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Yes and no.Myanswer is a strong“yes”because the actionswe cantruly callmoral depend onthe work of reason at somestage in the process leading totheir execution.But my answeris also “no”because themoment-to-moment execution of actions,moral or otherwise, is notnecessarily under the controlof reason, even if reason has arole in the deliberations behindthe action and in strengthen-ing the control system that
executes it.Myanswer is aneven stronger“no”if thequestion impliesthat moral
actions are invented by reason,springing fully formed fromthe consorting of knowledgeand logic.
Looming large over thequestion is the issue of theorigins of morality.Doesreason construct moralintuitions, beliefs, conventions,and rules? Or does moralityemerge from prerationalprocesses?…
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Antonio Damasio is the David Dornsife Professor
of Neuroscience and the director of the Brain and
Creativity Institute at the University of Southern
California.He is the author of Descartes’Error
and Self Comes toMind, which will be published
later this year.
Not somuch.Psychopaths can teachus a lotabout thenature of morality.At �rst glance, they seem tohave perfectly functioningminds.�eir working memory
isn’t impaired, they haveexcellent language skills, andthey don’t have reducedattention spans. In fact, a fewstudies have found that psycho-paths have above-average IQsand reasoning abilities; theirlogic is impeccable.But thedisorder is associated with asevere moral de�cit.
So what’s gonewrong?Whyare psychopathsso much morelikely to useviolence to
achieve their goals?Why arethey so overrepresented inour prisons?�e answer turnsus to the anatomy of moralityin the mind.�at’s becausethe intact intelligence of psycho-paths conceals a devastatingproblem:�e emotional partsof their brains are damaged,and this is what makes themdangerous…
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Jonah Lehrer is the author of HowWeDecide
and ProustWas a Neuroscientist.A contributing
editor atWired, he has also written for theNew
Yorker,Nature, Seed, theWashington Post, and
the Boston Globe.
Yes, if…thatmeans thatmoral actiondepends on reason. I prefer toput it this way becausewe donot have to go through a processof reason-ing in order to arriveat a view of what moralityrequires on every occasion.Often,we simply know.Butmoral action does not merelydepend on reason.Moral actionis rational action, because themoral law is a law of reason.
Two distinctions will help toclarify this claim.�e �rst isbetween intelligence and reason.Intelligence is a power that
looks outward, tothe world aroundthe intelligentanimal. Speakingroughly, anintelligent animal
is one who learns from his expe-riences,displays some aware-ness of what causes what, andcan use that awareness to solveproblems.Reason, by contrast,looks inward, to what is goingon in the animal’s ownmind…
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ChristineM.Korsgaard is the Arthur Kingsley
Porter Professor of Philosophy and the director of
graduate studies in philosophy at Harvard
University.Her books include�e Sources of
Normativity; Creating the Kingdom of Ends;
�e Constitution of Agency; and Self-Constitu-
tion: Agency, Identity, and Integrity.
No, itdoes not!Rather,moral action dependson compassion.Parentsneed no reasoning to nourishtheir children in loving-kind-ness.Children need noreasoning to lovingly care fortheir aging parents.Neighborsneed no reasoning to warmlywelcome strangers to theneighborhood.Human beingsneed no reasoning to helpother needy humans and
creatures.All wetruly need, formoral action toarise, is compas-sion.Compas-sion is the
necessary and su�cientcondition on which moralaction depends.
Yes,compassion often gives riseto, and involves, a kind ofcompassionate discernment,especially when di�cult choices
have to bemade in a complexworld teeming with con�ictingdemands…
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Aref Ali Nayed is the director of KalamResearch&
Media in Dubai.He lectures on Islamic theology,
logic, and spirituality at the restored Uthman Pasha
Madrasa inTripoli and serves as a senior advisor to
the Cambridge Inter-Faith Programme in the
United Kingdom.
Yes,withinlimits.Freedomof thewill is real,but that does notmean thatwe are totally free.Humanexperience, thought, and actionare constrained by a variety offactors, including our evolu-tionary heritage, law and
custom,overtsocial in�uences,and a range ofmore subtlesocial cues.Butwithin those
limits,we are free to do whatwe want,and especially to thinkwhat we want, and we are ableto reason our way to moraljudgments and action.
Many evolutionary psycholo-gists assert that reasoning ingeneral and moral reasoningin particular are constrained bycognitive modules that evolvedwhenwewere hunter-gathererson the East African savannahduring the Pleistocene era…
CONTINUED ONLINE.
John F.Kihlstrom is a professor of psychology
at the University of California, Berkeley, and the
author of over a hundred scienti�c articles.He is
the former editor of the journal Psychological
Science and the co-author,withNancy Cantor, of
Personality and Social Intelligence.
To read these essays intheir entirety, or to receive aprinted version, visitwww.templeton.org/reason.
Does moral action depend on reasoning?ADVERT I S EMENT
THIS IS THE SIXTH IN A SERIES OF CONVERSATIONS AMONG LEADING SCIENTISTS, SCHOLARS, AND PUBLIC FIGURES ABOUT THE “BIG QUESTIONS.”
TO JOIN THE CONVERSATION, PLEASE VISIT WWW.TEMPLETON.ORG/REASON.
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2011 AAASAnnual Meeting