื• ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื• ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ

ืœืจื“ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื•' ืœื ื ืชืจืฆื” ืœืชืชื• ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืขืžื ื• ืืœื ืืžืจ ืืชื ื™ื“ืขืชื ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื” ืœื™ ืืฉืชื™

ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื™ืœื“ื” ืœื™ ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืคืœื’ืฉื™ื. ื•ื™ืฆื ื”ืื—ื“

ืžืืชื™ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื•. ื•ืืžื ื ืืžืจื™ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืืš ื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื

ื”ืจื’ื•ื”ื• ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืจืขืžื™ื ืžื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉื“ ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื˜ืจืฃ ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื”

ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืืš ื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืขืชื” ืœื”ืชื•ื›ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ืฉื˜ืจื•ืฃ

ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™' ืฉืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ื• ืขื“ ื”ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื•ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืื•ืžืจ. ื•ืื ืชืงื—ื• ื’ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืขื ืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™

ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื™ืงืจืื”ื• ืืกื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืฉื™ืžื™ืชื•ื”ื• ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืงืจื”ื• ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™

ื‘ืจืขื” ืฉืื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืžื™ืชื™ื ืœื ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘

ื”ื ืขืจ ืืœื™ื• ื•ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื—ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ืชื•ื”ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื•'.

ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืืžืจื• ื•ืขืชื” ื›ื‘ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืฉืžืœืช ื›ื‘ื•ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืœื›ืœ

ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื— ืง"ื• ื•ืขื ื™ื ื• ื•ืขืชื” ืžื” ื ืืžืจ ืื ื›ื‘ื•ืื™ ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื‘ื™ ืจ"ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืชื™ ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื‘ื™ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืช

ืฉืื– ื”ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืืชื ื• ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื– ื ืคืฉื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ืฉืžื” ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ

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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืชื” ื›ืจืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืœื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืืœ ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืขืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ

ื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื• ื›ื™ ืื– ืชืชื—ื–ืง ืขืœื™ื• ืชืฉื•ืงืชื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืง"ื• ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ืื™ ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ืš

ืื‘ื™ ืจ"ืœ ืื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืชื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉืขื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืขืจ ืขืžื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืชื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืงืฉืจืช ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืืœื•

ื ืคืฉื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืขืชื” ื›ืฉื ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืจืื•ืชื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขืจ ืืชื ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ืื”ื‘ืชื• ื•ื ื”ื™ื”

ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ื”ื ืขืจ ืžืืชื• ื•ื–ื”ื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื”.

ื•ื”ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื–' ื•ื”ื—'.

ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืฉื•ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืืœื™ื•

ืžืคืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขืจื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ ื•ื’ื•' ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ

ืฉืขื‘ื“ืš ืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืžืขื ืื‘ื™ ืœืืžืจ ืื ืœื ืื‘ื™ืื ื• ืืœื™ืš ื•ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ืœืื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืฉื• ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื ืฆื—ื™

ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืœื›ืŸ ืขืชื” ื™ื”ื™ ื ื ื—ืกื“ืš ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืื“ื•ื ื™ ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื ื™

ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืžืžื ื•. ื•ืืœ ื™ืชืžื” ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืื™ืš ืื‘ื—ืจ ืื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืคื” ืขื‘ื“ ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืขื•ื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื™

ืžืฉืืขืœื” ืืœ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืืชื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืŸ ืืจืื” ื‘ืจืข ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ืื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื–ื”

ืžืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืกื‘ื” ื•ืขืชื” ื™ืฉื‘ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ

ื•ื”ื•ืชืจื• ืขื ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื˜' ื•ื”ื™'.

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืกืคืจ ืฉืฉืœื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืœ ื—ืง ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•. ื•ืื

ื‘ืชื•ืื ืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืืกืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจืชื™ ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืœื”ืคืจืข ืจืง ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ

ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืขื•ืœื ืชื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืžื• ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ืฉืœื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืœื•. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ

ื‘ื™ืืจืชื™ ืฉื ืขื ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจ ื ื ืœืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืชื—ืช ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ื›ืจ ื ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื ืช ื‘ื ืš ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ

ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืคืš ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืืžืจื• ื”ื›ืจ ื ื ื‘ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืจืขื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจื• ื”ื›ืจ ื ื ืœืžื™

ื‘ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืชืžืจ. ื’ื ืฉืžืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื ืช ื‘ื ืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื“ื• ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื™ื•

ื‘ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื‘ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืขื‘ื“

ืœืžื™ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืชื•.

MODERN TEXTS

ืžืขืฉื™ ื”' ืžืขืฉื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืž'

ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ โ€“ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืœืฆื™ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื• ืขื‘ื“ื• ืฉื”ื•ื

ืื•ืชื• ืฉืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื• ื‘ืื–ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืืœ

ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื”, ืฉื”ืืžื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื—ืฉ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช

ื›ืืœื• ื”ื ืชืจืขื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืขืžื”ื, ื•ื ืชื™ื™ืจื ืฉืื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ื”ื ื” ื™ื›ืขื•ืก ืขืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ืื‘ืœ

ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืžืชื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ืขื•ืก ื•ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ืฉืจ ืžื•ืฉืœ ื•ืงืฆื™ืŸ.

ืฉื“"ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื˜"ื–

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ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ืžืฆื ื•ื’ื•': ืขืฉื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื•ื“ื”, ื›ื™ ืจืื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืฆื™ืคื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื—ืจ

ืฉืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืงื ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•; ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ื™

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืžืจื• ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืฆื ืืชื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ื•ืžืช, ื•ืืขืค"ื™ ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื‘ื“, ื”ื ื” ืื

ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื“, ืžื™ ื™ืฆื™ืœื• ืžื™ื“ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื•, ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืขืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช? ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ืžืื”ื‘ืชื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ

ื•ืื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืจื‘ ืืชื• ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ,

ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืžืฆืื• ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืฉื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•. ื•ืจืื–ื ืžื™ืœืจ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื•.

ืฉื“"ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื—

ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ืื—ืจ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื‘ื”: ื•ืืชื ืขืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื›ื, ื”ืจื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืขื•ื– ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ

ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื ื™ื ื”; ื•ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื™ืกื™ืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื ืคืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืืจ ื™ืงืจ

ืชืคืืจืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื•. ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื’ื•': ื”ืจืฉื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“, ืืขืค"ื™ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื”

ืœื™ ืœื”ืขื™ื– ืคื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื•ืฆื ืฉืคืชื™ืš, ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื” ื•ืžืขืœืชืš ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชืš ื›ืžืขืœืชื• ื•ื›ืžืžืฉืœืชื•

(ืื—"ื); ื•ืืžื ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืจื• ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืชื”

ื™ืฉื‘ ื ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืขืจ ื•ื’ื•' ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ื ื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืื“ื ื™ ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื•ื–ื” ืœื

ืจืฆื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื‘ืœ, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื—ื˜ื; ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืชืจืฆื” ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ,

ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื™ื™ืงื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ

ืœืคืจื•ืข ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื ืคืจืขื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘, ื›ืš ืขื›ืฉื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ื™ืชืจืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ื•ื”ื›ื•ืจื ืžืคืจืฉ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ื•ื›ื•' ืืขืค"ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืคืจืขื”. ื•ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื›ื™ ื™ืจื ืื ื›ื™

ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ืš ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื›ืคืจืขื”, ื•ืจ"ืข ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืคื™ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืื˜ื™ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ืš ืื™ื ื ื• ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชืš ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื›ื™

ืืžื ื ืืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืžืœืš. ื•ื "ืœ ืฉืื ื‘ืื ื• ืœื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืคืš ืฉืืข"ืค ืฉืื ื™ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžืš, ืœื

ืื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ืš ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืžืœืš; ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืงืœืขืจื™ืงื•ืก ืืœื

ืฉืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืœ"ืœ ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืš ื›ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™.

ืฉื“"ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื™"ื˜

ืื“ื ื™ ืฉืืœ: ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืืš ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืืชื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื

ืขืฉืจ ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ื•ื’ื•', ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืื•ืžื” ืžืžื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขื˜, ื‘ื—ื›ืžื”

ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” (ืื—"ื). ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ื”ื‘ ื’ืจ ื–"ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื™ืฆืจ ืœืžืขืœื”.

ืฉื“"ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื“:ื›"ื

ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•: ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ืงื—ื ื• ื•ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื• (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœ"ื˜ ื™"ื‘) ื•ื›ื“ืขืช

ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื•ืจ"ืฉ ื“ื•ื‘ื ื, ืฉื"ื› ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืฆืœื•, ื›ื™ ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฆื•ืจืš

ืฉื™ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ื“ืจืš ืขืจืื™ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืจ, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ื™ืจื ืคืŸ ื™ืงืจืื ื• ืืกื•ืŸ, ืคื—ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกื›ื ืช

ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืœื ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื›ื“ืขืช ืจืื‘"ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ืืœื ืฉืืจืื”

ืื•ืชื•, ืืขืค"ื™ ืฉืจืื‘"ืข ืกืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื ืœ"ื’ ื™"ื—. ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื—ื›ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉืจืฆื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ

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ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื ื›ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืจืง ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืจืื•ืชื•

(ืื—"ื).

ืฉื“"ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืž"ื”:ื'

ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื’ื•' โ€“ ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืฆืœื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืœื— ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืขืชื” ื›ืฉืืžืจ

ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขืจ ื•ืžืช, ื ื›ืžืจื• ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืžืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ

ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ืืš ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืฉืงื• ืœืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชืงืคื•. ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื ืžืฆื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืœื— ืืช

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื’ื ืœืงืจื‘ื• ืืฆืœื•, ืืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืงืจืื ื›ืœื ืœื‘ื ืืฆืœื•, ืื• ื›ื“ืขืช ืื—"ื, ื‘ืจืื•ืชื•

ืขื•ืฆื ื”ืชืืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืชื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ืžืจื• ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื”ื; ืืš ื”ื™ื”

ืžืชืืคืง ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื’ื ื•ืชื ืฉืฉื ืื• ืืช ืื—ื™ื”ื

ื•ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื•; ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ื›ืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืืคืง ื•ื”ื•ื›ืจื— ืœื–ืขื•ืง ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ

ืžืขืœื™.